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The state of knowledge concerning the reflection of the Industrial Revolution in French prose is at best imperfect for the subject is one that has not hitherto been investigated. Yet the effect produced by this revolution on the writers between 1830 and 1870 was not only not negligible but in many cases left a deep mark on them. After outlining the industrial progress achieved together with its social consequences, an examination is made of the reactions of the outstanding sociologists and economists to le machinisme. Next an attempt is made to show how la Bourgeoisie, with its respect for riches and social prominence, its deep preoccupation with economic interests and material prosperity would be inimical to the prolongation of the Romantic Movement. To further emphasise the role Industry was assuming in Society attention is drawn to the importance of the many Industrial Exhibitions held before l870. Then follows an investigation into the transformation of the Press by the introduction of publicity and the appearance of the roman feuilleton as being the first manifestation of the influence of Industry in literature. From the newspapers to the stage: the vaudevillistes and playwrights bear witness to the predominance of la Question d'argent and to the invasion of the Press by les hommes d'affaires.

This thesis provides a reading of the concept of the Sacred in a selection of texts by Assia Djebar, Tahar Ben Jelloun and Salman Rushdie. The aims of this thesis are threefold. The first aim is to demonstrate that the selected texts of the three authors creatively engage with the Sufi Islamic heritage through the use of symbolic expressions of the Sacred. The second aim is to argue that the symbols of the Sacred in the three authors’ works ontologically project what are termed here “intermediate worlds” of the Sacred. And the third aim is to gain a hermeneutic understanding of the concept of the Sacred in the literary works of Djebar, Ben Jelloun and Rushdie. In order to achieve these aims I adopt Paul Ricoeur’s hermeneutic approach which allows me to interpret the symbolic and ontological underpinnings of the Sacred in the three authors’ works. Furthermore, I draw from the Sufi philosophy of Ibn Arabi, since locating this thesis within a Sufi conceptual and philosophical framework is essential given the Islamic tradition with which, as I argue, the three writers creatively engage. The contribution of this thesis consists in seeking new lines of inquiry by expanding on the predominant postcolonial, postmodern and feminist approaches to Djebar’s, Ben Jelloun’s and Rushdie’s work. By tracing affinities between the three authors’ selected texts, through a focus on the creative encounter with the Sacred, this thesis makes a new contribution to the study of the three authors in its aim of providing a broader understanding of their literary works. The symbols that I interpret in this thesis are the journey, the “hidden”, the “openings”, “darkness” and “light”. The choice of exploring the symbolic aspect of the journey is motivated by its link, as this thesis argues, with the Sacred journey of the Prophet Muhammad as well as with the meaning of a Sufi spiritual journey. I also chose to examine the four symbols of the “hidden”, the “openings”, “darkness” and “light” because of their connection to the Sacred names of God in the Islamic tradition and to their structural relations, as signifiers, to the symbol of the journey. In addition to the symbolic expressions of the Sacred, I explore in this thesis the ontological dimension of the experience of the Sacred in the three authors’ selected works. In this regard, I draw from Ibn Arabi’s Sufi concept of the barzakh which is an ontological concept that refers to an intermediate reality where the Sufi seeker encounters opposite worlds. My hermeneutic reading of the “projected worlds” in light of the concept of the barzakh highlights the creative encounter between the three authors’ selected texts and the Sacred. Hence, the Sacred is not presented as a definite and defined system of thought. On the contrary, it is argued that these texts oblige the reader to question philosophically how the Sacred is both expressed in the texts and experienced beyond the parameters of the texts.

This thesis focuses upon literary representations of a familiar yet imprecise figure: the medieval Saracen. Through close analysis of a broad corpus of texts ranging from roughly 1150 to 1350, including epic, romance and miracle tales and treating both Old French and Occitan materials, it highlights the impossibility of generalising about the Saracen and his role. It argues instead that the malleability of Saracen identity was often acknowledged and even exploited in literature. A study of the ways in which such a figure may be defined is used to bring race into dialogue with other aspects of identity such as gender, and to explore in particular the relationship between religion and race. Drawing upon theories of performativity and cross-dressing, Lacanian logical time, communitas in religious experience, and lastly of speech acts, it argues that medieval racial identity – as seen through the body, belief and speech of the Saracen – was far from universally understood and could be constructed by narrative processes and stylistic technique as well as social conventions.

