Purpose: There is today limitations of what is possible to design and in fact produce. In industrial construction the focus is on standardization which impedes an individual design form, which can be considered an architectural quality. The potential of 3Dprinting is growing, which is benefitting design freedom. The goal was to evaluate how 3D-printing in Sweden today could increase architects possibilities at the design process and be production adapted. Method: In a case study at Tengbom in Jönköping, interviews were included with three architects. In addition, a literature review, a telephone interview and a focus group interview formed the basis of the collected material. As an initial phase, a focus group interview was conducted, which resulted in the actors’ opinions about 3D-printing. The architect interviews contributed with high credibility regarding architectural qualities, which together with the other collection methods gave answers to the studies questions. Findings: The study shows that it is possible to print building components in Sweden. However it is not possible, with 3D-printing, to produce entire buildings. It can be shown that there are obstacles for the introduction of the technology, such as economy, Swedish laws and lack of knowledge. These should be reviewed to allow 3D-printing as a manufacturing method. With Rapid Ornament Production larger architectural qualities will conduce to, where 3D-printing allows unique solutions. Solutions no other technology can achieve. Implications: Customized and varied buildings can be achieved thanks to 3D-printing. Building components such as light weight walls, ornaments and details can be produced in Sweden today. One advantage of 3D-printing as a technology, is that it provides greater freedom between design and production. For further development of 3Dprinting a greater knowledge is recommended for industry stakeholders, regarding the drawing tools as well as the 3D-printing technology. Limitations: The result is applicable to architects, working at architectural offices similar to Tengbom in Jönköping. There have not been deeper studies regarding of printing technologies, finances, materials, time or law. A case study as research strategy entails an interpretation of the opinions, which limits the generalization of the results. Keywords: 3D-printing, design, production, architectural qualities, possibilities, limitations, industrial construction. / Syfte: Det finns idag begränsningar för vad som är möjligt att utforma och faktiskt producera. I industriellt byggande ligger fokus på standardisering som försvårar ett individuellt formspråk, vilket kan anses vara en arkitektonisk kvalitet. Potentialen för 3D-printing växer, vilket gynnar utformningsfriheten. Målet var att utvärdera hur 3D-printing i Sverige idag skulle kunna öka arkitektens möjligheter vid utformning och vara produktionsanpassat. Metod: I en fallstudie på Tengbom i Jönköping, ingick intervjuer med tre arkitekter. Utöver detta har en litteraturstudie, telefonintervju och en fokusgrupp legat till grund för insamlat material. Som ett inledande skede genomfördes en fokusgrupp, vilken resulterade i aktörers åsikter om 3D-printing. Arkitektintervjuerna bidrog med hög trovärdighet gällande arkitektoniska kvaliteter, vilket tillsammans med övriga insamlingsmetoder gav svar på studiens frågeställningar. Resultat: Studien visar att det är möjligt att skriva ut byggkomponenter i Sverige. Dock är det inte möjligt att med 3D-printing tillverka hela byggnader. Det kan påvisas att det finns hinder för införandet av tekniken, så som ekonomi, svensk lagstiftning samt bristande kunskap. Dessa bör ses över för att möjliggöra 3D-printing som tillverkningsmetod. I och med Rapid Ornament Production kan större arkitektoniska kvaliteter främjas, där 3D-printing möjliggör unika lösningar. Lösningar ingen annan teknik kan åstadkomma. Konsekvenser: Kundanpassad och varierad bebyggelse kan åstadkommas tack vare 3D-printing. Byggkomponenter så som, lättväggar, ornament och detaljer kan tillverkas i Sverige idag. En fördel med 3D-printing som teknik, är att den ger större frihet mellan projektering och produktion. För vidare utveckling av 3D-printing rekommenderas ökad kunskap för branschens aktörer gällande ritverktygen samt 3D-printings-tekniken. Begränsningar: Resultatet är applicerbart för arkitekter, verksamma vid arkitektkontor av liknande storlek som Tengbom i Jönköping. Det har inte genomförts djupare studier gällande utskriftstekniker, ekonomi, material, tid eller juridik. Fallstudie som undersökningsstrategi innebär en tolkning av åsikter, vilket begränsar generaliseringen av resultatet. Nyckelord: 3D-printing, utformning, produktion, arkitektoniska kvaliteter, möjligheter, begränsningar, industriellt byggande.

