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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Advanced Structural Analyses by Third Generation Synchrotron Radiation Powder Diffraction

Sakata, M., Aoyagi, S., Ogura, T., Nishibori, E. 19 January 2007 (has links)
No description available.
2

Heterojunction-Assisted Impact Ionization and Other Free Carrier Dynamics in Si, ZnS/Si, and ZnSe/Si

Meitzner, Karl 18 August 2015 (has links)
With increasing global energy demand and diminishing fossil fuel supplies, the development of clean and affordable renewable energy technology is more important than ever. Photovoltaic devices harvest the sun’s energy to produce electricity and produce very little pollution compared to nonrenewable sources. In order to make these devices affordable, however, technological advances are required. In this dissertation a novel photovoltaic device architecture that is designed to enhance sunlight-to-electricity conversion efficiency of photovoltaics is proposed and demonstrated. The increase in efficiency arises due to enhancement of the internal quantum efficiency of photoexcitation in the semiconductor absorber. In other words, the probability that the absorption of a single photon will produce two or more electron-hole pairs, instead of just one, is increased. This occurs through the process of impact ionization, by which a highly excited charge carrier (via absorption of a high energy photon) relaxes by excitation of a second electron-hole pair. The result is an increased photocurrent, and efficiency, of the photovoltaic device. Using thin films of ZnS on Si substrates, we demonstrate that the probability of impact ionization is enhanced at the (unbiased) heterojunction between these layers. The magnitude of enhancement depends on material properties, including crystallinity of the ZnS film as well as concentration of oxygen (impurity) at the interface. Thin films of ZnSe on Si substrates do not exhibit heterojunction-assisted impact ionization, but they do display promising characteristics that make them an intriguing system for future work. The same is true for ZnS/Si materials fabricated by O2-free chemical bath deposition. For the analysis of plain Si as well as ZnS/Si and ZnSe/Si heterostructures, we employ a novel pump-probe transient transmission and reflection spectroscopy technique. A method is demonstrated for using this technique to quantify internal quantum efficiency as well as interface recombination velocity in each of these materials. In bulk silicon, a free carrier absorption cross section that depends on free carrier concentration (above 1018 cm-3) is observed and the relationship is quantified. This dissertation includes unpublished and previously published co-authored material.
3

INTEGRATED INTERNAL ANTENNAS FOR MOBILE PHONES

Chien, Shao-lun 11 June 2005 (has links)
In this thesis the study mainly focuses on the trends in development of present-day mobile phones and provides a promising alternative for integrating various elements inside mobile phones. With the presence of a small ground plane protruded from the main circuit board of a mobile phone, the proposed antenna design is substantially different from the configuration of feeding the conventional internal patch or planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA), and the proposed antenna can be placed in close proximity to the RF shielding case in the mobile phone, with very small effects on the antenna performances. Thus, more flexibility in the integration between an internal antenna and other associated elements inside a mobile phone can be obtained. In addition, by making use of the space inside the shorting cylinder of the internal PIFA, which can be treated as a shielding wall, the lens module of an embedded digital camera or other possible practical modules can easily fit in the cylinder to satisfy the trends in development of the miniaturized and multi-function mobile phones.
4

Advanced Hybrid Solar Cell Approaches for Future Generation Ultra-High Efficiency Photovoltaic Devices

