L'Internet des objets (IoT) implique la connexion des appareils embarqués tels que les capteurs, les électroménagers, les compteurs intelligents, les appareils de surveillance de la santé, et même les lampadaires à l'Internet. Une grande variété d'appareils intelligents et en réseau sont de plus en plus à la disposition de bénéficier de nombreux domaines d'application. Pour faciliter cette connexion, la recherche et l'industrie ont mis un certain nombre d'avancées dans la technologie microélectronique, de la radio de faible puissance, et du réseautage au cours de la dernière décennie. L'objectif est de permettre aux appareils embarqués de devenir IP activé et une partie intégrante des services sur l'Internet. Ces appareils connectés sont considérés comme les objets intelligents qui sont caractérisés par des capacités de détection, de traitement, et de réseautage. Les réseaux personnels sans fil à faible consommation d'IPv6 (6LoWPANs) jouent un rôle important dans l'IoT, surtout sur la consommation d'énergie (de faible puissance), la disponibilité omniprésente (sans fil), et l'intégration d'Internet (IPv6). La popularité des applications sur le Web, aux côtés de ses standards ouverts et de l'accessibilité à travers d'une large gamme d'appareils tels que les ordinateurs de bureau, les ordinateurs portables, les téléphones mobiles, les consoles de jeu, fait que le Web est une plateforme universelle idéale pour l'IoT à l'avenir. Par conséquent, quand de plus en plus d'objets intelligents se connectent à l'Internet, l'IoT est naturellement évolué pour la provision des services des objets intelligents sur le Web, comme des millions de services Web d'aujourd'hui. Puis vient une nouvelle opportunité pour des applications vraiment intelligentes et omniprésentes qui peuvent intégrer des objets intelligents et des services Web conventionnels en utilisant des standards Web ouverts. Nous appelons ces applications les applications IoT sur le Web. Cette thèse propose une solution complète pour la provision de 6LoWPAN avec une annotation sémantique pour pousser le développement d'applications IoT sur le Web. Nous visons à offrir des services d'objets intelligents pour le Web et les rendre accessibles par beaucoup d'API Web qui existe en considérant des contraintes de 6LoWPAN comme les ressources limitées (ROM, RAM et CPU), la faible puissance, et la communication à faible débit. Il y a quatre contributions: (i) La première contribution est sur l'architecture globale de la provision sémantique de services pour les applications IoT sur le Web qui comprennent trois sous-systèmes: le système de communication des services, le système de provision des services, et le système d'intégration des services. (ii) La deuxième contribution étudie un modèle d'interconnexion entre les réseaux 6LoWPAN et les réseaux IPv6 réguliers par la conception, la mise en oeuvre et l'évaluation de la performance d'un 6LoWPAN qui constitué des MTM-CM5000-MSP TelosB motes pour les objets intelligents, et le Raspberry Pi pour un routeur de bordure. (iii) La troisième contribution présente en détails de l'architecture, des algorithmes et des mécanismes pour la provision des services des objets intelligents fiables, évolutifs et sécurisés en respectant des contraintes de ressources limitées; (iv) La quatrième contribution est composée de deux applications innovantes IoT sur le Web pour l'intégration des services dans lesquels nous appliquons l'architecture proposée: un système d'automatisation de la construction (SamBAS) et une plateforme Social IoT (ThingsChat) / This dissertation proposes a complete solution to provision 6LoWPAN services with semantic annotation that enables the development of IoT applications on Web. We aim to bring smart object services to the Web and make them accessible by plenty of existing Web APIs in consideration of 6LoWPAN constraints such as limited resources (ROM, RAM, and CPU), low-power, and low-bitrate communication links. There are four contributions: (i) The first contribution is about the overall architecture of the semantic service provisioning for IoT application on Web consisting of three subsystems: service communication, service provisioning, and service integration. (ii) The second contribution studies the internetworking model between 6LoWPAN and regular IPv6 networks by a design, implementation, and performance evaluation of a 6LoWPAN consisting of MTM-CM5000-MSP TelosB motes with TI MSP430F1611 microprocessors and CC2420 IEEE 802.15.4 radio transceivers for smart objects, and Raspberry Pi for an edge router; (iii) The third contribution presents the detailed architecture, algorithms, and mechanisms for provisioning reliable, scalable, and secure smart object services with respect to its resource-constrained requirements; (iv) The fourth contribution is in application domain for service integration in which we apply the proposed architecture on two innovative IoT applications on Web: a building automation system (SamBAS) and a Social IoT platform (ThingsChat)