<p>There has been a long-standing need in the marketplace for the economic production of small lots of components that have complex geometry. A potential solution is additive manufacturing (AM). AM is a manufacturing process that adds material bottom-up. It has the distinct advantages of low preparation cost and high geometric creation capability. Components fabricated via AM are now being selectively used for less-demanding applications in motor vehicles, consumer products, medical products, aerospace devices, and even some military projects.</p><p><br></p> <p>For engineering applications, high value-added components require consistency in the fatigue properties. However, components fabricated by AM have large variation in the fatigue properties compared to those by conventional manufacturing processes. To alleviate unpredictable catastrophic failures of components, it is essential to study and predict fatigue life. Previous study reported that fatigue crack initiation process accounts for a large portion of fatigue life, especially for low loading amplitude and high cycle fatigue. However, this major portion of fatigue life prediction is mostly ignored by main stream researchers working on fatigue modeling. For industrial applications, engineers often specify a lower stress condition to obtain a higher safety factor. Under these circumstances, fatigue crack initiation becomes even more important, so it is essential to further study of crack initiation.</p><p><br></p> <p>The objective of this research is to develop a fatigue crack initiation model for metal components produced by AM. To improve life prediction accuracy, the model must incorporate the effect of different microstructures, which are typically produced by AM due to a large number of repetitive cycles of re-heating and re-cooling processes. To fulfill this objective, the tasks are separated into three studies: (1) developing a temperature model to simulate temperature history, (2) modeling the component’s microstructure for the potential crack initiation zone, and (3) developing a fatigue crack initiation model for life estimation. A summary of each task is provided in the following.</p> <p>First, the role of temperature model is to understand the mechanism that leads to the variation of microstructures. The existing temperature models are computationally expensive to obtain an accurate prediction of the temperature history due to repetitive heating and cooling. The main reason is that these models considered entire boundary conditions of all the material points. In this section, we proposed and employed the concept of effective computation zone, which can save the computational time significantly for AM process. </p><p><br></p> <p>Second, it is critical to include the effect of microstructure in the fatigue life model since the microstructure variation at different locations within the real AM component is large. The grain size variation is modeled by using representative volume element, which is defined as a volume of heterogeneous material that is sufficiently large to be statistically representative of the real component’s microstructure. Regarding phase transformation, a continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram is a useful tool that can be used with a thermal model for microstructure design and manufacturing process control. However, traditional CCT diagrams are developed based on slow and monotonic cooling processes such as furnace cooling and air cooling, which are greatly different from the repetitive heating and cooling processes in AM. In this study, a new general methodology is presented to create CCT diagrams for materials fabricated by AM. We showed that the effect of the segmented duration within the critical temperature range, which induced precipitate formation, could be cumulative. </p><p><br></p> <p>Third, the existing fatigue crack initiation life model has poor accuracy. One of the reasons for the poor accuracy is the coefficients change due to the variation in microstructure is not accounted for. In this section, a semi-empirical fatigue crack initiation model is presented. The important coefficients include maximum persistent slipband width, energy efficiency coefficient, resolved shear stress and plastic slip rate per cycle. These coefficients are modeled and determined as a function of microstructure, which can improve the accuracy of life estimation.</p><p><br></p> <p>The contribution of this study is to provide a new engineering tool for designing the melting AM process based on scientific research. With this tool, the fundamental mechanism contributing to a large variation of the fatigue life of the metal components made by AM process can be understood, attributed, predicted and improved. The seemly ‘stochastic’ nature of fatigue life of the AM components can be changed to be more deterministic and predictable. This approach represents a major advance in fatigue research on AM materials. The model developed is considered as a tool for research, design, and control for laser-based AM process applications. </p>

The diploma thesis is focused on 3D printing of composites parts. Thesis deals with methods of additive manufacturing and describes principle of selected 3D printing technologies. In addition to additive technologies, the theoretical part presents an overview of composite materials and methods of composite production. Then there are four concepts that lead to 3D printing of continuous fiber reinforced composites components. The final concept is selected according to multi-criteria analysis and then designed. Designed extruder allows 3D printing of composite materials. The principle of the function consists of fiber impregnation by matrix inside the heat chamber and then deposition of composite on printing platform. The extruder also consist of fiber cutting mechanism. The extruder's ability is verified by the experiment.

