Le littoral haïtien apparaît aujourd’hui comme un observatoire des rapports entre les habitants de cet espace et les politiques publiques adoptées par l’État depuis l’accession à l’indépendance en 1804. Toutes les enquêtes nationales ( ex ECVMAS I et 2, ) ont montré que les poches de pauvreté extrême se retrouvent concentrer dans les zones littorales et les iles adjacentes. Même à l’intérieur des villes, réputées pour être mieux loties que le reste du pays, les façades littorales sont le haut lieu de la pauvreté urbaine. Le “vide juridique” qui s’installe, de fait, dans les mœurs, transforme les zones littorales en espace particulièrement attractif mais incontrôlable et ingérable. Cette attractivité pernicieuse permet de capter une population qualifiée de marginale.La marginalité créée liée au sous-équipement et à la mauvaise gouvernance va faciliter l’éclosion et l’inscription spatiale des formes d’activités illégales et de criminalité. Pourtant, ces espaces littoraux sont aussi animés par une pluriactivité permettant aux plus démunis de survivre ou d’obtenir un revenu complémentaire ( cabotage, pêche etc). L’ambition de la présente étude s’articule autour d’un ensemble d’interrogations qui se décline comme suit: comment une construction nationale et territoriale peut être génératrice de pauvreté, quelles sont les manifestations de cette pauvreté spatiale, en quoi l’occupation littorale se réalise sans maritimisation?, de quelle manière s’opère la prise en charge de l’inégalité spatiale et surtout comment les politiques publiques appauvrissent ces territoires et les populations qui les occupent? / The Haitian coastline today appears as an observatory of the relations between the inhabitants of this area and the public policies adopted by the State since the accession to independence in 1804. All the national surveys (ENMP and ECVMAS I and 2) have shown that the concentration of extreme poverty is in coastal areas and adjacent islands. Even within the cities, known for being better off than the rest of the country, the coastal facades are the center of urban poverty. The "legal void" that is set in fact, transforms coastal areas into a particularly attractive but uncontrollable and unmanageable space. This pernicious attractiveness makes it possible to capture a population qualified as marginal. The created marginality, related to under-equipment and poor governance, will facilitate the emergence and spatial inscription of illegal and illicit forms of activity. However, these littoral spaces are also animated by a pluriactivity allowing the poorest to survive or to obtain a complementary income (cabotage, fishing etc.). The ambition of the present study is articulated around a set of questions that is as follows: how a national and territorial construction can be a generator of poverty, what are the manifestations of this spatial poverty, how does the coastal occupation is carried out without maritimization?, in what way takes care of spatial inequality and especially how public policies impoverish these territories and the populations that occupy them?

Στόχος της εργασίας είναι η μελέτη και η παρουσίαση των μοντέλων διάχυσης καθώς και η εφαρμογή τους στα ευρυζωνικά δίκτυα, με απώτερο σκοπό τη μελέτη της αξιοπιστίας τους ως προς τις εκτιμήσεις τους αλλά και την πρόβλεψη του ποσοστού διείσδυσης της ευρυζωνικότητας στην Ελλάδα για τα επόμενα χρόνια. / -