The IoT concept has revolutionised the vision of the future Internet with the advent of standards such as 6LoWPAN making it feasible to extend the Internet into previously isolated environments, e.g., WSNs. The abstraction of resources as services, has opened these environments to a new plethora of potential applications. Moreover, the web service paradigm can be used to provide interoperability by offering a standard interface to interact with these services to enable WoT paradigm. However, these networks pose many challenges, in terms of limited resources, that make the adaptability of existing IP-based solutions infeasible. As traditional service discovery and selection solutions demand heavy communication and use bulky formats, which are unsuitable for these resource-constrained devices incorporating sleep cycles to save energy. Even a registry based approach exhibits burdensome traffic in maintaining the availability status of the devices. The feasible solution for service discovery and selection is instrumental to enable the wide application coverage of these networks in the future. This research project proposes, TRENDY, a new compact and adaptive registry-based SDP with context awareness for the IoT, with more emphasis given to constrained networks, e.g., 6LoWPAN It uses CoAP-based light-weight and RESTful web services to provide standard interoperable interfaces, which can be easily translated from HTTP. TRENDY's service selection mechanism collects and intelligently uses the context information to select appropriate services for user applications based on the available context information of users and services. In addition, TRENDY introduces an adaptive timer algorithm to minimise control overhead for status maintenance, which also reduces energy consumption. Its context-aware grouping technique divides the network at the application layer, by creating location-based groups. This grouping of nodes localises the control overhead and provides the base for service composition, localised aggregation and processing of data. Different grouping roles enable the resource-awareness by offering profiles with varied responsibilities, where high capability devices can implement powerful profiles to share the load of other low capability devices. Thus, it allows the productive usage of network resources. Furthermore, this research project proposes APPUB, an adaptive caching technique, that has the following benefits: it allows service hosts to share their load with the resource directory and also decreases the service invocation delay. The performance of TRENDY and its mechanisms is evaluated using an extensive number of experiments performed using emulated Tmote sky nodes in the COOJA environment. The analysis of the results validates the benefit of performance gain for all techniques. The service selection and APPUB mechanisms improve the service invocation delay considerably that, consequently, reduces the traffic in the network. The timer technique consistently achieved the lowest control overhead, which eventually decreased the energy consumption of the nodes to prolong the network lifetime. Moreover, the low traffic in dense networks decreases the service invocations delay, and makes the solution more scalable. The grouping mechanism localises the traffic, which increases the energy efficiency while improving the scalability. In summary, the experiments demonstrate the benefit of using TRENDY and its techniques in terms of increased energy efficiency and network lifetime, reduced control overhead, better scalability and optimised service invocation time.

This diploma thesis describes the standard IEEE802.15.4 and Zigbee for wireless sensor networks. These norms are described in detail in the first two chapters. The main priority of the wireless sensor networks is to minimize the power of the devices and the price while maximizing the reliability of the data transfer. Minimum consumption is provided by the significantly lowered complexity in comparison to the standard wireless networks. Further, the design of the concept of the complex and universal hardware platform focused on intelligent building is described. Software implementation of those norms is described in the chapters five and six. Finally, comparison of the designed hardware platform and the other commercial platforms is described in the last chapter.

This master thesis deals with the theoretical analysis of wireless sensor networks, a description of selected types of sensors, listing their features and principle of operation for intrusion detection perimeter. Then there is described design and implementation of a wireless sensor node for intrusion detection perimeter usable in wireless sensor networks.

The recent development of wired and wireless communication technologiesmake building automation the next battlefield of the Internet of Things. Multiplestandards have been drafted to accommodate the complex environmentand minimize the resource consumption of wireless sensor networks. This MasterThesis presents a thorough experimental evaluation with the latest Contikinetwork stack and TI CC2650 platform of network performance indicators,including signal coverage, round trip time, packet delivery ratio and powerconsumption. The Master Thesis also provides a comparison of the networkprotocols for low power operations, the existing operating systems for wirelesssensor networks, and the chips that operate on various network protocols. Theresults show that CC2650 is a promising competitor for future development inthe market of building automation.