The current regulation for Medical Devices (MDR) entered into force on 26 May 2021, which has entailed major changes to relevant legislation for in-house production of medical devices in healthcare. The relevance for updating existing, or the development of new standards is currently not well documented and determined and the aim of this report is to make recommendations for how the development of standards may be improved and how departments of medical technology (DMT) in practice apply standards at in-house production of medical devices. The sub-areas that are dealt with in in-house production are reprocessing of single use devices, 3D printing and medical technology software. How standards are used to support departments of medical technology in manufacturing in these areas is described and analyzed in this report. Information for the study was collected through semi-structural interviews with several DMTs and relevant authorities. The information was analyzed, discussed, and compared with previous research. The use of standards varied between DMTs, but all interviewees used standards to some extent. The study concluded that there was an interest from DMTs and a potential need to update existing standards and the production of new standards to meet DMT’s needs. / Nuvarande förordning för medicintekniska produkter (MDR) trädde i kraft den 26 maj 2021, vilket har inneburit stora förändringar på relevant lagstiftning för egentillverkning av medicintekniska produkter inom sjukvården. Relevansen för uppdatering av existerande, alternativt utveckling av nya standarder är i nuläget ej väl dokumenterat och klarlagt och målet med denna rapport är att komma med rekommendationer för hur utveckling av standarder kan förbättras samt hur medicintekniska avdelningar (MTA) i praktiken applicerar sig av standarder vid egentillverkning av medicintekniska produkter. De delområden som behandlas inom egentillverkning är reprocessing av engångsartiklar, 3D-printing och medicinteknisk mjukvara. Hur standarder används som stöd av MTA vid tillverkning inom dessa områden beskrivs och analyseras i denna rapport. Information för studien insamlades genom semi-strukturella intervjuer med flera MT-avdelningar och relevanta myndigheter.Informationen analyserades, diskuterades och jämfördes med tidigare forskning. Användandet av standarder varierade mellan MTA, men alla intervjuade använde standarder i någon utsträckning. Det framkom i studien både ett intresse för uppdatering av existerande standarder och framställning av nya standarder för att bemöta MTAs behov.

The industrial robot is a flexible and cheap standard component that can becombined with a milling head to complete low accuracy milling tasks. Thefuture goal for researchers and industry is to increase the milling accuracy, suchthat it can be introduced to more high value added operations.The serial build up of an industrial robot bring non-linear compliance andchallenges in vibration mitigation due to the member and reducer design. WithAdditive Manufacturing (AM), the traditional cast aluminum structure couldbe revised and, therefore, milling accuracy gain could be made possible due tostructural changes.This thesis proposes the structural changes that would improve the millingaccuracy for a specific trajectory. To quantify the improvement, first the robothad to be reverse engineered and a kinematic simulation model be built. Nextthe kinematic simulation process was automated such that multiple input parameterscould be varied and a screening conducted that proposed the mostprofitable change.It was found that a mass decrease in any member did not affect the millingaccuracy and a stiffness increase in the member of the second axis would increasethe milling accuracy the most, without changing the design concept. To changethe reducer in axis 1 would reduce the mean position error by 7.5 % and themean rotation error by 4.5 % approximately, but also reduces the maximumspeed of the robot. The best structural change would be to introduce twosupport bearings for axis two and three, which decreased the mean positioningerror and rotation error by approximately 8 % and 13 % respectively. / En industrirobot är en anpassningsbar och relativt billig standardkomponent.Den kan utrustas med ett fräshuvud för att genomföra fräsoperationer med låg noggrannhet. Det framtida målet för forskare och industri är att