January 2014 (has links)
abstract: Increasing the conversion efficiencies of photovoltaic (PV) cells beyond the single junction theoretical limit is the driving force behind much of third generation solar cell research. Over the last half century, the experimental conversion efficiency of both single junction and tandem solar cells has plateaued as manufacturers and researchers have optimized various materials and structures. While existing materials and technologies have remarkably good conversion efficiencies, they are approaching their own limits. For example, tandem solar cells are currently well developed commercially but further improvements through increasing the number of junctions struggle with various issues related to material interfacial defects. Thus, there is a need for novel theoretical and experimental approaches leading to new third generation cell structures. Multiple exciton generation (MEG) and intermediate band (IB) solar cells have been proposed as third generation alternatives and theoretical modeling suggests they can surpass the detailed balance efficiency limits of single junction and tandem solar cells. MEG or IB solar cell has a variety of advantages enabling the use of low bandgap materials. Integrating MEG and IB with other cell types to make novel solar cells (such as MEG with tandem, IB with tandem or MEG with IB) potentially offers improvements by employing multi-physics effects in one device. This hybrid solar cell should improve the properties of conventional solar cells with a reduced number of junction, increased light-generated current and extended material selections. These multi-physics effects in hybrid solar cells can be achieved through the use of nanostructures taking advantage of the carrier confinement while using existing solar cell materials with excellent characteristics. This reduces the additional cost to develop novel materials and structures. In this dissertation, the author develops thermodynamic models for several novel types of solar cells and uses these models to optimize and compare their properties to those of existing PV cells. The results demonstrate multiple advantages from combining MEG and IB technology with existing solar cell structures. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Electrical Engineering 2014
5

Comparação do sistema LTE operando na faixa de 2,5 GHZ e 700 MHZ

Izario, Bruno Rodrigues Ferraz 28 August 2015 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:37:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BRUNO FERRAZ IZARIO.pdf: 4620887 bytes, checksum: bd842cabfdadb0bcb55e0ea548c9fba5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / The Long Term Evolution (LTE) system belongs to the 4th generation phone system. It is standardized by 3GPP and utilizes several technologies to improve the performance of data transmission. This permits flexibility for mobile devices, which enables a high data rate in the range of 50 Mbps to 100 Mbps, and admit access to various multimedia services. The study presents the results of deploying an LTE network in the city of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, using the 700 MHz band by comparing it to the 2.5 GHz band. By calculating the budget for the LTE system link is information as possible to highlight throughput and cell coverage radius, and other information. The Radio Mobile software was used for verification of results. / O sistema Long Term Evolution (LTE) pertence ao sistema da 4ª geração de telefonia (4G). Ele é padronizado pelo 3GPP e utiliza diversas tecnologias para melhorar o desempenho de transmissão de dados. O mesmo permite uma flexibilidade para dispositivos móveis, possibilitando uma alta taxa de dados na faixa de 50 Mbps a 100 Mbps, além de admitir acesso a diversos serviços multimídias. O estudo apresenta resultados de implantação de uma rede LTE na cidade de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil, utilizando a faixa de 700 MHz comparando-a com a faixa de 2,5 GHz. Através do cálculo de link budget para o sistema LTE, é possível destacar informações como throughput e raio da célula de cobertura, além de outras informações. O software radio mobile foi utilizado para fins de comprovação de resultados.
6

Ultrafast charge dynamics in mesoporous materials used in dye-sensitized solar cells