The Internet of Things (IoT) concept has been realised with the advent of Machineto-Machine (M2M) communication through which the vision of future Internet has been revolutionised. IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) provides feasible IPv6 connectivity to previously isolated environments, e.g. wireless M2M sensors and actuator networks. This thesis's contributions include a novel mathematical model, energy-efficient algorithms, and a centralised software controller for dynamic consolidation of programmability features in cloud-based M2M networks. A new generalised joint mathematical model has been proposed for performance analysis of the 6LoWPAN MAC and PHY layers. The proposed model differs from existing analytical models as it precisely adopts the 6LoWPAN specifications introduced by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) working group. The proposed approach is based on Markov chain modelling and validated through Monte-Carlo simulation. In addition, an intelligent mechanism has been proposed for optimal 6LoWPAN MAC layer parameters set selection. The proposed mechanism depends on Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Particles Swarm Optimisation (PSO). Simulation results show that utilising the optimal MAC parameters improve the 6LoWPAN network throughput by 52-63% and reduce end-to-end delay by 54-65%. This thesis focuses on energy-efficient data extraction and dissemination in a wireless M2M sensor network based on 6LoWPAN. A new scalable and self-organised clustering technique with a smart sleep scheduler has been proposed for prolonging M2M network's lifetime and enhancing network connectivity. These solutions succeed in overcoming performance degradation and unbalanced energy consumption problems in homogeneous and heterogeneous sensor networks. Simulation results show that by adopting the proposed schemes in multiple mobile sink sensory field will improve the total aggregated packets by 38-167% and extend network lifetime by 30-78%. Proof-of-concept real-time hardware testbed experiments are used to verify the effectiveness of Software-Defined Networking (SDN), Network Function Virtualisation (NFV) and cloud computing on a 6LoWPAN network. The implemented testbed is based on open standards development boards (i.e. Arduino), with one sink, which is the M2M 6LoWPAN gateway, where the network coordinator and the customised SDN controller operated. Experimental results indicate that the proposed approach reduces network discovery time by 60% and extends the node lifetime by 65% in comparison with the traditional 6LoWPAN network. Finally, the thesis is concluded with an overall picture of the research conducted and some suggestions for future work.

Les réseaux de capteurs sans fil sont composés de petits équipements embarqués et autonomes qui coopèrent pour surveiller leur environnement de manière non-intrusive. Les données collectées par chaque capteur (tels que la température, des mouvements, des sons, etc.) sont remontées de proche en proche vers un puits de collecte en utilisant des technologies de communication sans fil. De plus en plus d'applications requièrent le placement des capteurs sur des éléments mobiles. Hors, à l'instar des équipements des réseaux IP, les nœuds capteurs pourront traverser plusieurs réseaux durant leurs déplacements. Cette thèse s'intéresse à cette problématique et propose deux solutions pour gérer ces nœuds mobiles. Notre première contribution, le protocole Mobinet, utilise la sur-écoute liée au médium radio pour détecter le voisinage d'un nœud mobile et ainsi lui permettre de gérer sa mobilité. D'autre part, l'intégration de nombreux nœuds mobiles dans les réseaux visités va augmenter le nombre de paquets transitant au sein de ces réseaux. Notre seconde proposition, le protocole CLOMAC, a pour objectif de réduire les congestions pouvant survenir en créant dynamiquement des chemins alternatifs vers le puits.

The Internet is one of the greatest innovations ever created by mankind, and it is a technical trend that has moved into industries to facilitate automation, supervision and management in the form of IoT devices. These devices are designed to be extremely lightweight and operate in low-power and lossy networks, and therefore run a low duty cycle and CPU-clock frequency to reserve battery life. Fog nodes are located on site to minimize network delay and provide centralized processing to handle data from hundreds of connected devices in wireless sensor networks. This is the future of industrial automation. Our goal is to show the functionality of an industrial IoT network within the scope of Fog computing by implementing a closed-loop control system in Cooja. Performance evaluations considered network reliability in terms of packet delivery ratio and timeliness. We assume that wireless IoT devices are running RPL routing (one of the most common standard routing protocols for IoT applications). We implement a mobility controller at the Fog-server in order to collect measurements made by the Fog nodes and send commands to IoT devices. In this thesis work, we assume that the commands are related to the mobility pattern of mobile node (e.g. AGVs in industrial automation) in order to avoid collision. From the simulation results we can conclude that sampling rates and node density have a greater impact on performance compared to payload size. We cannot be sure that our results reflect what a real-world evaluation would imply as we are running an emulation software, even though it has a very realistic physical layer. We do however believe that with substantial testing and improvements to both Cooja and our implementation, an accurate representation can be accomplished and algorithms in Cooja can be moved to real-world implementations.