öka noggrannheten vid fräsning så att dess användningsområde kan utökas till ändamål som kräver högre precision.Den seriella uppbyggnaden av en industrirobot medför icke-linjär styvhet och därmed utmaningar vid vibrationsdämpning. Detta på grund av den strukturella uppbyggnaden då en industrirobot kan förenklat sägas vara uppbyggd av balkelement som i ledpunkterna kopplas samman av växellådor. Med friformsframställning kan en mer komplex struktur erhållas jämfört med traditionellt gjuten aluminiumkonstruktion därmed skulle en ökad noggrannhet vid fräsning kunna uppnås.Det här examensarbetet föreslår strukturella ändringar som skulle kunna öka noggrannheten vid fräsning för en specifik fräsbana. För att kvantifiera förbättringen, var det först nödvändigt att utgående från tillgänglig data konstruktion en specific robot samt att bygga en kinematisk modell. Därefter automatiserades beräkningsflödet så att ett flertal indata kunde varieras. Detta resulterande i en kombinationsstudie som visade den mest gynsamma strukturella förändringen.Det visade sig att en minskning av balkelementens massa inte påverkade nogrannheten. Att öka styvheten i balkelementet från den andra axeln skulle d¨aremot öka nogrannheten mest utan att behöva ändra robotens uppbyggnad.Att byta växellåda i första axeln kan öka positionsnogrannheten med nära 7.5 % och rotationsnoggrannheten med cirka 4.5 % men ändringen sänker samtidigt den maximala hastigheten. Den bästa strukturella förändringen vore att introducera ett stödlager vid axel två respektive tre, vilket skulle förbättra positionsnogrannheten med cirka 8 % och rotationsnogrannheten med nära 13 %.

Thermosets are appropriate materials for various applications due to benefits such as heat resistance and good mechanical properties. The disadvantages of traditional thermosets from a sustainable manufacturing perspective are that they are usually derived from fossil resources, and also have permanent cross-linked networks that are difficult to break, making them non-recyclable. It is therefore of great interest to find bio-based alternatives, especially ones that can be recycled or bio-degraded. In this project four bio-based photocurable resins, meant for 3D printing thermosets, were characterized by their mechanical properties and chemical degradation. They were designed with esters and imine groups in order to use dynamic, reversible bonds to attempt mechanical recycling and chemical degradation. The resins were composed of methacrylated eugenol, methacrylated PHB-diol and Schiff base methacrylated extended vanillin. The latter provided good thermal stability, solvent resistance and mechanical properties to the thermosets. The mechanical recycling was able to produce cohesive thermoset films, successfully reforming broken bonds, but the mechanical properties decreased substantially from the process. Chemical degradation of the thermosets could be performed, but further use of the degraded material was not examined. / Härdplaster är lämpliga material för olika applikationer på grund av sina fördelaktiga egenskaper, som värmebeständighet och goda mekaniska egenskaper. Nackdelarna med traditionella härdplaster ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv är att de vanligtvis härrör från fossila resurser. De har även permanent tvärbundna nätverk som är svåra att bryta, vilket gör dem icke-återvinningsbara. Det är därför av stort intresse att hitta biobaserade alternativ, särskilt sådana som kan återvinnas eller biologiskt nedbrytas. I detta projekt karaktäriserades fyra biobaserade foto-polymeriserbara hartser, avsedda för 3D-tillverkning av härdplaster, genom sina mekaniska egenskaper och kemiska nedbrytbarhet. De designades med ester- och imingrupper för att kunna använda dynamiska, reversibla bindningar i ett försök att mekaniskt återvinna och kemiskt bryta ned härdplasterna. Hartserna var sammansatta av metakrylerad eugenol, metakrylerad PHB-diol och Schiff-bas metakrylerad förlängd vanillin. Den senare tillförde bra termisk stabilitet, motstånd mot lösningsmedel och mekaniska egenskaper åt härdplasterna. Den mekaniska återvinningen kunde producera sammanhängande plastfilmer genom återskapade bindningar, men de mekaniska egenskaperna försämrades avsevärt från processen. Kemisk nedbrytning av härdplasterna kunde utföras, men ytterligare användning av det nedbrutna materialet undersöktes inte.

