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Advanced Hybrid Solar Cell Approaches for Future Generation Ultra-High Efficiency Photovoltaic DevicesJanuary 2014 (has links)
abstract: Increasing the conversion efficiencies of photovoltaic (PV) cells beyond the single junction theoretical limit is the driving force behind much of third generation solar cell research. Over the last half century, the experimental conversion efficiency of both single junction and tandem solar cells has plateaued as manufacturers and researchers have optimized various materials and structures. While existing materials and technologies have remarkably good conversion efficiencies, they are approaching their own limits. For example, tandem solar cells are currently well developed commercially but further improvements through increasing the number of junctions struggle with various issues related to material interfacial defects. Thus, there is a need for novel theoretical and experimental approaches leading to new third generation cell structures. Multiple exciton generation (MEG) and intermediate band (IB) solar cells have been proposed as third generation alternatives and theoretical modeling suggests they can surpass the detailed balance efficiency limits of single junction and tandem solar cells. MEG or IB solar cell has a variety of advantages enabling the use of low bandgap materials. Integrating MEG and IB with other cell types to make novel solar cells (such as MEG with tandem, IB with tandem or MEG with IB) potentially offers improvements by employing multi-physics effects in one device. This hybrid solar cell should improve the properties of conventional solar cells with a reduced number of junction, increased light-generated current and extended material selections. These multi-physics effects in hybrid solar cells can be achieved through the use of nanostructures taking advantage of the carrier confinement while using existing solar cell materials with excellent characteristics. This reduces the additional cost to develop novel materials and structures. In this dissertation, the author develops thermodynamic models for several novel types of solar cells and uses these models to optimize and compare their properties to those of existing PV cells. The results demonstrate multiple advantages from combining MEG and IB technology with existing solar cell structures. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Electrical Engineering 2014
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Ein Mikro-Makro-Übergang für die nichtlineare atomare Kette mit TemperaturHerrmann, Michael 19 October 2005 (has links)
Diese Arbeit betrachtet einen Mikro-Makro-Übergang für die atomare Kette mit Wechselwirkungen zwischen nächsten Nachbarn, deren Dynamik durch ein nichtlineares aber konvexes Wechselwirkungspotential und durch die Newtonschen Bewegungsgleichungen bestimmt ist. Um einen Mikro-Makro-Übergang zu etablieren, wählen wir eine geeignete Skalierung und lassen die Zahl der Teilchen gegen Unendlich laufen. Dabei steht der Fall mit Temperatur im Vordergrund, so dass auf der makroskopischen Skala mikroskopische Oszillationen beschrieben werden müssen. Nach einer Einführung werden im zweiten Kapitel die Grundlagen der atomaren Kette zusammengefasst, und die wesentlichen Probleme beim Mikro-Makro-Übergang mit Temperatur diskutiert. Dabei wird besonders auf die Skalierung, die mikroskopischen Anfangsdaten und die Beschreibung der mikroskopischen Oszillationen eingegangen. Im dritten Kapitel werden so genannte Traveling-Waves betrachtet: Das sind exakte, hochgradig symmetrische Lösungen der atomaren Kette, die generisch von vier Parametern abhängen, und die als Lösungen von Differenzen-Differentialgleichungen bestimmt werden. Im Einzelnen werden die Existenz von Traveling-Waves, ihre thermodynamischen Eigenschaften und ihre Approximierbarkeit untersucht. Im vierten Kapitel werden modulierte Traveling-Waves betrachtet, mit deren Hilfe dann makroskopische Modulationsgleichungen abgeleitet werden. Diese lassen sich als die Erhaltungssätze für Masse, Impuls, Wellenzahl und Entropie interpretieren. Anschließend wird das Rechtfertigungsproblem diskutiert und für einen Spezialfall auch gelöst. Im fünften Kapitel werden numerische Simulationen von Anfangswertproblemen, unter anderem Riemann--Probleme, ausführlich untersucht, wobei die Strukturuntersuchung der auftretenden mikroskopischen Oszillationen im Vordergrund steht. Es zeigt sich, dass die mikroskopischen Oszillationen in vielen Fällen durch modulierte Traveling-Waves beschrieben werden können. / The subject matter of this thesis is a micro-macro transition for the atomic chain with nearest neighbor interaction. The interaction potential is