Comment les romans d’Émile Zola parviennent à retenir durablement l’attention du lecteur ? Dans cette étude, nous repérons une des techniques narratives fréquentes chez Zola, l’"annonce", qui laisse entrevoir le dénouement et suscite l’envie d’en vérifier la réalisation et la façon. L’une des caractéristiques de l’annonce dans Les Rougon-Macquart est que son énonciation soit assurée par les personnages secondaires et par les marginaux de la société. De plus, pour étouffer des vérités défavorables à la société, leurs présages sinistres sont souvent déclarés "déraisonnables" et facilement dénigrés. Chez Zola, l’annonce ne concerne pas seulement le fonctionnement narratif, mais incite aussi à jeter un regard sur l’hypocrisie sociale. Les recherches génétiques permettent de voir comment l’auteur a incorporé ce procédé dans la création du roman. Les dossiers préparatoires de L’Assommoir témoignent du processus de la programmation de l’annonciateur-personnage secondaire ; ceux de Pot-Bouille, de l’annonciateur marginal. Mais, dans L’Argent, ces archétypes d’annonciateur vacillent à travers les interventions de la Méchain, tandis que le germe d’un type nouveau apparaît dans la figure de Sigismond. Ce nouveau type d’annonciateur s’imposera dans les derniers cycles. Après la transition des Trois Villes, dans Les Quatre Évangiles, les héros deviennent des évangélistes qui annoncent une société meilleure et en confirment la réalisation. L’annonce consiste alors à proposer un modèle idéal. Ainsi, le système de l’annonce se transforme parallèlement à l’évolution idéologique de l’auteur : de la dénonciation de la société actuelle à la revendication de l’utopie à venir. / How does Émile Zola retain durably the reader’s interest? In this study, we identify one of the author’s frequent narrative techniques: the "announcement", which allows the reader to foresee the outcome, creating both the desire to see if the novel ends as one might have guessed, and the urge to find out how. An essential aspect of announcements in Les Rougon-Macquart is that they are voiced by characters either of secondary importance or belonging to society’s margins. Moreover, their sinister prophecies are often declared "unreasonable" and easily cast aside, in order to throttle the voicing of inopportune truths. Thus, the announcement in Zola’s fiction is not only a narrative issue; it also raises awareness on social hypocrisy. Studying Zola’s manuscripts offers a prime perspective on how the author integrated this process to his novels. His dossier préparatoire for L’Assommoir shows firsthand the programming of the announcement through a secondary character; that of Pot-Bouille shows the same procedure, for a socially marginal character. But in L’Argent, one finds a wavering of these archetypal announcing figures in la Méchain, while Sigismond appears as the sprout of an entirely new type of announcer, which will blossom in the last novelistic series. Indeed, after the transition of Les Trois Villes, the heroes of Les Quatre Évangiles become preachers announcing a better world, and confirming its fruition. The announcement then consists of putting forth an ideal. The system of foretelling therefore undergoes a transformation that parallels the author’s ideological evolution: from the denunciation of current issues to the annunciation of the coming utopia.

This thesis aims to analyze the re-emergence of the Armenian question as an aspect of Armenian nationalism and its effects on Turkey between the years 1960 and 1990. The Armenian question is a very controversial political issue with its multi-dimensional characteristic. The Armenian question emerged with the Ottoman Armenians&rsquo / autonomy demands as an extension of Armenian nationalism in the nineteenth century. With the interest of the imperialist states, the Armenian question became an international problem especially after the Ottoman-Russian War of 1877-1878. Although the Armenian question reached its peak in World War I, it dropped from the international agenda by the Peace Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. After World War II, the Armenian question was transformed into an international issue once again by Joseph Stalin the leader of the USSR that was used as a political trump against Turkey in the Cold War period. Especially, the date April 24, 1965 became a remarkable turning point in the re-emergence of the Armenian question as an aspect of Armenian nationalism. Since 1965, the Armenian Diaspora has used the Armenian question to materialize dream of the &ldquo / Greater Armenia.&rdquo / Today, the Armenian question has affected Turkey&rsquo / s bilateral and multilateral relations with other countries especially with the Republic of Armenia and the United States of America. By this thesis, these whole facts will be analyzed to expose the historical background of the re-emergence of the Armenian question as an aspect of Armenian nationalism, and its effects on Turkey between the years 1960-1990, and to contribute to the academic literature.

Le roman zolien est éminemment bavard. Il n’est pas toujours aisé de déterminer d’où ça parle, qui, du narrateur ou de ses doubles – hommes d’Église, d’État, d’affaires, de lettres ou de science – prend et parfois confisque la parole. Mais il est évident que cette voix qui s’infiltre dans le récit officiellement objectif du roman naturaliste est infailliblement une voix masculine. Informé, autorisé, voire autoritaire, le discours masculin prend en charge la diction du féminin tout en le renvoyant au silence, à l’approbation, éventuellement à la répétition docile des "vérités" édictées à son sujet, pour son bien. Il ne s’agit pas seulement de dépister les tendances stigmatisantes d’un type de discours propre à un type de personnage, mais aussi de saisir les effets sur les lectrices, destinataires muettes et fantasmées, de la pédagogie tyrannique d’un écrivain tout à la fois habité des stéréotypes de son temps et travaillé d’un réformisme inédit. / The Zolian novel is eminently talkative. It is not easy to point out where the voice comes from ; who gives and takes the right to speak, be it the narrator or his doubles – men of the Church or of the State, men of business, letters or science. What is obvious however, is that this voice which permeates the officially objective narrative of the realistic novel is infallibly a masculine one. Informed, authorized, even authoritarian, the masculine discourse takes on the feminine one by either silencing it, or allowing it to approve of, sometimes to reiterate obediently, the elementary “truths” about itself. This is not only about chasing the stigmatizing tendencies of a discourse typical of certain characters, but also about grasping the effects of this discourse on the female readers ; the dumb, fancied listeners to the tyrannical pedagogy of a writer who was both influenced by the stereotypes of his time and stirred by an original reformist spirit.