For this thesis, smart spraying robot was designed, constructed and tested to validate the concept of smart pest control. Electrostatic charging of sprayed pesticide was realized in a spray nozzle design that improved plant coverage and reduced wasted pesticide as well as soil pollution. A thorough investigation into electrostatic spraying was conducted, which was accompanied by extensive simulations and experimentation. The results obtained from the simulation experimentation on industry standard electrostatic spray system (ESS) nozzles along with laboratory testing of these nozzles, detecting spray coverage using water sensitive paper and additional optical spray visualization methods gave the necessary insight and experience required to develop a new spray nozzle. Additional COMSOL simulation and experimentation were carried out on a Fan Hydraulic Spray Nozzle (FHSN), the results of which allowed for the effective addition of electrostatic induction capabilities, thereby transforming the (FHSN) into Electrostatic Induction Spray Nozzle (EISN) which is one of the prime parts of the smart spraying system. SOLIDWORKS software was used in the designing parts of this nozzle which were then manufactured using a 3D printer. An AL05D robotic manipulator and a TTRK tracked platform from Lynxmotion ™ were the mini mobile robot components selected for the feasibility study of the smart electrostatic crop spraying system. This mobile robot was equipped with a CCD digital camera, a range detector, and path mark detector to provide the necessary sensors required by the smart electrostatic spray system. A Windows™ based mobile computer in addition to an ARDUINO™ based orksmicrocontroller system were chosen to provide the computational power required by the system. These were arranged in a master – slave configuration, with the main processing for images and motion being conducted inside the master computer using programs created by Matlab smart ™ software. The execution of motion commands and the operation of the range and path mark detection along with operating the spray nozzle were performed on the slave computer using C as the programming language. The manufactured smart electrostatic spray system moves along cotton crop rows with a camera that scans the selected plant for pest infestation on the upper and lower surfaces of plant leaves. When a pest is detected, the spray nozzle is targeted on it at the appropriate distance, and a burst of pesticide destroys it. The results of experiments have shown that using the electrostatic induction system improves coverage 3 to 4 fold and reduces soil contamination by 2 to 4 fold. The system has plenty of room for performance improvement, and future development will make it adaptable for application to other crops and applications.

Cellular growth, development, differentiation, and death are mediated to some degree by the interaction of soluble factors with plasma membrane receptors. Traditionally the cellular response to chemical cues has been studied by exposing entire culture dishes to a desired reagent. While the addition of soluble reagents homogenously to cell culture dishes provides a basis for understanding much of cell biology, greater spatial resolution of reagent delivery is necessary in order to elucidate mechanisms on the subcellular scale. This dissertation explores techniques that may improve the quality and precision of delivering soluble factors to cultured cells in order to better understand the complex processes of cell biology. These advancements were made possible by applying high intensity, focused laser light to soluble materials to achieve microscopic three-dimensional (µ-3D) printing. In combination with a previously developed microfluidic cell dosing platform, microstructures were designed and µ-3D printed to hydrodynamically focus reagent streams for cell dosing. Structures were also µ-3D printed within micrometers of living cells from a solution of gelatin and bovine serum albumin with minimal cytotoxicity. When µ-3D printed, these proteins displayed both temperature and pH-responsive properties. In order to allow for on-the-fly control of reagent stream size and temporal pulse width, microstructures were µ-3D printed from temperature-responsive N- isoproplyacrylamide. To further improve the temporal resolution of the system, a technique for cycling between reagents with millisecond exchange times using laminar flow microfluidics was developed. The utility of these techniques was demonstrated by staining rat Schwann cells and mouse neuroblastoma rat glioma hybrid cells (NG108-15) with focused streams of fluorescent dyes. These advancements may allow future experiments to determine the placement of soluble factors necessary for bacterial quorum sensing or stem cell differentiation. / text

A novel paste deposition process was developed to widen the range of possible materials and applications. This experimental process developed an increasingly complex series of additive manufacturing machines, resulting in new combinations of novel materials and deposition paths without sacrificing many of the design freedoms inherit in the craft process. The investigation made use of open-source software together with an approach to programming user originated infill geometries to form structural parts, differing from the somewhat automated processing by 'closed' commercial RP systems. A series of experimental trials were conducted to test a range of candidate materials and machines which might be suitable for the PDM process. The combination of process and materials were trailed and validated using a series of themed case studies including medical, food industry and jewellery. Some of the object created great interest and even, in the case of the jewellery items, won awards. Further evidence of the commercial validity was evidenced through a collaborative partnership resulting in the development of a commercial version of the experimental system called Newton3D. A number of exciting potential future directions having been opened up by this project including silicone fabrics, bio material deposition and inclusive software development for user originated infills and structures.

