Additiv tillverkning eller 3D-utskrift som det även kallas är en produktionsprocess som kan erbjuda snabba prototyper med spännande och komplexa geometriska former. Under de senaste åren har expansionen för additiv tillverkning verkligen tagit fart och tekniken, kombinerat med nya progressiva material, blir alltmer efterfrågat. Jag har i detta examensarbete, tillsammans med Akademiska Hus och Stora Enso, undersökt potentiella produktionsmetoder för additiv tillverkning av storskaliga produkter i biokomposit. Det här samarbetet startade i mars 2022 och produkten som jag framställas är en ljudstol som jag valt att kalla Bönan. Den första versionen vi arbetade med visade sig vara för svår att producera med den additiva tekniken. Det är här mitt examensarbete tagit vid. I arbetet har jag undersökt hur mycket avkall jag som designer behöver göra för att produkten ska kunna produceras mer än bara en gång samt vilka moment som är essentiella för att ta en produkt från vision till produktion. Under examensarbetet har jag även fördjupat mina kunskaper inom additiv tillverkning genom att själv skriva ut småskaliga prototyper för att få en större inblick i produktionsprocessen och vilka tekniska aspekter som är fundamentala för att nå ett önskvärt slutresultat. Jag har även parallellt med detta haft kontinuerlig kontakt med Stora Enso och Akademiska hus och överlagt kring kommande steg i processen. Förhoppningsvis har mina fördjupade kunskaper inom additiv tillverkning och en mer holistiskt fokuserad utgångspunkt kunnat påverka verkshöjden på slutprodukten.

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[pt] A embalagem está no centro de questões de sobrevivência alimentar para mais de sete bilhões de pessoas no mundo. A presente pesquisa tem uma característica exploratória, voltada a investigar se as novas tecnologias digitais (especialmente microtomografia e impressão 3D) potencializam as abordagens de pensar e projetar embalagem por meio de analogias entre biologia e design (Biomimética). Tem também, uma característica experimental, objetivando estimular a criação e prototipação de conceitos inovadores biomiméticos para embalagem de alimentos. Os métodos utilizados foram: pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo; entrevistas com especialistas (biólogos); coleta de materiais biológicos (especialmente frutos) e experimentação - que foi realizada em dois momentos: Experimento A, onde aplicou-se o pensamento biomimético baseado na abordagem Biologia para Projetar (Biomimicry 3.8, 2007), sem uso de novas tecnologias e Experimento B, onde aplicou-se o mesmo pensamento, porém com uso de novas tecnologias (microtomografia e impressão 3D). Graças ao processo de design exploratório e experimental, chegou-se a um conceito de design, que foi resultado de um desdobramento das analogias geradas entre biologia (vagem do amendoim) e design (embalagem). Ele propõe um sistema biomimético inovador para embalagem de alimentos que: aumenta a proteção e conservação, reduzindo o desperdício, permite adaptação a diferentes formatos e dimensões do conteúdo a ser embalado e otimiza o uso de materiais e processos. O resultado final alcançado faz-nos vislumbrar uma série de desdobramentos dessa pesquisa, principalmente ao que se refere à viabilidade técnica e implementação industrial do sistema criado, a fim de que seu uso possa ser generalizado em larga escala e, desta forma, contribuir para gerar impacto positivo nas questões contemporâneas de acesso e preservação de alimentos. / [en] The packaging is at the heart of food survival issues for more than seven billion people in the world. This research has an exploratory characteristic, aimed to investigate whether the new digital technologies (specially microtomography and 3D printing) potentializes the approaches of thinking and designing packaging through analogies between biology and design (Biomimicry). It also has an experimental feature, aiming to stimulate the creation and prototyping of biomimetic concepts for innovative food packaging. The methods used were: bibliographical research, documentary and field; interviews with experts (biologists); collection of biological materials (especially fruit) and trial - which was held in two stages: Experiment A, which applied the biomimetic based thinking approach Biology to Design (Biomimicry 3.8, 2007), without the use of new technologies and Experiment B, where we applied the same thought, but with the use of new technologies (microtomography and 3D printing). Thanks to the exploratory process of and experimental feature, this research came to a design concept, which was the result of a breakdown of analogies generated between biology (pod peanuts) and design (packaging). He proposes an innovative system for Biomimetic package for foods which: increase the protection and conservation, reducing waste, allows adaptation to different shapes and dimensions of the content and optimizes the use of materials and processes. The end result achieved makes us glimpse a number of developments of this research, especially when it comes to the technical feasibility and industrial implementation of the system introduced in order to allow its use to be widespread on a large scale and thus help to generate positive impact on contemporary issues of access and preservation of food.

