Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-13T12:10:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-11-25. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-07-13T12:25:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000838194.pdf: 396332 bytes, checksum: e24c8093ae5acc8cc87768c565930629 (MD5) / Santo Agostinho considera que homem possui naturalmente a vontade da vida feliz e da verdade. Ele se reconhece como um ser inquieto e que quer encontrar o repouso. Na obra Confissões, relata o seu erro e as etapas da sua conversão. Investigando a sua própria interioridade, encontra Deus na memória e, simultaneamente, como aquele que a transcende. Enquanto espera a posse da beatitude, vive o perigo das concupiscências. / Saint Augustine considers that man naturally possesses the will of happy life and truth. He recognizes himself as a restless being and that wants to find the rest. In the work Confessions, reports his error and the steps of his conversion. Investigating his own interiority, finds God in memory and simultaneously as one that transcends it. While waiting the possession of beatitude, lives the danger of concupiscences.

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciada en Filosofía / Esta investigación busca reconocer elementos de la filosofía agustiniana que puedan ser aportes para una filosofía del cuerpo. Desde la reflexión de algunos escritos de san Agustín de Hipona, se quiere tomar ideas y conceptos específicos que nos revelen el sentido del cuerpo humano, y en un análisis posterior, su vinculación con la filosofía. La investigación está dividida en dos capítulos: en el primer capítulo se presentan las características del hombre exterior en san Agustín, desde su estructura hasta sus funciones. En el segundo capítulo, se plantea la fundamentación agustiniana del valor del cuerpo humano y su vinculación con el alma. Con estos elementos a la vista, se dan pasos para aproximar a san Agustín a la construcción de una filosofía del cuerpo, o más allá, desde el cuerpo.

Orientador : Francisco Benjamin de Souza Netto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T23:07:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Goes_Paulode_D.pdf: 9845797 bytes, checksum: 0058b9f96a21c2349b09044fb062cc15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: Considerando o livro I do De civitate Dei uma primeira exposição bem-articulada que se conhece no Ocidente sobre o suicídio, pretende-se abordar o tema a partir de dois ângulos. Num primeiro momento, apresenta-se a sólida argumentação de S. Agostinho no que diz respeito à condenação do suicídio. Prevalece, nesse caso, a lógica de sua argumentação condenatória, haurida da herança cristã, no que conceme à valorização da vida e à consideração desta como dádiva divina. Num segundo momento, constata-se que a mesma lógica não é utilizada em determinados casos. Absolve personagens bíblicos que praticaram o ato e suspende o juízo quando se refere a mulheres virtuosas, veneradas pela Tradição. Por outro lado, condena claramente, quando se trata de personagens pagãos, não obstante serem nobres e elevados os motivos que os teriam levado à prática do suicídio. Exprime, portanto, a força da veneratio e o predomínio da aversão às práticas não-cristãs, mesmo que estas apresentem motivos justificáveis, tais como a defesa da honra, dentro da cultura da época. Inseriu-se na perspectiva da apologética de seu tempo, a saber, a exaltação da morte heróica (especialmente numa época em que o martírio não era um fato esporádico), e a condenação dos atos pagãos, mesmo que tais atos se apresentassem revestidos de heroísmo, contudo, despojados da caritas. O tratamento diferenciado surge no momento em que o rigor de sua lógica de condenação ao suicídio não foi suficiente para apresentar um enfoque novo em relação a casos já louvados pela Tradição / Abstract: Considering the book I of De civitate Dei a first well-articulate exposure known in the West about suicide, it is intended to approach the subject ITom two points ofview. At a first moment, it is presented the solid argumentation of St. Augustine in regard to the condemnation of the suicide. It prevails, in that case, the logic of his condemnatory argumentation, exhausted ITom Christian