Abstract This thesis describes the development of a personal machine-to-machine (M2M) healthcare system that is both flexible and scalable. Based on the IPv6 protocol, the system can be used over a low-power wireless personal area network (6LoWPAN). Since a hierarchical network structure offers excellent accessibility, the system is applicable both to local and international healthcare services. To further enhance scalability and reliability, the proposed system combines 6LoWPAN with mobile techniques, depending on whether the sensor is located inside or outside the range of a wireless sensor network (WSN). Employing wearable low-power sensors, the system measures health parameters dynamically. For wireless transmission, these sensors are connected to an M2M node either through the internet or through an external IPv4/IPv6-enabled network. The applicability of the IEEE 802.15.4 and 6LoWPAN protocols to wide area networks were verified in practical tests using an M2M gateway. To assess the physical health of an individual, the system uses heart rate variability analysis in time and frequency domains. Acquired data are first stored on a server for analysis. Results of the analysis are then automatically sent to Android-based mobile devices carried by the individual or appointed healthcare providers. In this way, mobile techniques are used to support remote health monitoring services. This personal M2M healthcare system has the capacity to accurately process a large amount of biomedical signals. Moreover, due to its ability to use mobile technology, the system allows patients to conveniently monitor their own health status, regardless of location. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksessa kehitetään henkilökohtainen mobiililaitteden välillä toimiva (M2M) terveydenhoitojärjestelmä, joka mahdollistaa joustavan ja skaalautuvan potilaan terveyden monitoroinnin. Perustuen IPv6-protokollaan, sovellusta voidaan käyttää matalatehoisen langattoman 6LowPAN-verkon yli. Koska hierarkkinen verkkorakenne tarjoaa erinomaisen saavutettavuuden, järjestelmän kapasiteetti riittää paitsi kaupungin sisäisten myös kansainvälisten terveyspalvelujen järjestämiseen. Skaalattavuuden ja luotettavuuden vuoksi ehdotettu järjestelmä yhdistelee 6LowPAN-tekniikkaa mobiiliteknologiaan riippuen siitä onko sensori langattoman sensoriverkon kuuluvuusalueella vai sen ulkopuolella. Puettavia matalatehoisia sensoreita käyttävä järjestelmä kykenee mittaamaan terveysparametreja dynaamisesti. Langatonta siirtoa varten nämä sensorit on kytketty M2M-solmuun joko internetin tai ulkoisen IPv4/IPv6-verkon kautta. Käytännön testeissä IEEE802.15.4- ja 6LowPAN-protokollien soveltaminen laajaverkossa mahdollistettiin tähän soveltuvalla M2M-yhdyskäytävällä. Yksilöiden fyysisen terveyden arvioinnissa järjestelmä käyttää sydämen sykevaihtelun analysointia aika- ja taajuustasossa. Data tallennetaan palvelimelle analysointia varten. Analyysin tulokset lähetetään automaattisesti henkilöiden omiin tai heidän lääkäriensä mobiililaitteisiin. Näin mobiiliteknologiaa käytetään tukemaan terveyden etämonitorointipalveluja. Tämä henkilökohtainen M2M-kommunikointiin perustuva terveydenhoitojärjestelmä kykenee käsittelemään tarkkaan suuriakin määriä 6LowPAN-verkon ja internetin kautta tulevia biolääketieteellisiä signaaleja. Lisäksi kyky käyttää mobiiliteknologiaa tekee järjestelmästä potilaille miellyttävän tavan monitoroida omaa terveydentilaansa sijaintipaikasta riippumatta.

Internet of Things is the latest phenomenon in the computing industry. Even if it has not been completely defined yet, we are already surrounded by various devices connected to the Internet. This thesis project focuses on low cost and low-power wireless solutions and on the on-line backend behind the architecture. At the same time the present work also deals with Cloud Computing which can provide a highly scalable runtime environment for this backend without building an infrastructure. To handle the huge amount of data collected by billions of devices, BigData services could be used in the same cloud space. The project is a collection of the theoretical background of the Internet of Things; so as a result, it provides the reader with an overview of the concept. It also provides a walktrough of the design, implementation and testing process of a complex agricultural Internet of Things solution.