[pt] Esta pesquisa se propõe a uma investigação exploratória na utilização de resíduos carbonizados, como matéria prima para reconstrução de peças perdidas no incêndio que, em setembro de 2018, destruiu parte do acervo do Museu Nacional (MN) da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), através de tecnologias de Manufatura Aditiva. O que tornou este trabalho possível foi a existência de arquivos digitais obtidos em pesquisas anteriores através de processos não invasivos e não destrutivos de obtenção de superfícies tridimensionais de diversas peças do acervo do museu. A principal contribuição se caracteriza pela possibilidade de recriar peças do acervo do museu, bem como agregar diferentes valores simbólicos aos objetos reproduzidos com resíduos provenientes do próprio MN, através de experimentos realizados com pesquisadores do Laboratório de Processamento de Imagem Digital do Museu Nacional, do Núcleo de Experimentação Tridimensional – NEXT da PUC Rio e do Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia. A pesquisa apresenta uma análise por Microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS) de amostras desse material, com a identificação de sua composição, e segue três linhas de trabalho focadas em processos diferentes de Manufatura Aditiva, o que resultou no desenvolvimento de um filamento termoplástico extrudado, uma massa argilosa em pó e uma linha que combina processos de fabricação digitais e analógicos. As peças produzidas foram exibidas em exposições relacionadas ao Museu Nacional. / [en] This research proposes an exploratory investigation on the use of carbonized residues, as feedstock in Additive Manufacture technologies, for the reconstruction of pieces lost in the fire that destroyed part of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro National Museum(MN) s collection, in September 2018. This work was possible due to the existence of digital files, from previous researches, which were generated through non-invasive and non-destructive processes for obtaining threedimensional surfaces of several pieces from the museum s collection. The main contribution of this work is characterized by the possibility of recreating pieces which incorporate symbolic and imagetic affective aspects to objects reproduced with MN s fire accident residues, through experiments carried out by researchers both from Digital Image Processing Laboratory, of the National Museum, and the National Institute of Technology. This research presents an analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dispersive energy spectroscopy (EDS) of samples of this material, identifying its composition, and it follows three guidelines focused on different Additive Manufacturing processes, which resulted in the development of an extruded thermoplastic filament, a clay powder and a line that combines digital and analog manufacturing processes. All used in the recreation of pieces shown in exhibitions related to the National Museum.

[pt] Os profissionais da construção civil vêm se tornando mais conscientes sobre seu papel no agravamento dos problemas ambientais, levando estes à procura de métodos e materiais que apresentem menos impacto ambiental. O uso de fibras vegetais como reforço vem sendo feito ao longo dos anos de forma a melhorar as propriedades mecânicas de compósitos, sendo estas de caráter renovável e biodegradáveis. A presente pesquisa visa a caracterização de biocompósitos para fabricação de habitações sociais de baixo impacto ambiental através do processo de moldagem por compressão das placas de vedação de tecido de fibra de juta e matriz de poliuretano vegetal e de impressão 3D de perfis e ligações de PLA e fibra vegetal de juta, sisal e rami. Para as placas moldadas por compressão foi feito um estudo da influência da direção da fibra nas propriedades mecânicas, constatando, através de ensaio de flexão monotônica, que a direção principal da fibra (urdume do tecido) apresenta a melhor resistência e maior rigidez, alcançando 37,2 mais ou menos 0,9MPa e 10,4 mais ou menos 1,1GPa, respectivamente. Analisando os efeitos à longo prazo, foi estudado o efeito da radiação ultravioleta nas placas, onde foram feitos ensaios em corpos de prova nas direções 0 graus e 90 graus expostos a uma lâmpada ultravioleta de 365nm por 3 (três) meses. Além disso, com os resultados dos ensaios foi possível aplicar a regra das