This thesis was a project that was conducted on behalf of Lindbäcks Bygg AB, Träcentrum Norr and Luleå University of Technology. The goal of the project was to develop a new method of performing the electrical installation in the housing modules being built at Lindbäcks Byggs factory. This solution was to be faster, more cost efficient and improve the indoor climate in the final building. Earlier student projects had been done for solving this where the concept for new products had been produced. With that as a base, studies in the laws and standards that governs the electrical installation, a workplace study and interviews was performed and investigations in how the electrical installation currently is performed was done. From this an iterative development phase started, where the problem was broken down in to sub-problems to better be able to work them trough in depth one by one. The sub-problems that were identified was the ceiling junction box, wall junction box, wall – ceiling connection and the wire. During the development phase the need for a solution for when the wall junction box is to be installed in a double wall. To evaluate the different concepts 3d-printing was used extensively given the unbeatable possibility to find problems with the design that this provides. The results was a set of products and a new way of performing the electrical installation that combined reduced costs, shortened lead times, improved working conditions for the person performing the installation and improved indoor climate. The result of the project is presented in the form of a working prototype that can be installed in a module, used for evaluation at a testing facility and estimating production costs. / Detta examensarbete var ett projekt som utfördes på uppdrag av Lindbäcks Bygg AB, Träcentrum Norr samt Luleå Tekniska Universitet. Syftet med projektet var att ta fram en ny lösning för elinstallationen i de husmodulerna som tillverkas i Lindbäcks Byggs fabrik. Denna lösning skulle vara snabbare, mer kostnads effektiv och förbättra klimatet i den slutliga lägenheten. Projektet hade sin grund i tidigare studentprojekt på LTU där lösningskoncept hade tagits fram för detta i form av nya produkter. Med det som utgångspunkt genomfördes studier i de rådande lagar och standarder rörande elinstallation, studiebesök, intervjuer och undersökningar i hur elinstallation i dagsläget går till. Efter det kunde ett iterativt utvecklingsarbete påbörjas där problemet bröts ner i delproblem för att var för sig kunna arbetas igenom på djupet. Delproblemen blev takdosan, väggdosan, vägg-tak övergången och kablarna. Under arbetets gång kom även behovet fram för en lösning för då väggdosan skulle installeras i en dubbelvägg. För utvärdering av de olika koncepten användes 3d-utskrifter flitigt då detta gav en oslagbar möjlighet att finna problem med utformningen. Resultatet blev en uppsättning produkter och ett nytt arbetssätt som tillsammans leder till sänkta produktionskostnader, ledtider, förbättrar arbetsmiljön för arbetaren och ger ett bättre inomhusklimat. Resultatet av projektet presenteras i form av en funktionsprototyp som går att montera i moduler samt användas för utvärdering hos testningsanstalter och beräkna produktionskostnader.