Tiwana, Priti January 2013 (has links)
This thesis is concerned with measuring ultrafast electron dynamics taking place in dye-sensitized mesoporous semiconductor films employed as working electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). An understanding of these ultrafast charge transfer mechanisms is essential for designing efficient photovoltaic (PV) devices with high photon-to-current conversion efficiency. Optical-pump terahertz-probe (OPTP) spectroscopy is a sub-picosecond resolution, non-contact, photoconductivity measurement technique which can be used to directly measure charge carrier dynamics within nanostructured materials without the need for invoking complex modelling schemes. A combination of OPTP and photovoltaic measurements on mesoporous TiO2 films show an early-time intra-particle electron mobility of 0.1 cm2/(Vs). This value is an order of magnitude lower than that measured in bulk TiO2 and can be partly explained by the restricted electron movement because of geometrical constraints and increased trap sites in the nanostructured material. In addition, the mesoporous film behaves like a nanostructured composite material, with the TiO2 nanoparticles embedded in a low dielectric medium (air or vacuum), leading to lower apparent electron mobility. THz mobility measured in similar mesoporous ZnO and SnO2 films sensitized with the same dye is calculated to be 0.17 cm2/(Vs) for ZnO and 1.01 cm2/(Vs) for SnO2. Possible reasons for the deviation from mobilities reported in literature for the respective bulk materials have been discussed. The conclusion of this study is that while electron mobility values for nanoporous TiO2 films are approaching theoretical maximum values, both intra- and inter-particle electron mobility in mesoporous ZnO and SnO2 films offer considerable scope for improvement. OPTP has also been used to measure electron injection rates in dye-sensitized TiO2, ZnO and SnO2 nanostructured films. They are seen to proceed in the order TiO2 >SnO2 >ZnO. While the process is complete within a few picoseconds in TiO2/Z907, it is seen to extend beyond a nanosecond in case of ZnO. These measurements correlate well with injection efficiencies determined from DSCs fabricated from identical mesoporous films, suggesting that the slow injection components limit the overall solar cell photocurrent. The reasons for this observed difference in charge injection rates have been explored within. It is now fairly common practice in the photovoltaic community to apply a coating of a wide band-gap material over the metal-oxide nanoparticles in DSCs to improve device performance. However, the underlying reasons for the improvement are not fully understood. With this motivation, OPTP spectroscopy has been used to study how the conformal coating affects early-time mechanisms, such as electron injection, trapping or diffusion length. The electron injection process is unaffected in case of TiCl4-treated TiO2 and MgO-treated ZnO, while it becomes much slower in case of MgO-treated SnO2. Finally, a light-soaking effect observed in SnO2-based solid-state DSCs has been examined in detail using THz spectroscopy and transient PV measurement techniques. It is concluded that continued exposure to light results in a rearrangement of charged species at the metal-oxide surface. This leads to an increase in the density of acceptor states or a lowering of the SnO2 conduction band edge with respect to the dye excited state energy level, ultimately leading to faster electron transport and higher device photocurrents.
7

Mobility prediction and Multicasting in Wireless Networks: Performance and Analysis

Venkatachalaiah, Suresh, suresh@catt.rmit.edu.au January 2006 (has links)
Handoff is a call handling mechanism that is invoked when a mobile node moves from one cell to another. Such movement may lead to degradation in performance for wireless networks as a result of packet losses. A promising technique proposed in this thesis is to apply multicasting techniques aided by mobility prediction in order to improve handoff performance. In this thesis, we present a method that uses a Grey model for mobility prediction and a fuzzy logic controller that has been fine-tuned using evolutionary algorithms in order to improve prediction accuracy. We also compare the self-tuning algorithm with two evolutionary algorithms in terms of accuracy and their convergence times. Our proposed method takes into account signal strengths from the base stations and predicts the signal strength of the next candidate base station in order to provide improved handover performance. The primary decision for mobility prediction is the accurate prediction of signal strengths obtained from the base stations and remove any unwanted errors in the prediction using suitable optimisation techniques. Furthermore, the model includes the procedures of fine-tuning the predicted data using fuzzy parameters. We also propose suitable multicasting algorithms to minimise the reservation of overall network resource requirements during handoff with the mobility prediction information. To be able to efficiently solve the problem, the situation is modelled using a multicast tree that is defined to maintain connectivity with the mobile node, whilst ensuring bandwidth guarantees and a minimum hop-count. In this approach, we have tried to solve the problem by balancing two objectives through putting a weight on each of two costs. We provide a detailed description of an algorithm to implement join and prune mechanisms, which will help to build an optimal multicast tree with QoS requirements during handoff as well as incorporating dynamic changes in the positions of mobile nodes. An analysis of how mobility prediction helps in the selection of potential Access Routers (AR) with QoS requirements - which affects the multicast group size and bandwidth cost of the multicast tree -- is presented. The proposed technique tries to minimise the number of multicast tree join and prune operations. Our results show that the expected size of the multicast group increases linearly with an increase in the number of selected destination AR's for multicast during handoff. We observe that the expected number of joins and prunes from the multicast tree increases with group size. A special simulation model was developed to demonstrate both homogeneous and heterogeneous handoff which is an emerging requirement for fourth generation mobile networks. The model incorporates our mobility prediction model for heterogeneous handoff between the Wireless LAN and a cellular network. The results presented in this thesis for mobility prediction, multicasting techniques and heterogeneous handoff include proposed algorithms and models which aid in the understanding, analysing and reducing of overheads during handoff.
8