misturas de forma inversa na determinação das propriedades da fibra e da matriz. Para os compósitos impressos 3D foi analisada a influência do tipo de fibra na resistência à tração e rigidez do material. Pelo ensaio à tração foram constatados aumentos significativos na resistência com o uso de fibras de rami (61,8 por cento) e sisal (110,8 por cento), chegando à resistência de 45,5 mais ou menos 6,1MPa e 59,3 mais ou menos 4,1MPa, respectivamente. / [en] Civil construction professionals have become more aware of their role in aggravating environmental problems, leading them to search for methods and materials that have less environmental impact. Vegetable fibers have been used as reinforcement over the years to improve the mechanical properties of composites, which are renewable and biodegradable. This research aims at the characterization of biocomposites for social housing manufacture with low environmental impact through the sealing plates compression molded process of jute fiber fabric and vegetable polyurethane matrix and 3D printing of PLA profiles and connections of jute, sisal, and ramie vegetable fiber. For the compression molded plates, a study was made to determine the influence of fiber direction on mechanical properties, noting, through a monotonic bending test, that the main fiber direction (warp of the fabric) has the highest resistance and stiffness, with 37.2 plus or minus 0.9MPa and 10.4 plus or minus 1.1GPa, respectively. Analyzing long term effects, the plates were exposed to ultraviolet radiation. In these tests, the specimens were exposed to a 365nm ultraviolet lamp during three months before being submitted to directional resistance trials in 0 degrees and 90 degrees. Furthermore, with the test results, it was possible to apply the mixing rule inversely to determine the fiber and matrix properties. For 3D printed composites, the influence of fiber type on the material s tensile strength and stiffness was analyzed. The tensile test found significant increases in strength with the use of ramie (61.83 percent) and sisal (110.80 percent) fibers, reaching a strength of 45.5 plus or minus 6.1MPa and 59.3 plus or minus 4.1MPa, respectively.

Additiv tillverkning har stor potential för framtida betongkonstruktion. Inom industrier såsom fordonsindustrin, läkemedelsindustrin och flygplansindustrin existerar redan additiva tillverkningsmetoder i kommersiellt syfte men kompatibilitet med utvecklade byggstandarder samt svårigheter att balansera nödvändiga materialegenskaper har gjort att utvecklingen inom byggindustrin går resulterat i att utvecklingen efterfrågade egenskaperna. Vid additiv tillverkning skapas objekt genom att material placeras i lager skiktvis. Objekten skapas först digitalt som ett 3D-objekt där det sedan delas upp i horisontella skikt. Sedan följer en 3D-skrivare en förprogrammerad bana där den placerar materian tills objektet nått sin slutgiltiga form. Trots de stora utmaningarna så för additiva tillverkningsmetoder i byggindustrin med sig potentiella fördelar som överväger svårigheterna; komplexa designer till låg kostnad, inget materialspill, snabb byggtid, mindre arbetskraft, mindre miljöpålastningar m.m. Konventionell betong är oanvändbar då betong för additiva tillverkningsmetoder kräver egenskaper som inte har efterfrågats tidigare. Det ska vara flytande nog för pumpning men samtidigt fast nog för stapling. Betongens öppethållandetid krävs vara konstant för att undvika att betongen börjar hårdna innan den skrivs ut. Rapporten avser att bidra till utvecklingen av betongblandningar anpassade för de additiva tillverkningsmetoderna i byggindustrin. Detta åstadkoms genom framtagning och analys av nya typer av betong. Det saknas standardiserade och beprövade metoder för bedömning av betong anpassat för additiva tillverkningsmetoder. Hur tillverkningsmetoden påverkar miljön undersöks med målet att sänka miljöpålastningarna. En god betongblandning för additiva tillverkningsmetoder grundar sig inte endast på dess konstruktionsmässiga syfte, utan också på vilken typ av munstycke som används. På grund av detta är det i dagsläget omöjligt att skapa en universell blandning som är anpassad för samtliga munstycken och skrivarsystem. Betongen kräver en hög cementandel som leder till högre koldioxidutsläpp, andelen betong som krävs är dock lägre på grund av inget materialspill. Tillsatsmaterial används för att