inheritance, in what concems the valorization of tife and to consideration ofthat as a divine gift. At a second moment, it is veritied that the same logic is not used in certain cases. It absolves biblical characters that committed the act and it suspends the judgment when it refers to virtuous ~omen, worshipped by the Tradition. On the other hand, it condemns c1early, when it refers to pagan characters, in spite of they being noble and high the reasons that would have cause them to commit suicide. It expresses, therefore, the force of veneratio and the prevalence of aversion to nonChristians practices, even if they present justifiable reasons, such as the defense of honor, inside the culture of the time. It was inserted in the perspective of the apologetic of his time the exaltation of heroic death (especial1y in a time when the martyrdom was not a sporadic fact), and the condemnation of pagan acts, even if such acts were covered by heroism, however, deprived of cantas. The differentiated treatment appears when the rigidity of his condemnation logic about suicide was not enough for presenting a new focus regarding to cases already praised by the Tradition / Doutorado / Filosofia / Doutor em Filosofia

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Filosofía / Este trabajo pretende mostrar que en el pensamiento de Agustín se encuentran argumentos que sostienen la hipótesis de que se es libre cumpliendo la voluntad de Dios. Ya que podría oponerse a esta postura la idea de que al cumplir una voluntad de otro no se es libre. El método utilizado es la lectura de los textos agustinianos para hallar los lugares en que Agustín se refiere a la libertad que acompaña al cumplimiento de la voluntad de Dios, su exposición y análisis. El resultado obtenido es la determinación de diversos sentidos en que se es libre cumpliendo la voluntad de Dios de acuerdo con el pensar agustiniano. En primer lugar se clarifica la noción de voluntad de Dios a que vamos a aludir en la obra. En segundo lugar hacemos un breve recuento de las diversas formas en que Agustín entiende el término “voluntad” del hombre, para poder así tener claro cuándo y en qué sentido es libre o no libre, en el sentido de cuándo y en qué sentido se cumple o no su voluntad. En tercer lugar se exponen las diversas formas de libertad que se dan, según Agustín, con el cumplimiento de la voluntad divina. Estas comprenden: la libertad como libre albedrío, la libertad como liberación de la esclavitud del pecado, la libertad como felicidad segura y permanente y, finalmente, la libertad como amor a Dios y al cumplimiento de sus preceptos. En cuarto lugar tratamos cuáles de estos sentidos de libertad se logran cumpliendo la voluntad de Dios en la vida terrena y cuáles se alcanzan en la vida eterna. Respecto a la libertad en la vida terrena, analizamos, a modo de ejemplo aclaratorio, la oración de Jesús en Getsemaní. Como conclusión se establece que en la vida terrena somos libres en ciertos sentidos de los examinados pero no en el de poseer una felicidad segura y permanente, mientras que en la vida eterna alcanzaríamos una felicidad cabal y completa.

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Filosofía

In zahlreichen Fach- und Wissenschaftstexten der Frühen Neuzeit lassen sich astrologische und alchemistische Symbole finden. Neben den einschlägigen Texten aus den beiden historisch eng verwobenen Sachbereichen lassen sich diese Sonderzeichen noch in einer erstaunlichen Bandbreite weiterer Texte nachweisen, etwa in medizinischen und pharmazeutischen Schriften oder in Anleitungen zum Bergbau und zur Metallurgie. Aus linguistischer Perspektive und insbesondere auch aus Sicht der Fachsprachenforschung ist das Phänomen des astrologisch-alchemistischen Symbolgebrauchs in deutschsprachigen Fachtexten der Frühen Neuzeit allerdings bislang kaum beachtet worden. Die Gründe hierfür liegen zum einen in der linguistischen Klassifikation dieser Zeichen, zum anderen aber auch in den Schwierigkeiten der – analogen wie digitalen – Reproduktion der Zeichen und ihrer Bedeutungen. Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert einen Überblick über die Herkunft, Bedeutung und Verwendung der wichtigsten alchemistischen und astrologischen Symbole und ihrer Abwandlungen und Varianten in unterschiedlichen fachlichen Kontexten. Darüber hinaus wird auch die Rolle der Drucker bei der Reproduktion astrologischer und alchemistischer Schriften beleuchtet, die der Problematik des Sonderzeichengebrauchs mit verschiedenen Improvisationen begegneten, z.B. durch das optische Nachbilden von Zeichen aus weiteren Drucklettern. Keineswegs stehen die Zeichen grundsätzlich isoliert neben dem Text; oft werden sie anstelle ausgeschriebener Worte direkt in diesen integriert und können sogar als Bestandteile von Komposita und Ableitungen auftreten. Gerade in ihrer Einbettung in deutschsprachigen Texten zeigt sich auch, dass diese Symbole weniger als Mittel der Geheimhaltung und vielmehr als Ausdruck der Gruppenzugehörigkeit zu den selbsternannten "wahren Philosophen" verwendet wurden. / Astrological and alchemical Symbols can be found in numerous scientific or otherwise professional early modern age texts. Beneath texts from the relevant subjects, these special characters can occur in an astonishing number of other contexts, for instance in medical or pharmaceutical texts or in manuals for mining and metallurgy. However, for early modern age professional texts in German language, this phenomenon is rarely considered from a linguistic perspective. The reasons for this are rooted in the problematic linguistic classification of these symbols, but also in the ongoing problems of reproducing the characters and their meaning by analogical and digital means. The paper provides an overview for the provenance, meaning and usage of the most relevant alchemistical and astrological symbols in different professional contexts. Furthermore, the role of the historic printers in the reproduction of texts with alchemistical and astrological symbols is illuminated. Confronted with problematic special characters, they often resorted to creative improvisations like the emulation of missing characters by Juxtaposition of other letters. The symbols are by no means strictly separated from the running text; they are frequently used in place of fully written words and word components. The frequent embedding of the symbols in German texts shows that they are used less as means of encryption and more as a way of displaying an affiliation with the self-proclaimed "true philosophers".

Este trabalho visa caracterizar a seqüência de precipitação do aço inoxidável ferrítico do tipo AISI 430 convencional, durante a etapa de laminação a quente. Esta caracterização foi realizada através do estudo de três condições industriais e de seis condições tratadas termicamente. Todas as amostras foram avaliadas por microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura, extração de precipitados e difração de raios-X do material como um todo e dos precipitados extraídos. Foi realizada a modelagem termodinâmica do aço utilizando-se o programa ThermoCalc® v.R aliado ao banco de dados TCFE2. Como meio de prever a cinética das transformações de fases, de modo superficial, foi realizado um ensaio de análise térmica diferencial com três taxas de resfriamento com redução progressiva (10°/min, 5°/min e 2°/min), sendo os resultados comparados com os resultados experimentais obtidos pelas demais técnicas empregadas. O aço AISI 430 convencional mostrou-se bifásico a alta temperatura, apresentando o campo bifásico (ferrita/austenita) entre 900°C e 1250°C. Após tratamentos térmicos por 5h nas temperaturas de 900°C, 1000°C e 1100°C, seguido de têmpera em água e partindo-se da condição laminado a quente e recozido (BQB), o aço apresentou microestrutura dúplex (ferrita/martensita). As amostras tratadas a 900°C e 1000°C apresentaram pequenas frações residuais de carbonetos do tipo M23C6. As amostras tratadas a 600°C, 700°C, e 800°C por 5h e temperadas em água mostraram-se ferríticas com presença de carboneto do tipo M23C6 com teores de carboneto decrescentes com o aumento da temperatura do tratamento térmico. As amostras da condição industrial e as amostras tratadas a 600°C, 700°C, 800°C e a 900°C apresentaram a presença de nitretos do tipo (Cr,Fe)2N, sendo que a amostra tratada a 900°C apresentou apenas resíduos deste nitreto, em pleno acordo com a termodinâmica computacional que prevê decomposição deste na temperatura de 866°C, indicando que