Low energy photovoltaic conversion in MIND structures / Conversion photovoltaïque en basse énergie dans les structures MIND

Basta, Marek 05 September 2013 (has links)
Dispositifs photovoltaïques d'aujourd'hui convertissent l'énergie solaire en électricité de manière propre, renouvelable et inépuisable et représentent un remplacement possible pour les combustibles fossiles. Toutefois, afin de rivaliser avec les sources d'énergie classiques une augmentation significative de l'efficacité de conversion est inévitable. Dans ce travail, nous nous concentrons sur des aspects pouvant propulser le rendement de conversion au-dessus des limites de cellules présentes. La première partie de l'étude est consacrée à de nouvelles idées théoriques considérés comme le photovoltaïque de 3ème génération, alors que le plus d'intérêt est maintenu à étudier les avantages possibles de la multiplication d'électrons faible seuil. Dans la deuxième partie de l'étude, nous développons un modèle qui permet un traitement précis des propriétés optiques et de transport des structures de silicium avec des interfaces enterrées. Les analyses théoriques et expérimentales approfondies des structures existantes MIND sont ensuite effectuées. En étudiant le flux exacte et la distribution d'énergie à l'intérieur de plusieurs structures dans le cadre de leur géométrie, nous estimons les rendements quantiques possibles et les comparer avec les résultats expérimentaux. Grâce aux moyens de simulations numériques couplées avec caractérisation expérimentale, nous extrayons l'efficacité de la collecte de porteur de cellules étudiées. De nouveaux effets sont observés, une telle augmentation possible de l'efficacité de la collecte au-dessus de l'unité. Une analyse plus approfondie des résultats expérimentaux couplés avec l'étude numérique suit quelques explications classiques et non classiques de l'augmentation de l'efficacité de la collecte ou l'augmentation résultante de l'efficacité quantique. Avec la plupart des explications classiques exclu, nous concluons que l'explication la plus probable, mais non définitive de cet effet peut être interprété comme le résultat d'une multiplication des porteurs faible seuil. / Photovoltaic devices of today convert solar energy into electricity in a clean, renewable and inexhaustible way and represent a possible replacement for the fossil fuels. However, in order to compete with classical energy sources a significant increase in the conversion efficiency is inevitable. In this work, we concentrate on the aspects able to raise the conversion efficiency above the limitations of present cells. The first part of the study is devoted to new theoretical ideas considered as 3rd generation photovoltaics, while the most interest is kept at studying the possible benefits of electron multiplication at low-energies. In the second part of the study, we develop a model that allows a precise treatment of optical and transport properties of silicon structures with buried interfaces. Extensive theoretical and experimental analyses of existing MIND structures are then conducted. By studying the exact flux and power distribution inside several structures in conjunction with their geometry, we estimate the possible quantum efficiencies and compare them with experimental results. Through the means of numerical simulations coupled with experimental characterization, we extract the carrier collection efficiency of studied cells. New effects are being observed, such a possible increase in collection efficiency above unity. A deeper analysis of the experimental results coupled with the numerical study analyzes several classical and non-classical explanations of the increase in collection efficiency or the resulting increase in the quantum efficiency. With most of the classical explanations ruled out, we conclude that the most probable, but not definitiveexplanation of this effect can be interpreted as the result of a low-energy carrier multiplication.
9