sänka cementandelen och nå en mer sammanhållen betongblandning. De slutgiltiga betongblandningarna har utrymme för förbättringar. Vidare justering av vct, tillsatsmaterial, armering och tillsatsmedel bör göras för utveckling av betong för additiva tillverkningsmetoder. / 3D writing of concrete has great potential for future building engeneering. Other industries such as the automotive industry, pharmaceutical industry, aerospace industry, etc. have already additive manufacturing methods for commercial purposes. The reason for this is the high standards set in the construction industry as well as difficulties to balance the demanded properties. At the additive manufacturing creates objects through that the matter be placed in the warehouse incrementally. The objects are first created digitally as a 3D object, which is then divided into horizontal layers. Then a 3D printer follows a pre-programmed path where it places the material until the object has reached its final form. . Despite the major challenges so for additive manufacturing methods in the construction industry, with potential benefits that outweigh the difficulties; complex designs for low cost, no material waste, fast build time, less labor, , less environmental degradation, etc. Conventional concrete is unusable when the concrete for additive manufacturing methods require properties that have not previously been demanded. It should be fluid enough for pumping but at the same time rigid enough for stacking. The concrete opening time is required to be constant in order to avoid that the concrete starts to harden before it is printing. The report intends to contribute to the development of concrete adapted for additive manufacturing methods in the construction industry. This is accomplished through the development and analysis of new types of concrete. There are no standard and proven methods for assessing concrete adapted for additive manufacturing methods. How the manufacturing method affects the environment is examined with the aim of reducing environmental impacts. A good concrete mix for additive manufacturing methods is based not only on its structural purpose, but also on the type of nozzle used. Because of this, it is currently impossible to create a universal mix that is adapted for all of the nozzles and the printer system. The concrete requires a high cement share which leads to higher carbon dioxide emissions, but the percentage of concrete required is lower due to no material play. Additives are used to lower the cement share and achieve a more cohesive concrete mixture. The final concrete mixtures have room for improvement. Further adjustments of vct, additives, reinforcement and chemical admixtures should be made for the development of concrete for additive manufacturing methods.

Preterm birth (PTB) results in over 15 million early births annually and is the leading cause of neonatal deaths. There are no clinical methods currently available to evaluate risk of PTB at early stages in pregnancy; thus, a rapid diagnostic to analyze PTB risk would be beneficial. Microfluidic immunoaffinity extraction is a promising platform for preparing complex samples, such as maternal serum with PTB risk biomarkers. 3D printed microfluidic devices have advantages over conventional microfluidic systems including simple fabrication and potential for iterative optimization to improve designs. In this work, I developed immunoaffinity monoliths in 3D printed microfluidic devices modified with antibodies to enrich PTB biomarkers from human blood serum. I retained and eluted a peptide PTB biomarker in both buffer and blood serum using an immunoaffinity column. An additional three PTB biomarkers were also successfully extracted either from buffer or blood serum on single-antibody columns. Both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to PTB biomarkers were characterized by dot blots, biolayer interferometry, and surface plasmon resonance to determine their specificity and dissociation constants. I created multiplexed immunoaffinity columns to simultaneously enrich three PTB biomarkers from depleted human blood serum in a single extraction. This is the first demonstration of multiplexed immunoaffinity columns for PTB biomarkers in a 3D printed microfluidic device. My work is a key step towards the future development of 3D printed microfluidic devices for rapid PTB testing.

