Esta tesis doctoral aborda, a partir de tres estudios empíricos, un tema muy actual en el marketing: el uso que hacen las empresas de las redes sociales digitales (RSD) como una herramienta de marketing. El presente trabajo pretende responder a tres preguntas de investigación: i) Cómo y por qué son usadas las RSD como herramienta de marketing en las empresas; ii) Si la intensidad en el uso de las RSD como herramienta de marketing modera la relación entre la Orientación al Mercado, la Orientación Emprendedora y el desempeño empresarial; y iii) Si el tipo de comentarios online que realizan las personas sobre un producto incide en la intención de compra de dicho producto y en la confianza en la marca, y si esta relación se ve moderada por el grado de conocimiento de la marca y el tipo de producto. Diversas técnicas de investigación fueron usadas, como un estudio de casos, un análisis multi-grupo con ecuaciones estructurales y un experimento, obteniéndose resultados con relevantes implicaciones académicas y profesionales. Finalmente, se proponen una serie de conclusiones generales, así como las principales líneas de investigación futura. / This dissertation addresses, from three empirical studies, a hot topic in marketing: the use made by companies of the online social networks (OSN) as a marketing tool. This research aims to answer three questions: i) How and why the OSN are used as a marketing tool in business ii) If the intensity of use of the OSN as a marketing tool moderates the relationship between the Market Orientation, the Entrepreneurial Orientation and business performance, and iii) If the type of online comments that people make about a product affects the intention to purchase the product and the brand trust, and if this relationship is moderated by the degree of brand awareness and product type. Several research techniques were used, as a case study, a multi- group structural equation model analysis and experimentation, obtaining results with relevant academic and professional implications. Finally, some general conclusions are proposed, and the main lines of future research.

El empoderamiento es un concepto que ha sido largamente aplicado en el ámbito de las estrategias de desarrollo, sobre todo por organizaciones feministas. Por esta razón se ha convertido en un término habitual en los proyectos para incentivar la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres. Pese a la relevancia del concepto, principalmente tras la histórica Conferencia Mundial de las Mujeres en Pekín, en 1995, cuando se lo empleó oficialmente por primera vez en los debates políticos como estrategia fundamental para que las mujeres asumieran un papel de liderazgo, todavía no se lo ha discutido a fondo, y mucho menos la relación existente entre dicho concepto y su utilización por revistas femeninas. A menudo, estas publicaciones lo incorporan en su discurso con el objetivo de mostrarse como herramientas de empoderamiento femenino. Así, en este trabajo, proponemos una aproximación al concepto de empoderamiento desde la perspectiva de los Estudios de Género y su utilización por tres revistas femeninas internacionales publicadas en España –Cosmopolitan, Elle y Marie Claire– y cuatro publicaciones nacionales de países de Latinoamérica y de la Península Ibérica: Claudia (Brasil), Kena (México), Máxima (Portugal) y Telva (España). De esta manera, creemos que será posible comprender cuál es la idea de empoderamiento femenino que propone el único sector de la prensa específicamente dedicado a las mujeres y qué noción de empoderamiento ofrece a sus lectoras, sobre todo a las mujeres de habla española y portuguesa de esas dos zonas. / O empoderamento é um conceito que vem sendo amplamente aplicado no âmbito das estratégias de desenvolvimento, principalmente por organizações feministas. Por esta razão, se transformou em um termo habitual nos projetos para incentivar a igualdade entre homens e mulheres. Apesar da relevância do conceito –principalmente após a histórica Conferência Mundial das Mulheres em Pequim, em 1995, quando foi empregado oficialmente pela primeira vez nos debates políticos como estratégia fundamental para que as mulheres assumissem um papel de liderança–, ele ainda não foi discutido a fundo, e muito menos a relação existente entre tal conceito e sua utilização pelas revistas femininas. Com frequência, estas publicações o incorporam em seu discurso com o objetivo de se apresentar como ferramentas de empoderamento feminino. Assim, neste trabalho, propomos uma abordagem ao conceito de empoderamento a partir da perspectiva dos Estudos de Gênero e sua utilização por três revistas femininas internacionais publicadas na Espanha –Cosmopolitan, Elle e Marie Claire– e quatro publicações nacionais de países da América Latina e da Península Ibérica: Claudia (Brasil), Kena (México), Máxima (Portugal) e Telva (Espanha). Desta maneira, acreditamos que será possível compreender qual ideia de empoderamento feminino propõe e oferece a suas leitoras o único setor da imprensa especificamente dedicado às mulheres, principalmente as falantes de espanhol e português nessas duas regiões. / The focus of this PhD research are women's magazines, which describe themselves as strengthening tools for their target audience (i.e., women), defining their own as a process of "empowerment". This research proposes an analysis of whether this kind of empowerment is any related to the one proposed by the United Nations at the 1995 World Conference on Women in Beijing. At that time, the concept was used as one of the strategies to work towards gender equality in modern societies. With this research work, our intention is to understand how the idea of empowerment is shown on the pages of women's magazines – more specifically 3 international magazines published in Spain (Cosmopolitan, Elle and Marie Claire), and 4 national magazines published in Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula: Claudia (Brazil), Kena (Mexico), Máxima (Portugal) and Telva (Spain). With such work, we believe it will be thus possible to verify how these publications have evolved in the latest years under the growing trend of fostering women's empowerment in many areas of our society. Furthermore, in this research, we seek to understand how women's magazines have managed to establish themselves as "empowering tools", even though it is not really known whether they can actually empower their target audience, especially the ones in these Portuguese and Spanish speaking regions of the world.