Internal Wideband Mobile Phone Antenna for UMTS/WLAN/WiMAX Wireless Communication System

Su, Wei-Cheng 26 May 2006 (has links)
In this thesis, the study mainly focuses on the current trends in development of compact multi-media mobile phone and provides a wideband monopole antenna design suitable for application in wireless communicating system in the near future. By utilizing the planar monopole antenna structure, the proposed antenna design is easy to be embedded into the mobile phone. Further, by using a shielding metal cover, we create a zone with low surface current distribution. This effect will reduce the electromagnetic coupling between the antenna and the electronic elements and make it possible to integrate more related elements into the mobile phones. Finally, we use the simulation software to analyze the dielectric effect caused by the casing of mobile phone and human body on the proposed antenna.
10

Μετάδοση πολυμεσικών δεδομένων με δυνατότητα προσαρμογής του ρυθμού μεταδόσης πάνω από κινητά δίκτυα επικοινωνιών

Μπαρούνης, Κωνσταντίνος 09 November 2007 (has links)
Η ασύρματη επικοινωνία, στις μέρες μας, αποκτά ιδιαίτερη αξία σε μια χώρα όπως η Ελλάδα, όπου η μορφολογία του εδάφους, δεν επιτρέπει σε αρκετά γεωγραφικά διαμερίσματα την εγκατάσταση και χρήση ευρυζωνικών μέσων μετάδοσης όπως για παράδειγμα οι οπτικές ίνες. Ειδικότερα ο τομέας της κινητής τηλεφωνίας είναι ένας ταχύτατα εξελισσόμενος τομέας καθώς στις μέρες μας βιώνουμε το πέρασμα από τη δεύτερη γενιά συστημάτων κινητών τηλεπικοινωνιών προς την τρίτη. Στην εξέλιξη του τομέα αυτού συμβάλουν τα μέγιστα και οι απαιτήσεις των σύγχρονων καιρών για ένα ενοποιημένο και λειτουργικό σύστημα κινητής τηλεφωνίας με σκοπό την παροχή μιας πληθώρας υπηρεσιών στους συνδρομητές. Η διπλωματική αυτή έχει σαν σκοπό να μελετήσει την μετάδοση πολυμεσικών δεδομένων όπως εικόνα και ήχος μέσα από την έννοια του streaming, πάνω από ασύρματα δίκτυα 3ης γενιάς (UMTS). Λαμβάνοντας υπό όψη τις δυσκολίες που συνεπάγεται η ασύρματη μετάδοση δεδομένων, όπως απώλεια πακέτων εξαιτίας λαθών ή συμφόρησης στο δίκτυο, αλλά και την καθυστέρηση που πολλές φορές παρατηρείται, προτείνεται ένας μηχανισμός για τη δυνατότητα προσαρμογής του ρυθμού μετάδοσης των πολυμεσικών δεδομένων. Στόχος είναι η αντιμετώπιση των παραπάνω προβλημάτων, αλλά και η προσπάθεια για την όσο το δυνατόν ανεμπόδιστη λειτουργία της streaming υπηρεσίας ακόμα και σε μη ευνοϊκές δικτυακές συνθήκες. Ο έλεγχος του ρυθμού μετάδοσης αποτελεί ένα σημαντικό θέμα τόσο στα ενσύρματα όσο και στα ασύρματα δίκτυα μιας και σχετίζεται με τη σταθερότητα του δικτύου, συμβάλλει στη δίκαιη κατανομή του bandwidth μεταξύ των ροών δεδομένων και στην ομαλή μετάδοση πολυμεσικών δεδομένων. Μία μέθοδος ελέγχου και προσαρμογής του ρυθμού μετάδοσης δεδομένων πάνω από δίκτυα είναι γνωστή σαν TCP Friendly Rate Control (TFRC). Χρησιμοποιείται κυρίως στα ενσύρματα δίκτυα και σύμφωνα με αυτή, ο ρυθμός μετάδοσης δεδομένων είναι συνάρτηση κάποιων παραμέτρων οι οποίες αντιπροσωπεύουν την κατάσταση που επικρατεί στο δίκτυο. Οι παράμετροι αυτοί είναι το μέγεθος των πακέτων, ο ρυθμός απώλειας των πακέτων και το Round Trip Time (RTT). Η μέθοδος αυτή μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί και στα ασύρματα δίκτυα με τη βοήθεια απαραίτητων τροποποιήσεων/παραλλαγών αλλά και υπό την προϋπόθεση ότι λαμβάνονται υπόψη οι ιδιαιτερότητες της ασύρματης μετάδοσης. Στα πλαίσια της έρευνας που έγινε στην εργασία αυτή, θα δείξουμε την ικανότητα που μπορεί να έχει ένας streaming server για έλεγχο και προσαρμογή του ρυθμού μετάδοσης πολυμεσικών δεδομένων σύμφωνα με τα προβλήματα που προαναφέρθηκαν και τις τρέχουσες συνθήκες του δικτύου. Βασικό στοιχείο στην προσπάθεια αυτή αποτέλεσε η λειτουργία του TFRC μηχανισμού σε συνδυασμό με τη χρήση του RTP πρωτοκόλλου. Το Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) παρέχει μια από άκρο σε άκρο υπηρεσία για αποστολή δεδομένων σε πραγματικό χρόνο. Εφαρμογές που χρησιμοποιούν το πρωτόκολλο αυτό είναι κυρίως υπηρεσίες για μετάδοση (streaming) ήχου (φωνή) και βίντεο. Παρόλο που το RTP πρωτόκολλο δεν παρέχει κάποια εγγύηση για την έγκαιρη παράδοση των πακέτων, εντούτοις περιέχει ένα μηχανισμό για την απεικόνιση της κατάστασης του δικτύου και των χαρακτηριστικών της σύνδεσης μεταξύ των δύο άκρων. Πρόκειται για το RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) το οποίο αποστέλλει πακέτα (αναφορές) μεταξύ του streaming server και ενός χρήστη, με πληροφορία όπως ο ρυθμός απώλειας πακέτων, η καθυστέρηση μετάδοσης και ο RTT χρόνος. Με τον τρόπο αυτό, και για τις ανάγκες της ασύρματης μετάδοσης βίντεο σε πραγματικό χρόνο από έναν server προς έναν κινητό χρήστη μπορεί να γίνει μια συνεργασία του TFRC μηχανισμού και των RTP και RTCP πρωτοκόλλων. Ο server, κατά τη διάρκεια αποστολής (streaming) πολυμεσικών δεδομένων σε πραγματικό χρόνο προς ένα κινητό χρήστη, θα μπορεί να γνωρίζει ανά πάσα στιγμή τα χαρακτηριστικά της ασύρματης σύνδεσης, βασιζόμενος στα RTCP πακέτα που θα του στέλνει ο χρήστης και στη συνέχεια με τη βοήθεια του TFRC να κάνει υπολογισμό ενός άνω φράγματος για τον επιτρεπτό ρυθμό μετάδοσης των δεδομένων. Η δυνατότητα για αλλαγή του ρυθμού μετάδοσης από τον server ανάλογα με τις δικτυακές συνθήκες, βασίζεται στο γεγονός της ικανότητας να επιλέγει το προς μετάδοση βίντεο μέσα από ένα σύνολο διαφορετικών κωδικοποιήσεων του βίντεο αυτού. Με άλλα λόγια, ο streaming server διατηρεί διάφορες εκδόσεις (αρχεία) του ίδιου βίντεο, με τη μόνη διαφορά ότι είναι κωδικοποιημένα σε διαφορετικούς ρυθμούς (Kbps) με βάση κάποιο πρότυπο (π.χ MPEG-2). Βέβαια είναι γεγονός, ότι ένας χαμηλός ρυθμός κωδικοποίησης της πολυμεσικής πληροφορίας, σε σχέση με ένα υψηλό ρυθμό, συνεπάγεται μια μέτρια ποιότητα στην εικόνα του βίντεο. Από την άλλη όμως πλευρά, η μετάδοση μέτριας ποιότητας (χαμηλού ρυθμού) βίντεο, συνδέεται με το χαμηλό ρυθμό στην μετάδοση των πολυμεσικών δεδομένων, γεγονός που είναι επιθυμητό σε περιπτώσεις όπου στο δίκτυο παρατηρείται συμφόρηση, μεγάλες καθυστερήσεις και απώλειες πακέτων. Κατά ανάλογο τρόπο, όταν στο δίκτυο δεν παρατηρούνται ιδιαίτερα προβλήματα, είναι επιθυμητή η μετάδοση από τον streaming server βίντεο υψηλού ρυθμού (καλής ποιότητας), καθώς το διαθέσιμο εύρος ζώνης είναι σε θέση να εξυπηρετήσει τις απαιτήσεις για μετάδοση πολυμεσικών δεδομένων με υψηλό ρυθμό. Για την επιβεβαίωση των όσων αναφέρθηκαν παραπάνω, έγιναν μια σειρά από πειράματα κάνοντας χρήση ενός εμπορικού δικτύου κινητής τηλεφωνίας βασισμένο στην