<p>Lithium-Ion Batteries (Li-ion batteries or LIBs) have been extensively used in a wide variety of industrial applications and consumer electronics. Additive Manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing (3DP) techniques have evolved to allow the fabrication of complex structures of various compositions in a wide range of applications. </p> <p><br></p> <p>The objective of the thesis is to investigate the application of 3DP to fabricate a LIB, using a modified process from the literature [1]. The ultimate goal is to improve the electrochemical performances of LIBs while maintaining design flexibility with a 3D printed 3D architecture. </p> <p><br></p> <p>In this research, both the cathode and anode in the form of specifically formulated slurry were extruded into filaments using a high-temperature pellet-based extruder. Specifically, filament composites made of graphite and Polylactic Acid (PLA) were fabricated and tested to produce anodes. Investigations on two other types of PLA-based filament composites respectively made of Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) and Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) were also conducted to produce cathodes. Several filaments with various materials ratios were formulated in order to optimize printability and battery capacities. Finally, flat battery electrode disks similar to conventional electrodes were fabricated using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process and assembled in half-cells and full cells. Finally, the electrochemical properties of half cells and full cells were characterized. Additionally, in parallel to the experiment, a 1-D finite element (FE) model was developed to understand the electrochemical performance of the anode half-cells made of graphite. Moreover, a simplified machine learning (ML) model through the Gaussian Process Regression was used to predict the voltage of a certain half-cell based on input parameters such as charge and discharge capacity. </p> <p><br></p> <p>The results of this research showed that 3D printing technology is capable to fabricate LIBs. For the 3D printed LIB, cells have improved electrochemical properties by increasing the material content of active materials (i.e., graphite, LMO, and NMC) within the PLA matrix, along with incorporating a plasticizer material. The FE model of graphite anode showed a similar trend of discharge curve as the experiment. Finally, the ML model demonstrated a reasonably good prediction of charge and discharge voltages. </p>

Transcatheter aortic heart valve replacement (TAVR) is a procedure to replace a failing aortic valve and is becoming the new standard of care for patients that are not candidates for open-heart surgery [2]. However, this minimally invasive technique has shown to cause ischemic brain lesions, or “silent infarcts”, in 90% of TAVR patients, which can increase the patient’s risk for stroke by two to four times in future years [3]. Claret Medical Inc., a medical device company, has developed a cerebral protection system that filters and captures embolic debris released during endovascular procedures, such as TAVR. This thesis utilized CT scans from Claret Medical to create a physical construct of the aortic arch to experimentally validate a theoretical computer model through flow visualization. The hypothesis was that the empirical model can accurately mimic the fluid dynamic properties of the aortic arch in order validate an in silico model using the finite elements program COMSOL MultiPhysics® Modeling Software. The physical model was created from a patient CT scan of the aortic arch using additive manufacturing (3D printing) and polymer casting, resulting in the shape of the aortic arch within a transparent, silicone material. Fluid was pumped through the model to visualize and quantify the velocity of the fluid within the aortic arch. COMSOL MultiPhysics® was used to model the aortic arch and obtain velocity measurements, which were statistically compared to the velocity measurements from the physical model. There was no significant difference between the values of the physical model and the computer model, confirming the hypothesis. Overall, this study successfully used CT scans to create an anatomically accurate physical model that was validated by a computer model using a novel technique of flow visualization. As TAVR and similar procedures continue to develop, the need for experimental evaluation and visualization of devices will continue to grow, making this project relevant to many companies in the medical device industry.

Energy Harvesting, also known as power harvesting or ambient power, is the process of obtaining small amounts of power from secondary sources, such as vibrations, light, temperature variations and even radio-frequency emissions. These systems have been uncommon in personal and wearable electronics in the past, however they are slowly gaining traction. With the increasing sophistication of prosthetic limbs and implants, devices that in some cases require a consistent and reliable power source, the potential field of application for energy harvesting grows wider. This thesis project evaluates whether energy harvesting methods could be implemented in future prosthetic limb designs without significantly affecting weight, user comfort, complexity of design etc., and whether the gains of such an implementation would