This thesis was conducted in order to study the existence of the relationship between lifelong learning and economic growth.The main objective was to develop a framework based on theory that encloses a larger set of variables associated with the construct of lifelong learning. This is based on criticisms made by some authors concerning the problematic of assessing this type of training.These authors mostly associate lifelong learning with traditional training, reason why the relationship explored by this study, in some cases, could not be met.Based on this context, this research study proposes a framework that aims to capture the key factors that identify training, taking into account both the literature review as well as the questionnaires used by Eurostat to gather information on the status of continuing vocational training in business organizations within member countries.Furthermore, once the framework has been developed, it was assessed by using structural equation models. This technique has been proved ideal for this study due to the fact that it acquaints multivariate method characteristics, which allows the exploration of a number of variables that facilitates to accurately unfold the concept of lifelong learning.This assessment has been carried out following two stages. On the one hand, the study of the variables has been conducted in order to analyze whether the variables conditions met the assessment method criteria. On the other, the second stage was related with the application of the estimation technique, which implied assessing the framework both concerning measures and structural standpoints, as well as appraising the analysis of results.Finally, conclusions were drawn, acknowledging the study limitations and put forward guidelines for action

No description available.

The aim of this investigation is to understand how international project teams enable mature multinational enterprises (MNEs) to cope with knowledge diversity and political activity, two well-known disruptive organizational phenomena, in order to leverage their innovative potential and competitive capabilities. To answer this question a longitudinal multi-case study has been designed to collect in-depth qualitative data from three large-scale international projects conducted by a focal MNE and an array of its subsidiaries. In a dialectic way, data collected has been used both to enhance the dynamic knowledge change framework provided by contemporary sociology and to explain the complex mechanisms that make international project teams an increasingly used organizational tool. As a result, knowledge change (and thus innovation) has been found to hinge on a dynamic balance between power and politics which is favored by conditions that are inherent to these organizational settings. Finally, a model describing the mechanisms that enable international project teams to drive knowledge diversity and political activity towards innovation and knowledge change within MNEs has been developed. / L'objectiu d'aquesta investigació és entendre com els equips de projectes internacionals permeten a les empreses multinacionals madures fer front a la diversitat de coneixements i l'activitat política, dues reconegudes fonts de problemes organitzacionals, amb la finalitat de potenciar les seves capacitats d'innovació i potencial competitiu . Per respondre a aquesta pregunta un estudi longitudinal embolicant casos múltiples s'ha desenvolupat per recollir dades qualitatives en profunditat des de tres grans projectes internacionals a càrrec d'una empresa multinacional focal i una gran varietat de les seves filials. D'una manera dialèctica, les dades recollides han estat utilitzats tant per millorar el marc del canvi dinàmic del coneixement proposat per la sociologia contemporània i explicar els complexos mecanismes que fan que els equips de projectes internacionals en una eina cada vegada més utilitzada per aquestes organitzacions. Com a resultat, es mostra que el canvi d'un determinat coneixement depèn d'un equilibri dinàmic entre poder i política afavorit per les condicions que són inherents a aquests formats organitzacionals. Finalment, es desenvolupa un model que detalla els mecanismes que permeten als equips de projectes internacionals impulsar la diversitat de coneixements i l'activitat política cap a la innovació i el canvi del coneixement dins de les empreses multinacionals madures. / El objetivo de esta investigación es entender cómo los equipos de proyectos internacionales permiten a las empresas multinacionales maduras hacer frente a la diversidad de conocimientos y la actividad política, dos reconocidas fuentes de problemas organizacionales, con el fin de potenciar sus capacidades de innovación y potencial competitivo. Para responder a esta pregunta un estudio longitudinal envolviendo casos múltiplos se ha desarrollado para recoger datos cualitativos en profundidad desde tres grandes proyectos internacionales a cargo de una empresa multinacional focal y una gran variedad de sus filiales. De una manera dialéctica, los datos recogidos han sido utilizados tanto para mejorar el marco del cambio dinámico del conocimiento propuesto por la sociología contemporánea y explicar los complejos mecanismos que hacen que los equipos de proyectos internacionales en una herramienta cada vez más utilizada por estas organizaciones. Como resultado, se muestra que el cambio de un determinado conocimiento depende de un equilibrio dinámico entre poder y política favorecido por las condiciones que son inherentes a estos formatos organizacionales. Por fin, se desarrolla un modelo que detalla los mecanismos que permiten a los equipos de proyectos internacionales impulsar la diversidad de conocimientos y la actividad política hacia la innovación y el cambio del conocimiento dentro de las empresas multinacionales maduras.