nÃo hà / daqueles que veem os escÃlios Ãnica e simplesmente como paratexto â para usar um conceito de Genette (2010) â ou coadjuvante do texto junto do qual foram copiados. Objetiva-se, primeiramente, demonstrar que os escÃlios, sejam os de Acarnenses ou outros quaisquer, tÃm uma expressiva importÃncia intrÃnseca, podendo ser tomados como objeto de pesquisa, independentemente da obra que comentam. A pesquisa mostrou quatro aspectos dos escÃlios que nos levam a defender esse ponto de vista: como aporte lexicogrÃfico, como testemunho de fragmentos de obras perdidas, como substrato de uma seÃÃo da Colometria de AristÃfanes e como auxÃlio gramatical para o conhecimento da dialetologia grega antiga. Tem-se como objetivo, em segundo lugar, tentar mostrar que à possÃvel estabelecer critÃrios de confiabilidade para os escÃlios, mesmo diante da existÃncia de erros entre eles. Os resultados evidenciaram que os escÃlios de Acarnenses presentes no cÃdice de Ravena sÃo menos confiÃveis em relaÃÃo à ortografia. Jà os escÃlios de Acarnenses que estÃo no Suda e nos cÃdices ΕΓ sÃo menos confiÃveis no que diz respeito Ãs citaÃÃes. De modo geral, os escÃlios vindos da Aldina sÃo os menos confiÃveis. AlÃm desses objetivos e resultados, a presente Tese tambÃm contÃm uma compilaÃÃo em grego dos escÃlios de Acarnenses e uma traduÃÃo portuguesa inÃdita desses mesmos escÃlios. A compilaÃÃo foi feita a partir das ediÃÃes de Bekker (1829), Dindorf (1838), DÃbner (1855), Martin (1882) e Rutherford (1896). Em relaÃÃo à epistemologia, esta pesquisa pertence ao campo da Filologia, estritamente, ao da Filologia ClÃssica, com fulcro na Filologia Grega. / The scholia on the Acharnians are the object of analysis of this dissertation, which places itself in a position opposite to those who see the scholia only as a paratext â on to use a concept of Genette (2010) â or as an adjunct to the text with which they were copied. The your objective is firstly to demonstrate that the scholia, whether on the Acharnians or on any other, have an expressive intrinsic importance, and can be taken as an object of research, independently of the work they comment on. The research showed four aspects of the scholia that defend this point of view: as a lexicographical contribution, as testimony of fragments of lost works, as substrate of a section of Aristophanesâ Colometry and as a grammatical aid to the knowledge of ancient Greek dialectology. Secondly, we try to show that it is possible to establish reliability criteria for the scholia, even in the presence of errors between them. The results showed that the scholia on the Acharnians present in the codex Ravennas are less reliable in the spelling. Already the scholia on the Acharnians that are in the Suda and in the codices ΕΓ are less reliable with respect to the citations. In general, the scholia from Aldina are the least reliable. In addition to these objectives and results, the present dissertation also contains a Greek compilation of the scholia on the Acharnians and an unpublished Portuguese translation of these same scholia. The compilation was made from the editions of Bekker (1829), Dindorf (1838), DÃbner (1855), Martin (1882) and Rutherford (1896). In relation to epistemology, this research belongs to the field of Philology, strictly, to that of Classical Philology, with a fulcrum in Greek Philology.

En 1855, les Etats-Unis signèrent un traité avec la Tribu des Nez Percé grâce auquel elle conservait 30000 km² sur un territoire autochtone de 54000 km². En 1863, les Etats-Unis violèrent ce traité et divisèrent par dix la taille de la Réserve des Nez Percé malgré l'absence de signatures de nombreux leaders tribaux de premier plan dont les terres furent annexées sur le papier. En 1877, l'armée américaine soumit ces derniers aux desseins territoriaux états-uniens après avoir tué des femmes et des enfants Nez Percé appartenant à leurs groupes. Ensuite, l'Etat fédéral utilisa des procédés coercitifs à l'encontre des Nez Percé et instrumentalisa la pauvreté de bon nombre d'entre eux afin d'obtenir le nombre de signatures suffisant à la validation de l'Accord de 1893. Ce dernier permit à l'Etat fédéral de mettre la Loi Dawes en application dans la Réserve des Nez Percé de 1863 et d'ouvrir celle-ci aux colons non-Indiens. Entre 1854 et 1895, les Nez Percé perdirent plus de 98% de leur territoire autochtone. Depuis le début du 20ème siècle, la majorité des habitants et des terres de la réserve sont non-indiens. Les conflits actuels de gestion du territoire, de l'environnement et des ressources naturelles entre Nez Percé et non-Indiens ont leur racine dans la violence et dans les procédés de coercition et d'instrumentalisation utilisés par les Etats-Unis à l'encontre des ces Amérindiens. Ces conflits opposent la tribu à des entités gouvernementales, à des groupes et à des individus non-indiens. Parallèlement, une partie de la population non-indienne locale soutient la tribu ou au moins certaines revendications tribales. Les principaux enjeux des conflits étudiés gravitent autour des questions suivantes : les luttes identitaires Nez Percé ; la souveraineté et l'autorité gouvernementale tribale dans la Réserve de 1863 ; la propriété terrienne privée ; l'inéquitable répartition des pouvoirs de gestion des loups, des saumons et des feux de végétation ; les droits sur l'eau ; la dégradation, la protection et la restauration des écosystèmes aquatiques et ripariens ; la restitution potentielle de terres publiques localisées dans le Territoire de Traité de 1855 à la tribu ; les mésententes concernant la signification du concept de développement durable et les difficultés concomitantes à mettre en action des projets régionaux significatifs bénéfiques aux niveaux économique, environnemental et social. J'aborde ces questions dans le contexte autochtone aux Etats-Unis depuis le début de la conquête de l'Ouest en comparant le cas des Nez Percé à ceux d'autres peuples amérindiens et en le replaçant dans un cadre national, voire international. / In 1855, the United States of America signed a treaty with the Nez Perce Tribe by which the tribe kept 7.5 millions acres out of a 13.5 million acre aboriginal homeland. In 1863, the United States broke the 1855 Treaty and decreased tenfold the size of the Nez Perce Reservation. Yet, several prominent Nez Perce leaders whose lands were ceded under the 1863 Treaty did not sign it. In 1877, the United States Army forced the nontreaty Nez Perce to submit to the territorial ambitions of the United States after killing nontreaty Nez Perce women and children. Then, the federal government used coertion against the Nez Perce and exploited the poverty of many of them in order to get the number of signatures required to sanction the 1893 Agreement. The latter made the implementation of the Dawes Act possible on the Nez Perce Reservation and opened it up to non-Indian settlers. From 1854 to 1895, the Nez Perce people lost more than 98 percent of their aboriginal homeland. Most people living on the Nez Perce Reservation today are non-Indians. Current conflicts between Nez Perce and non-Indians over the management of land, the environment and natural resources all stem from the violence, and methods of coercion and exploitation used by the United States against these American Indians. There are conflicts between the tribe and non-Indian governmental entities, groups and individuals. However, a part of the local non-Indian population supports the tribe or at least some of their tribal claims. I study conflicts related to various issues: Nez Perce struggles to keep their indigenous identity; tribal sovereignty over the 1863 Reservation; private land ownership; the inequitable sharing of powers in the management of wolves, salmon and fires; water rights; degradation, protection and restoration of aquatic ecosystems and riparian areas; the potential return of public lands located in the 1855 Treaty Area to the tribe; disagreements about the meaning of sustainable development and concomitant difficulties of launching significant regional projects that can be beneficial at the economic, environmental and social levels. I address these issues in the indigenous context of America since the conquest of the American West by comparing the case of the Nez Perce with the situations of other American Indian nations, and by anchoring it in a national and sometimes international context.

Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία μελετάται έλεγχος της λειτουργίας ενός πλήθους διαφορετικών τεχνολογιών δικτύου, όπως το Ψηφιακό Δίκτυο Ενοποιημένων Υπηρεσιών (Integrated Services Digital Network, ISDN), ο ψηφιακός βρόχος συνδρομητή (Digital Subscriber Loop), οι τεχνολογίες SHDSL,VDSL κ.α. Αφότου έγινε μια εκτενής περιγραφή των περισσότερων τύπων δικτύων και διεξοδική μελέτη των λειτουργιών τους, προσδιορίστηκαν οι τεχνολογίες δικτύου που είναι εφικτό να μελετηθούν στα πλαίσια ενός εργαστηριακού μαθήματος. Για την επίτευξη του στόχου αυτού δη-μιουργήθηκαν μια σειρά εργαστηριακών ασκήσεων που βοηθούν στην κατανόηση τόσο των συγκεκριμένων τεχνολογιών (και των μεταξύ τους διαφορών) όσο και των πολυάριθμων ελέγχων που είναι δυνατό να διεξαχθούν για την παρακολούθηση και συντήρηση των συγκεκριμένων δικτύων. Εν κατακλείδι η εργασία αποτελεί ένα χρήσιμο εργαλείο για τη μελέτη των πιο σημαντικών τεχνολογιών δικτύου. / This diploma thesis examines the monitoring of the functions, of many network technologies such as the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), the Digital Subscriber Loop (DSL), the SHDSL, VDSL technologies and more. After an extensive reference of the most network types and a comprehensive study of their functions, it has been determined which of those is possible to be examined as a part of lab course. In order for this goal to be achieved, it has been created a set of laboratory exercises that help in the understanding of these network technologies, the differences between them and the multiple tests that can be conducted for the monitoring and maintenance of those networks. In conclusion this diploma thesis is useful tool in the study of the most important network technologies.

"July 2005" / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 305-327) / xi, 327 leaves : ill. (some col.), maps ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Architecture, Landscape Architecture and Urban Design and Centre for Asian and Middle Eastern Architecture, 2005