assumed to be nonlinear but convex, and the dynamics of the chain is governed by Newton''s law of motion. To establish the micro-macro transition we choose an appropriate scaling, and let the number of particles tend to infinity. We mainly concentrate on the case with temperature, and therefore we have to describe microscopic oscillations on the macroscopic scale. We start with an introduction in the first chapter. Afterwards in the second chapter we summarize the basics of the atomic chain, and discuss the most important problems concerning a micro-macro transition with temperature. In particular we emphasize the scaling, the microscopic initial data, and the description of the microscopic oscillations. In the third chapter we consider traveling waves: These are highly symmetric solutions of the atomic chain depending on four parameters, and they result as solutions of difference-differential equations. We study the existence of traveling waves, their thermodynamic properties, and we derive schemes for their approximation. The fourth chapter is devoted to modulated traveling waves, because they allow to derive macroscopic modulation equations. These modulation equations can be interpreted as the macroscopic conservations laws for mass, momentum, wave number and entropy. Afterwards we discuss the justification problem, which is moreover solved for a special example. Within the fifth chapter we investigate several numerical simulations of initial value problems for the atomic chain including some Riemann problems. We mainly focus on the structure of the resulting microscopic oscillations, and we will identify many situations in which the microscopic oscillations can be described in terms of modulated traveling waves.
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Ineliminable idealizations, phase transitions, and irreversibilityJones, Nicholaos John 21 November 2006 (has links)
No description available.
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Etude mathématique de modèles quantiques et classiques pour les matériaux aléatoires à l'échelle atomique / Mathematical study of quantum and classical models for random materials in the atomic scaleLahbabi, Salma 05 July 2013 (has links)
Les contributions de cette thèse portent sur deux sujets.La première partie est dédiée à l'étude de modèles de champ moyen pour la structure électronique de matériaux avec des défauts.Dans le chapitre~ref{chap:ergodic_crystals}, nous introduisons et étudions le modèle de Hartree-Fock réduit (rHF) pour des cristaux désordonnés. Nous prouvons l'existence d'un état fondamental et établissons, pour les interactions de Yukawa (à courte portée), certaines propriétés de cet état. Dans le chapitre~ref{chap:défauts_étendus}, nous considérons des matériaux avec des défauts étendus. Dans le cas des interactions de Yukawa, nous prouvons l'existence d'un état fondamental, solution de l'équation auto-cohérente. Nous étudions également le cas de cristaux avec une faible concentration de défauts aléatoires. Dans le chapitre~ref{chap:numerical_simuation}, nous présentons des résultats de simulations numériques de systèmes aléatoires en dimension un.Dans la deuxième partie, nous étudions des modèles Monte-Carlo cinétique multi-échelles en temps. Nous prouvons, pour les trois modèles présentés au chapitre~ref{chap:kMC}, que les variables lentes convergent, dans la limite de la grande séparation des échelles de temps, vers une dynamique effective. Nos résultats sont illustrés par des simulations numériques. / The contributions of this thesis concern two topics.The first part is dedicated to the study of mean-field models for the electronic structure of materials with defects. In Chapter~ref{chap:ergodic_crystals}, we introduce and study the reduced Hartree-Fock (rHF) model for disordered crystals. We prove the existence of a ground state and establish, for (short-range)Yukawa interactions, some properties of this ground state. In Chapter~ref{chap:défauts_étendus}, we consider crystals with extended defects. Assuming Yukawa interactions, we prove the existence of an electronic ground state, solution of the self-consistent field equation. We also investigate the case of crystals with low concentration of random defects. In Chapter~ref{chap:numerical_simuation}, we present some numerical results obtained from the simulation of one-dimensional random systems.In the second part, we consider multiscale-in-time kinetic Monte Carlo models. We prove, for the three models presented in Chapter~ref{chap:kMC}, that in the limit of large time-scale separation, the slow variables converge to an effective dynamics. Our results are illustrated by numerical simulations.
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