No description available.

This thesis analyzes the pecuniary aspects of education in Turkey. It consists of three essays. The first essay deals with the demand for education, focusing on private tutoring expenditures of households. The study investigates the determinants of private tutoring expenditures of households using a Tobit model as the estimation method. It is found that wealthier households with higher levels of parental education are more likely to participate in private tutoring. The second essay concerns the wage inequality in the male wages in 1994 and 2002. The study found that the differences in the educational attainment levels are a major determinant of wage inequality. However, returns to education declined at each school level from 1994 to 2002. Wage inequality is also found to exist within the same educational categories. The study shows that differences in returns to the same level of education at distinct points of wage distribution became more pronounced in 2002 compared to 1994. Secondary schooling is found to benefit the least able more compared to those positioned in the middle quantiles of ability distribution. The last study in this thesis attempts to elucidate the determinants of self-employment versus wage employment choice and earnings in the two employment states. The study concludes that financial wealth and risk factor are important determinants of self-employment activity. As the educational attainment levels of individuals increase, the likelihood of becoming self-employed decrease. Education increases the earnings of both self-employed and wage earners. However, education returns are higher for the sub-group of wage employees compared to self-employed.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of interscholastic sports participation on academic achievement and behavioural development of junior high grades students of basic education schools in Turkey. The subjects of this study were 651 eight grade students from fifteen basic education schools which are randomly selected during 2004-2005 academic year in NevSehir. Required data were collected by student&amp / #8217 / s data record folders (SPDRF), athletics participation licenses, high school entrance exam result sheets, provided by the schools administrations. First of all descriptive statistics were used to define demographic variables of this study. Second, one-way analysis of variance (Tukey HSD) and t-test (Pearson correlation) were used to asses the relationship between demographic variables and interscholastic sports participation on grade point average, high school entrance exam scores, attendance rate and behavioural development of students. Third correlation coefficients were applied to indicate the relation between independent variables and interscholastic sports participation. Finally regression analysis was conducted to understand how well the independent variables predict the academic achievement and behavioural development levels. Results indicate that interscholastic sports participations have positive effects on grade point average, attendance rate, individual development and high school entrance exam scores. Moreover demographic variables of students such as family income, family size, parents education level, family configuration and interscholastic sports participation are the determinants of academic success, behavioral development level, attendance rate, and high school attendance exam scores.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2004--München.