a cinética de decomposição deste nitreto é lenta. A temperatura de precipitação do carboneto do tipo M23C6 rico em (Cr,Fe)23C6 foi avaliada entre 900°C e 1000°C. / This work aims to characterize the precipitation path of the conventional ferritic stainless steel AISI 430, during the hot rolling process. This characterization had been carried out with the study of three industrial conditions, and six thermal treated conditions. All the samples were evaluated by optical and scanning electron microscopy, by extraction of precipitates and X-Ray diffraction of the bulk material and of the extracted precipitates. It was done a thermodynamic modeling of the steel with the use of the ThermoCalc® v.R program and TCFE2 data base. In a way to determine the phase transformations kinetics, in a superficial way, it was carried out differential thermal analysis with three cooling rates progressively reduced (10°/min, 5°/min e 2°/min), all the results were compared wit h the experimental results got with the others techniques employed. The conventional AISI 430 steel is two-phase at high temperatures, showing a two-phase field (ferrite/austenite) between 900°C and 1250°C. After the thermal treatments for 5h, steel in the hot rolled and annealed (BQB) initial condition, at 900°C, 1000°C and 1100°C, followed by water quench, the steel showed a duplex microstructure (ferrite/martensite). The samples heat treated at 900°C and 1000°C showed a residual volumetric fraction of the M23C6 carbide. The samples heat treated for 5h at 600°C, 700°C and 800°C and water quenched showed a ferritic microstructure with the presence of M23C6 carbide, with its content decreasing with the heat treatment temperature increase. The samples in the industrial condition and the samples heat treated at 600°C, 700°C, 800°C and at 900°C showed a (Cr,Fe) 2N nitrite presence, the sample heat treated at 900°C showed only a residual volumetric fraction of it. This is in great deal with the computational thermodynamic modeling that predicts nitride decomposition at 866°C, indic ating that the nitrite decomposition kinetic is slow. The precipitation temperature of the M23C6 carbide rich in (Cr,Fe)23C6 was evaluated between 900°C and 1000°C.

Polyvalente Verben koennen mit unterschiedlichen Konstituentenmengen kombiniert sein, wobei deren Zahl und Art variieren. In den meisten Grammatikschulen sind Verben zentral fuer syntaktische Gestalt und semantische Interpretation von Saetzen. Sie bestimmen ueber ihre Subkategorisierungsrahmen, wieviele Komplemente welchen Typs im Satz realisiert werden. Daher ist Polyvalenz ein unerwartetes Phaenomen. Eine Diskussion verschiedener Ansaetze der generativen Grammatik ergibt, dass Subkategorisierung fuer die Erklaerung von Polyvalenz ungeeignet ist. Im zweiten Kapitel wird ein Modell fuer die konzeptuell-semantische Interpretation von Verben und Saetzen entwickelt, das dem Rechnung traegt: In Saetzen mit polyvalenten Verben bedingen die Komplemente des Verbs zusammen mit dem Verb die konzeptuell-semantische Interpretation. Die thematische Interpretation wird als inferentieller Prozess angesehen, der keinen Spezialfall allgemeiner konzeptuell-semantischer Interpretationsprozesse darstellt, sondern vielmehr in diese eingebunden ist. / Polyvalent verbs can be combined with different sets of complements. The variation concerns both number and type of the complements. In most grammar theoretical frameworks, verbs are of crucial importance for the syntactic structure and semantic interpretation of clauses. They determine via subcategorization frames how many complements of which type are realized. Polyvalence is therefore an unexpected phenomenon. A discussion of several approaches in generative grammar results in the claim that subcategorization is not very useful for the explanation of polyvalence. In the second chapter, a model for the conceptual-semantic interpretation of verbs and clauses is developed that takes polyvalence into account: the conceptual-semantic interpretation of clauses with polyvalent verbs is determined by the verb and complements together. Thematic interpretation is viewed as an inferential process that is embedded within the general conceptual-semantic interpretation processes, not their prerequisite.