τεχνολογία 3ης γενιάς. Κάποιες υποθέσεις που έγιναν σχετικά με το σενάριο αυτό, αφορούν το διαθέσιμο bandwidth του ασύρματου καναλιού, το ρυθμό απώλειας πακέτων, το μέγεθος των πακέτων και την κίνηση στο δίκτυο. Θα πρέπει να σημειωθεί ότι η απώλεια των πακέτων μπορεί να οφείλεται τόσο στο ενδεχόμενο να παρατηρείται μεγάλη κίνηση στους κόμβους του δικτύου αλλά και σε αυτό της μη σωστής λήψης, εξαιτίας των παραγόντων εκείνων που επηρεάζουν την ασύρματη μετάδοση. Για την υλοποίηση του παραπάνω σεναρίου και των πειραμάτων έγινε χρήση ενός φορητού υπολογιστή (laptop) ο οποίος είχε τον ρόλο του κινητού χρήστη εξοπλισμένος με μια κάρτα για την ασύρματη πρόσβαση σε 3G δίκτυο παρόχου κινητής τηλεφωνίας. Η αποστολή των δεδομένων και ο έλεγχος του ρυθμού μετάδοσης έγινε με την βοήθεια ενός RTSP Server, που υλοποιήθηκε, βασισμένος στις βιβλιοθήκες του open source project LIVE555 (www.live555.com), στο εργαστήριο Κατανεμημένων Συστημάτων και Τηλεματικής του τμήματος. Τέλος θα πρέπει να σημειωθεί ότι η ερευνητική διατριβή που έγινε στα πλαίσια της διπλωματικής εργασίας οδήγησε στην παρακάτω δημοσίευση σε διεθνές συνέδριο. An efficient mechanism for adaptive multimedia transmission in 3G networks. IADIS International Conference Wireless Applications and Computing 2007 (WAC 2007), Lisbon, Portugal, A. Alexiou, K. Barounis, C. Bouras, 6-8 July 2007. Αbstract: Η εργασία αυτή προτείνει ένα μηχανισμό για τον έλεγχο της συμφόρησης (congestion control) και την μετάδοση πολυμεσικής πληροφορίας (video) πάνω από το UMTS. Ο μηχανισμός αυτός εφαρμόζεται όταν ο κινητός χρήστης διαχειρίζεται πληροφορία πραγματικού χρόνου (real time), και παράλληλα υιοθετεί την θεωρία μίας ευρέως αποδεκτής μεθόδου για έλεγχο ου ρυθμού (rate control) στα ενσύρματα δίκτυα, γνωστή και ως equation based rate control. Σε αυτή την προσέγγιση, ο server προσαρμόζει τον ρυθμό μετάδοσης πολυμεσικής πληροφορίας λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τις εξής δικτυακές παραμέτρους: α) ρυθμός απώλειας πακέτων, β) round-trip χρόνος και γ) μέγεθος του πακέτου. Μέσα από μια σειρά εξομοιώσεων και πειραμάτων έγινε αξιολόγηση της ορθότητας και της επίδοσης του μηχανισμού. Αρχικά ο μηχανισμός αξιολογείται χρησιμοποιώντας το περιβάλλον του ns-2 εξομοιωτή, και στη συνέχεια γίνονται κάποια πειράματα σε δίκτυο UMTS εμπορικής χρήσης γνωστής τηλεπικοινωνιακής εταιρείας. / Wireless communication has become valuable, in a country like Greece, where the morphology of the ground does not allow the massive use of alternative means of communication like fiber optics. Especially, the field of mobile telecommunications has shown a remarkable growth over the past years, as we are now witnessing the pass from the second generation (2G) networks to the third generation (3G). However, this evolution can be regarded as the result of the demands for an integrated and functional mobile telecommunication system, with a plethora of new services offered to its users. The aim of this master thesis is to make a research in the transmission of multimedia content over a UMTS network, with the capability of adapting the transmission rate, depending on the network conditions. The control of the transmission rate is a very important aspect, not only