Η διδακτορική διατριβή βασίζεται σε οπτικές παρατηρήσεις που πραγματοποιήθηκαν από τα τηλεσκόπια του αστεροσκοπείου του Σκίνακα (το οποίο βρίσκεται στην Κρήτη) και από το τηλεσκόπιο Ισαάκ Νιούτον (που βρίσκεται στη Λα Πάλμα στα Κανάρια νησιά). Από τις παρατηρήσεις αυτές, (οπτικές εικόνες και φάσματα) ανακαλύφθηκαν σε μία περιοχή εβδομήντα τετραγωνικών λεπτών του τόξου της μοίρας, έξι υπολείμματα υπερκαινοφανών αστέρων τα οποία δεν αναγράφονται σε καμία βιβλιογραφία. Τα υπολείμματα αυτά, λόγω της ίδιας περίπου απόστασης που απέχουν, ενδεχομένως να προέρχονται από αλληλεπιδράσεις υπερκαινοφανών αστέρων, οπού η έκρηξη του ενός αστέρα, επιταχύνει την έκρηξη του πλησιέστερου σε αυτόν αστέρα που βρίσκεται στο τελευταίο στάδιο, όταν το ωστικό κύμα διέλθει από αυτόν, δημιουργώντας έτσι μια φυσαλίδα υπολειμμάτων υπερκαινοφανών. Το σημαντικό με αυτή την μελέτη είναι ότι για πρώτη φορά παρατηρήθηκαν στον Γαλαξία μας, στο οπτικό μέρος του φάσματος, μια περιοχή με τόσα υπολείμματα υπερκαινοφανών, παρέχοντάς μας την δυνατότητα να μελετήσουμε τον ρυθμό των εκρήξεων των υπερκαινοφανών με αυτόν της δημιουργίας των υπολειμμάτων τους, και να εξάγουμε συμπεράσματα για τον ρυθμό αστρογένεσης στον Γαλαξία μας. Παράλληλα μελετώντας την ομάδα Μ81, ανιχνεύτηκε για πρώτη φορά στο οπτικό μέρος του φάσματος, σκόνη στην περιοχή μεταξύ των γαλαξιών. Η μελέτη βασίζεται στην σύγκριση του δείκτη χρώματος των γαλαξιών υποβάθρου, των υποψηφίων περιοχών, με τον δείκτη χρώματος γαλαξιών υποβάθρου σε περιοχές που είναι απομακρυσμένες από την ομάδα Μ81, και αποτελούν πεδία ελέγχου. Η συστηματική ερύθρωση που παρουσίαζαν οι γαλαξίες υποβάθρου στις περιοχές πλησίον της ομάδας Μ81 μπορεί να ερμηνευτεί μόνο με την παρουσία μεγάλων ποσοτήτων σκόνης που εμπεριέχονται στο μεσογαλαξιακό χώρο. Η ποσότητα της σκόνης στις περιοχές αυτές υπολογίστηκε ότι είναι περίπου 50 εκατομμύρια ηλιακές μάζες, όσο δηλαδή και η σκόνη που διαθέτει ένας τυπικός σπειροειδής γαλαξίας. Η προέλευση της σκόνης πιθανολογείται ότι οφείλεται σε ένα μέλος της ομάδας (τον γαλαξία Μ82), ο οποίος είναι ένας γαλαξίας με περιοχές έντονης αστρογένεσης και εκτοξεύει μεγάλες ποσότητες σκόνης στο μεσογαλαξιακό χώρο ή στις παλιρροϊκές δυνάμεις που αναπτύχθηκαν κατά την αλληλεπίδραση των γαλαξιών (που έγινε πριν από 200 εκατομμύρια χρόνια) και εκτόξευσαν στον μεσογαλαξιακό χώρο τεράστιες ποσότητες αερίου και μαζί με αυτό και σκόνη. Οι προβλέψεις για την ύπαρξη σκόνης στις περιοχές αυτές, επιβεβαιώθηκε πρόσφατα από τις υπέρυθρες εικόνες που λήφθηκαν από το διαστημικό τηλεσκόπιο Herschel. / This thesis is based on deep optical CCD images which large have been obtained in the light of Hα+[N II], [O III] and [S II]. The resulting mosaic covers an area of 1.4º ´ 1.0º, where filamentary and diffuse emission was discovered, suggesting the existence of more than one supernova remnants (SNRs) in the area. Deep long slit spectra were also taken at eight different regions. Both the flux calibrated images and the spectra show that the emission of the filamentary structures originates from shock-heated gas, while photo-ionization mechanism is responsible for the diffuse emission. In most case, the optical emission is found to be well correlated with the radio at 1420 MHz and 4850 MHz, suggesting their association. The presence of the [O III] 5007 emission line in one of the candidate SNRs suggests shock velocities into the interstellar "clouds" of >100 Km/s, while the absence in the other indicates slower shock velocities. For all candidate remnants the [S II] λλ 6716/6731 ratio indicates electron densities below 270 cm-3, while the Hα emission has been measured to be between 0.6 to 41´10-17 erg s-1 cm-2 arcsec-2. The detected optical emission could be part of a number of supernovae explosions and the possibility that it is within an OB association can not be ruled out. It will then be the first optical discovery of SRNs within a bubble or superbubble in our Galaxy. Further, the study of those areas, also provides information for the star formation history of the Galaxy. Galactic dust constitutes approximately half of the elements more massive than helium produced in stellar nucleosynthesis. Notwithstanding the formation of dust grains in the dense, cool atmospheres of late-type stars, there still remain huge uncertainties concerning the origin and fate of galactic stardust. In this Letter, we identify the intergalactic medium (i.e., the region between gravitationally bound galaxies) as a major sink for galactic dust. We discover a systematic shift in the color of background galaxies viewed through the intergalactic medium of the nearby M81 group. This reddening coincides with atomic, neutral gas previously detected between the group members. The dust–to–H I mass ratio is high (1/20) compared to that of the solar neighborhood (1/120), suggesting that the dust originates from the center of one or more of the galaxies in the group. Indeed, M82, which is known to be ejecting dust and gas in a starburst-driven superwind, is cited as the probable main source.