be worth the effort and cost put into it. For reference the project used the RHEO KNEE® by Össur Hf., a microcontroller controlled prosthetic knee, as a device that such a system could be integrated with. Energy harvesting is still an emerging field and is a long time away from being a viable primary power source for most electronic devices. However, it still might have potential as a supplementary source for extending charge cycles or making smaller (and therefore more lightweight) power cells viable. This master’s thesis project was broad in scope and included 3D-design; mechanical, electrical and embedded software design; and setting up a miniature kinetic power generator as well as a photovoltaic harvesting system. No amputees were available for testing the designs so the system was tested with a 3D-printed model that was moved by hand to simulate the generation process. Due to some incorrect inital assumptions, the final electronic design was not optimal for this kind of system. However, a kinetic generator that harvested power from a modeled heel striking the ground 50 times a minute produced about 23mW of power. 53cm2 of photovoltaic panels produced 42μW of power in an ambient light setting. For comparison, a low-power microcontroller needed about 119μW of power on average to do some simple processing and send Bluetooth transmissions once every two seconds. / Energiinsamling (e. Energy Harvesting), är processen för att erhålla små mängder kraft från sekundära källor, såsom vibrationer, ljus, temperaturvariationer och utstrålning i radiofrekvens. Dessa system har varit ovanliga i hemelektronik och bärbar teknik, men de vinner sakta dragkraft. Med den ökande förfining av proteser och implantat, som i vissa fall kräver en jämn och pålitlig strömkälla, växer det potentiella användningsområdet för energiinsamling. Detta examensarbete utvärderar huruvida energiinsamlingsmetoder skulle kunna implementeras i framtida proteskonstruktioner utan att nämnvärt påverka vikt, användarkomfort, komplexitet i design etc., och om vinsterna med en sådan implementering skulle vara värd ansträngningen och kostnaden. Som exempel använde detta projekt en datoriserad knäprotes av Össur HF, RHEO KNEE®, som exempel på ett system som energiinsamling skulle kunna integreras med. Energiinsamling är fortfarande ett växande forskningsområde och är långt ifrån att en strömkälla för det mesta elektronik.. Det kan ändå ha potential som en kompletterande strömkälla som kan förlänga laddningscykler eller göra mindre (och därför lättare) batterier möjliga. Detta examensarbete var brett i omfattning och inkluderade 3D-design; mekanisk-, elektrisk- och mjukvara-design; och inrättning av en kinetisk kraftgenerator i miniatyr samt ett ljusdrivet energiinsamlingssystem. Inga amputerade var tillgängliga för att testa designen, därför så testades systemet med en 3D-printad modell som rördes för hand för att simulera strömförsörjelseprocessen. På grund av några felaktiga initiala antaganden var den slutliga elektroniska designen inte optimal för denna typ av system. Ändå lyckades en kinetisk generator som använde energiinsamlingsprinciper producera cirka 23mW ström genom en simulerad häl som träffade marken cirka 50 gånger i minuten. 53cm2 solcellspaneler producerade 42μW energi i en ljussatt miljö. Som jämförelse behövde en strömsnål styrkrets i genomsnitt cirka 119μW effekt för att genomföra enkla programprocesser och skicka Bluetooth-överföringar en gång varannan sekund. / Hliðarorkuöflun (e. energy harvesting), sem einnig bætti kalla umhverfisöflun, er ferlið við að fá lítið magn af orku frá óbeinum aflgjafa, svo sem frá hristingi, ljósi, hitabreytingum og jafnvel útvarpsbylgjum. Þessi kerfi hafa verið sjaldgæf í raftækjum hingað til, þó þau eru hægt og rólega að fá hlutdeild. Með nýrri og fágaðri gervilimum og ígræðslum, tæki sem í sumum tilvikum þurfa samfellda og áreiðanlega orkjugjafa, víkkar mögulegt notkunarsvið hliðarorkuöflunar. Þetta lokaverkefni metur hvort aðferðir við hliðarorkuöflun gætu verið notaðar í hönnun gervilima framtíðarinnar án þess að hafa neikvæð áhrif á þyngd, þægilegheit, flóknun hönnunar o.þ.h., og hvort hagur sé í samræmi við framlag og kostnað. Þetta verkefni notar RHEO KNEE® frá Össuri Hf. sem viðmið, sem er gervihné stjórnað af örtölvu. Viðmiðinu er ætlað að sýna notagildi kerfisins. Hliðarorkuöflun er ennþá svið í þróun og er nokkuð í að það geti orðið frumorkugjafi fyrir flest raftæki. Hins vegar þá gæti það enn átt möguleika á að vera aukaorkugjafi til að auka tímalengd hverrar hleðslu eða gera minni og léttari rafhlöður raunhæfari. Þetta meistaraverkefni var viðamikið að því leiti að það fól í sér þrívíddarhönnun; vél-, raf- og hugbúnaðarhönnun; og uppsetningu á hreyfirafal ásamt ljósorkuöflunarkerfi. Engir einstaklingar sem misst hafa fót voru til staðar til að prófa hannanir þessa verkefnis. Þ.a.l. voru þær prófaðar með þrívíddarprentuðum líkönum sem hreyfð voru með handafli til að líkja eftir orkuframleiðsluferlinu. Vegna rangrar upprunalegrar forsendu þá var endanleg rafhönnunin ekki ákjósanleg fyrir slíkt kerfi. Hreyfirafall tengdur við gervihæl sem sló jörðu 50 sinnum á mínútu framleiddi þó 23mW af orku. 53cm2 af ljósorkueiningum framleiddu 42μW af afli í meðal herbergisbirtu. Til samanburðar þá eyðir skilvirk örtölva u.þ.b. 119μW af afli í einfaldri tölvuvinnslu ásamt því að senda Bluetooth sendingu á tveggja sekúnda fresti.