Meine Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit einem Autor, der in den Jahren 1928 bis 1932 in Deutschland große Erfolge hatte und seit der Machtergreifung der Nationalsozialisten dort nicht mehr gespielt werden durfte. Um dennoch weiterhin in Deutschland als Schriftsteller arbeiten zu dürfen, unterschrieb Ödön von Horváth am 11.07.1934 die Aufnahme- Erklärung für seinen Eintritt in den „Reichsverband Deutscher Schriftsteller“ (RDS), eine Unterorganisation der nationalsozialistischen „Reichschrifttumskammer“ (RSK). Unter dem Pseudonym H.W. Becker schrieb er einige Filmszenarios, von denen nur zwei realisiert wurden. Die Phase der Jahre 1934/35 nenne ich unter Verwendung seines Pseudonyms die Becker-Phase. In der Horváth-Forschung wurde seit den 70er Jahren bislang das Bild eines Autors festgeschrieben, das ausgehend von den vier bekannten Volksstücken, darunter den meistgespielten Geschichten aus dem Wienerwald Horváth als einen politisch motivierten antifaschistischen Kämpfer zeichnet. Dieses Bild entstand unter Ausklammerung seiner Aktivitäten in den Jahren 1934 bis 1936. Voreilig wurde Horváth dem Kanon der verbotenen, exilierten und sogar verbrannten Schriftsteller zugerechnet. Die These meiner Arbeit besteht darin, die Dissoziation eines Autors unter der Diktatur des Nationalsozialismus darzustellen. In der Horváth-Forschung soll diese Arbeit dazu dienen, der Biographie eines Autors ein notwendiges neues Element der Periodisierung an die Hand zu geben: Die Becker- Periode ist die Phase der selbst gewählten Schizophrenie eines Dichters, der sich kurzfristig auf ein System einlässt, das er früher ideologisch bekämpft hat, und darum für dieses System kurzfristig brauchbar wird. Aus diesem Wechselspiel entsteht die beschriebene Dissoziation: Horváth versuchte erst unter Verzicht auf sein Können unpolitische und zensurgerechte Filmtreatments zu schreiben, was dann auch auf seine Stücke dieser Zeit Einfluss hat und der Verzicht wird dann zum Verlust des Könnens. Diese Arbeit soll den Nachweis liefern, dass die bisher in der Sekundärliteratur vorgeschlagenen Erklärungsmodelle der Wendung eines Schriftstellers vom Realistischen zum Metaphysischen, die sich ebenso wie die noch immer zu überwindende Legendenbildung vom unerschrocken antifaschistischen und aktiv kämpfenden Dichter durchgesetzt zu haben scheinen, lediglich versuchen, den Ausfluss dieser Phase zu beschreiben, aber keineswegs ursächlich sind. / This thesis deals with the work of an author who was very successful in germany during the period from 1928 to 1932, and whose work was suppressed by the nazi regime after 1933. To retain at least a foothold in his field of endeavour and to be allowed to continue to write, Ödön von Horvath joined the Reichsverband Deutscher Schriftsteller on july 11, 1934, becoming a member of that organization''s subsidiary known as the national socialist "Reichsschrifttumskammer" or "chamber of literature (rsk). Using the pseudonym H.W.Becker, Horvath produced scripts for several movies, of which only two were ever produced. in my dissertation, the years 1934 and 1935 are referred to as the "Becker Phase". Other investigators, working mainly during the 1970S, have described Horvath by way of such well-known projects as his "tales from the vienna woods" and "Kasimir and Karoline" as a politically motivated and committed anti fascist fighter. i, on the other hand, have attempted to show that, except for his output during 1934 to 1936, Horvath was an outright victim, who was indeed both hurt and damaged by dint of being among the many authors fobidden and exiled by the nazis, with many of their works literally burned in bonfires by the nazi regime. My thesis attempts to trace the growing dissociation of Horvath (an undisputed author in league with the intra-german opposition against Hitler) as it turns out, trying to survive with his genius intact under the national socialist dictatorship. in this way, my research enabled me to present the biography of this author in a new light. thus, the "Becker period" (my term for the phase) demonstrates a form of “voluntary schizophrenia” of the author as he pretends for a time to go along with the regime’s doctrine. and because he had initially raged against nazism, he thus briefly becomes useful to the n.s. system as an assumed collaborator. I have attempted to show how Horvath , no doubt temporarily, set aside his genius by writing non-political texts that would withstand the n.s. censor''s pen -- and how this strategy eventually and tragically resulted in the loss of his creative talent altogether. My work attempts to establish how the transformation of this writer from the realm of realism to that of metaphysics aided in the development of something akin to a "Horvath legend", which to this day appears to be growing in literary circles.