in the wired networks, but also in the wireless networks, as it is responsible for the stability of the network, the fair sharing of the bandwidth between the traffic flows and the unaffected transmission of multimedia, like video and voice. One method for the control and the adaptation of the transmission rate over networks is known as TCP Friendly Rate Control (TFRC). This method is mainly used in wired networks and according to its function, the transmission rate is the outcome of various parameters across the network. These parameters are the size of the packets, the packet loss rate, and the Round Trip Time (RTT). This method can also be used in wireless networks as long as some modifications take place and that special needs of the wireless transmission have been taken into consideration. During this research, we can show how the TFRC mechanism and the Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) can be combined together for the needs of multimedia streaming over a wireless network. The RTP protocol provides end-toend delivery services for data with real-time characteristics such as interactive audio and video, while applications typically run RTP on top of UDP. RTP itself does not provide any mechanism to ensure timely delivery or other quality-ofservice guarantees. However, RTP consists of the RTP Control Protocol (RTCP), which monitors the quality of service like packet loss, delay, round trip time and conveys information about the participants in an on-going session. By this way, during a streaming session, the server would be able to have an image of the network conditions thanks to the RTCP information sent by the mobile client. Then, using the TFRC mechanism an upper bound for the transmission rate can be calculated in order to take advantage of the available bandwidth and to avoid causing network instability or abuse. The server would have the same video in different versions, depending on the coding in Kbits per second (Kbps) and then would have the capability of increasing or decreasing the transmission rate by switching the video files during the streaming session. In order to examine this scenario in real network conditions, some parameters will be taken into consideration, like the available bandwidth of the wireless network, the packet loss rate, the packet size and the network traffic. It must be noticed, that the packet loss could be caused by overloading the network or by those factors which can cause problems in the wireless transmission. For testing all the above, we perform some experiments using a laptop with a network card for having access in a 3G network as a mobile user, and a RTSP server for streaming the multimedia data to the client. The server is implemented, based on the Live555 (www.live555.com) libraries, where some extra functions are added in order to work according to the streaming scenario. Finally it should be mentioned that this thesis has been published on the IADIS International Conference, Wireless Applications and Computing 2007 with the title “An Efficient Mechanism for Adaptive Multimedia Transmission in 3G Networks” held in Lisbon, Portugal, July 6-8, 2007.

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