De Nodier à Baudelaire, nombre de romantiques ont clamé leur désenchantement ou leur mélancolie ; on les a trop souvent pris au mot, oubliant « la puissance d'être à la fois soi et un autre » qui est la leur. Confrontés à un réel en voie d’uniformisation qu’ils méprisent ainsi qu’aux tourments d’une intériorité qu’ils découvrent duelle et déchirée, ils font du rire et de l’imagination, « reine des facultés », les leviers d’une résistance et d’une créativité renouvelée, cette dernière s’appuyant sur un recyclage humoristique de formes oubliées et visant à restaurer une sensibilité perdue tout en l’adaptant à leur époque. Ils inventent le fantastique moderne et font du rire le principe de son écriture. Le rire, paradoxal, y prend en charge les contradictions du réel et du langage, l’oblicité de l’ironie en révélant la réversibilité et la polysémie, dans un esprit malicieux et retors qui fait circuler partout, jusque sous les apparences les plus macabres les serpenteaux d’artifice du Witz. Le rire des fantastiqueurs n’est pas un rire « réduit » mais un rire intériorisé, un rire galvanisé par la découverte de l'épaisseur et de l'étrangeté des choses, un rire qui contribue à donner naissance à la bienveillance distanciée de l’humour moderne / From Nodier to Baudelaire, numerous romantic poets and writers claimed their disillusionment in human existence or their melancholy. Much too often, they have been taken at their words, one neglecting the ''power to be oneself and someone else at one and the same time” which was theirs and constituted their dual nature. Facing up a reality on its way to standardization, which they despised, as well astorments of their inner self which they experienced and felt as agonizingly dual and tornapart, they turned laughter and imagination, being “the most dignified faculty of mind”, into power of resistance and renewed creativity, the latter being based on a humorous adjustment and re-use of old forms, highlighting this way the revival of lost sensitivities while updating these to their time.They were the inventors of the modern fantastic literature and made out of laughter the principle of this new form of writing. There, laughter, paradoxical, takes on and assumes the internal contradictions of reality, the oblique and indirect nature of irony by disclosing the reversibility and the polysemy of their surrounding world, in a mischievous and cunning spirit which disseminates the pharaoh's serpent fireworks of the Witz all over the place, and which emit sparks even from the most macabre appearances such as the grim reaper of death.The laughter of the fantastic authors is not a "subdued" laughter, a restrained laughter, but an inner laughter, exalted by the consciousness of the density and weirdness as well as through the uncanny nature of things, a laughter which contributes to the emergenceof modern humor, because it takes a step back while paying benevolent attention to the other

Dans le domaine des littératures francophones, on peut dénombrer actuellement une vingtaine d’auteurs chinois francophones : Tcheng Ki-Tong, Sheng Tcheng, Chow Ching Lie, François Cheng, Gao Xingjian, Shen Dali, Ya Ding, Dai Sijie, Ying Chen, Wei Wei, Shan Sa, et Ling Xi… Ces écrivains circulent dans différentes cultures, se servent de deux langues, et, par conséquent, leurs écritures mélangent une couleur chinoise avec une couleur occidentale. À travers leurs expériences, nous remarquons que certains d’entre eux ont développé une double pratique artistique, en accord avec leur identité culturelle désormais duelle. Ils construisent ainsi non seulement un pont entre deux langues et deux cultures, mais aussi un pont entre différents médias ou supports artistiques (romanesque et cinématographique ou pictural). Comment s’est développée la littérature francophone chinoise ? Et comment appréhender l’écriture romanesque et la pratique artistique des auteurs francophones chinois ? Centré sur des auteurs francophones chinois et leurs œuvres, notre travail formule une hypothèse sur l’articulation entre interculturalité et intermédialité au sein de la francophonie chinoise. / In the field of francophone literature, there are currently about twenty French-speaking Chinese authors : Cheng Ki-Tong, Sheng Cheng, Cheng Ching, Francois Cheng, Gao Xingjian, Shen Dali, Ya Ding, Dai Sijie, Ying Chen, Wei Wei, Shan Sa, and Ling Xi... These writers circulate in different cultures, use two languages, and consequently their writing mixes a Chinese color with a Western one. Through their experiences, we note that some of them have developed a double artistic practice, in accordance with their cultural identity, which is now dual. They thus build not only a bridge between two languages and two cultures, but also a bridge between different media or artistic supports (novelistic and film or pictorial). How has Chinese francophone literature developped itself ? And how can we understand the novelistic writing and the artistic practice of the French-speaking Chinese authors ? Focused on French-speaking Chinese authors and their works, our research formulates a hypothesis about the articulation between interculturality and intermediality within the Chinese Francophonie.