Este trabalho visa caracterizar a seqüência de precipitação do aço inoxidável ferrítico do tipo AISI 430 convencional, durante a etapa de laminação a quente. Esta caracterização foi realizada através do estudo de três condições industriais e de seis condições tratadas termicamente. Todas as amostras foram avaliadas por microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura, extração de precipitados e difração de raios-X do material como um todo e dos precipitados extraídos. Foi realizada a modelagem termodinâmica do aço utilizando-se o programa ThermoCalc® v.R aliado ao banco de dados TCFE2. Como meio de prever a cinética das transformações de fases, de modo superficial, foi realizado um ensaio de análise térmica diferencial com três taxas de resfriamento com redução progressiva (10°/min, 5°/min e 2°/min), sendo os resultados comparados com os resultados experimentais obtidos pelas demais técnicas empregadas. O aço AISI 430 convencional mostrou-se bifásico a alta temperatura, apresentando o campo bifásico (ferrita/austenita) entre 900°C e 1250°C. Após tratamentos térmicos por 5h nas temperaturas de 900°C, 1000°C e 1100°C, seguido de têmpera em água e partindo-se da condição laminado a quente e recozido (BQB), o aço apresentou microestrutura dúplex (ferrita/martensita). As amostras tratadas a 900°C e 1000°C apresentaram pequenas frações residuais de carbonetos do tipo M23C6. As amostras tratadas a 600°C, 700°C, e 800°C por 5h e temperadas em água mostraram-se ferríticas com presença de carboneto do tipo M23C6 com teores de carboneto decrescentes com o aumento da temperatura do tratamento térmico. As amostras da condição industrial e as amostras tratadas a 600°C, 700°C, 800°C e a 900°C apresentaram a presença de nitretos do tipo (Cr,Fe)2N, sendo que a amostra tratada a 900°C apresentou apenas resíduos deste nitreto, em pleno acordo com a termodinâmica computacional que prevê decomposição deste na temperatura de 866°C, indicando que a cinética de decomposição deste nitreto é lenta. A temperatura de precipitação do carboneto do tipo M23C6 rico em (Cr,Fe)23C6 foi avaliada entre 900°C e 1000°C. / This work aims to characterize the precipitation path of the conventional ferritic stainless steel AISI 430, during the hot rolling process. This characterization had been carried out with the study of three industrial conditions, and six thermal treated conditions. All the samples were evaluated by optical and scanning electron microscopy, by extraction of precipitates and X-Ray diffraction of the bulk material and of the extracted precipitates. It was done a thermodynamic modeling of the steel with the use of the ThermoCalc® v.R program and TCFE2 data base. In a way to determine the phase transformations kinetics, in a superficial way, it was carried out differential thermal analysis with three cooling rates progressively reduced (10°/min, 5°/min e 2°/min), all the results were compared wit h the experimental results got with the others techniques employed. The conventional AISI 430 steel is two-phase at high temperatures, showing a two-phase field (ferrite/austenite) between 900°C and 1250°C. After the thermal treatments for 5h, steel in the hot rolled and annealed (BQB) initial condition, at 900°C, 1000°C and 1100°C, followed by water quench, the steel showed a duplex microstructure (ferrite/martensite). The samples heat treated at 900°C and 1000°C showed a residual volumetric fraction of the M23C6 carbide. The samples heat treated for 5h at 600°C, 700°C and 800°C and water quenched showed a ferritic microstructure with the presence of M23C6 carbide, with its content decreasing with the heat treatment temperature increase. The samples in the industrial condition and the samples heat treated at 600°C, 700°C, 800°C and at 900°C showed a (Cr,Fe) 2N nitrite presence, the sample heat treated at 900°C showed only a residual volumetric fraction of it. This is in great deal with the computational thermodynamic modeling that predicts nitride decomposition at 866°C, indic ating that the nitrite decomposition kinetic is slow. The precipitation temperature of the M23C6 carbide rich in (Cr,Fe)23C6 was evaluated between 900°C and 1000°C.