Stadtbürgertum in Pressburg und Leutschau zwischen sozialer und nationaler Identität in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts

L'enjeu de l'étude est de saisir l'organisation du marché russe des modes françaises au XVIIIe-XIXe siècles, d'analyser son évolution et les facteurs dont il est tributaire. Créée artificiellement par les lois vestimentaires de Pierre le Grand, la demande pour les toilettes européennes devient naturelle dans le contexte de la gallomanie. Cependant, la consommation reste principalement étroite et aristocratique en raison de la valeur élevée des produits de mode importés. Pour les fabricants français, la Russie représente un débouché incontournable qui consomme une partie importante des soieries et autres articles de mode. Le marché russe ne se résume pas aux exportations directes indiquées dans statistiques qui sous-estiment son importance, il englobe également un vaste trafic indirect qui transite via l'Allemagne, mais aussi les flux illégaux. L'importation considérable des marchandises françaises de luxe contredit les intérêts des autorités russes qui s'efforcent de la contrôler afin de stimuler les industries nationales. Le marché évolue sous l'impact de la politique douanière protectionniste de l'Empire russe et les guerres qui le rendent instable, en particulier pour les fabricants et les commerçants. Si les échanges sont régulièrement perturbés, ils ne se rompent pas. Les liens entre les fabricants français et les consommateurs russes se révèlent plus forts que les contraintes législatives et les conflits internationaux. L'adaptation du marché russe aux circonstances défavorables passe par la mise en place de nouveaux circuits, légaux ou illicites qui permettent de faire triompher les lois de l'offre et de la demande. / The main purpose of this study is to determine the organisation of the Russian market of French fashion in the XVlllth-XIXth centuries, to analyse its development and the factors that influence it. First created artificially by Peter the Great's decrees on dress, the demand for the European outfits becomes natural in the context of gallomania. However, the consumption is mainly narrow and aristocratic because of the high cost of the imported fashion goods. Russia represents an important outlet for the French manufacturer as it consumes a large part of silk and other fashion products. The Russian market is not limited to the direct exports shown in the statistics which underestimate its importance, it also involves a big traffic that transits via Germany, and the illicit flows. The imports of French luxury goods contradict the interests of the Russian authorities that try to control them in order to stimulate the national industries. The market develops under the influence of the protectionist customs policy of Russian Empire and the wars that make it unstable, especially for the manufacturers and merchants. Despite the fact that the exchanges are often disrupted, they never stop. The links between the French manufacturers and the Russian consumers have turned to be stronger than the legislative compulsions and international conflicts. The adaptation of the Russian market to the difficult circumstances takes place through the appearance of new trade channels, both legal and illegal that make the laws of offer and demand triumph.

Cette thèse contribue à la connaissance d’une organisation internationale méconnue du système-monde socialiste entre 1949 et 1991, le Conseil d’Aide Economique Mutuelle (CAEM). Elle mobilise simultanément plusieurs fonds d’archives – du CAEM lui-même, de la RDA, de la Stasi et de l’ONU -, et rompt avec les monographies nationales sur la participation d’un Etat à son activité. Au prisme du CAEM et des réseaux d’acteurs qu’il met en place, c’est la notion même de « bloc » de l’Est qui est interrogée. L’organisation est en effet une vitrine de la cohésion et de la solidarité du monde socialiste pendant la Guerre froide. L’étude examine la place du CAEM dans un espace en construction et en quête de légitimation au cours de la seconde moitié du XXème siècle. Le rôle du CAEM dans les échanges économiques entre pays socialistes est d’abord mis en lumière. L’organisation élabore son propre modèle d’économie internationale socialiste. Pourtant, un découplage stratégique s’opère entre l’intérêt du CAEM dans l’affrontement symbolique avec le monde capitaliste et son incapacité pratique à assurer la modernisation des économies socialistes. L’étude des mécanismes de spatialisation du « bloc », de structuration de réseaux d’experts par delà les frontières et de production de discours sur l’économie internationale socialiste permet alors de proposer une socio-histoire transnationale de l’évolution des pratiques professionnelles d’une catégorie d’acteurs spécifiques. Les agents du CAEM comptent parmi les rares individus qui, dans le monde socialiste, développent une acculturation transnationale leur permettant véritablement de considérer le « bloc » comme un espace approprié. / This thesis contributes to the knowledge about the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon, CMEA), the little-known international organization of the socialist world-system, from 1949 to 1991. Unlike most historical monographs analysing the individual member States’ contribution to Comecon activities, this study draws on different archive materials – from Comecon itself, the GDR, the Stasi and the UN. Analysing Comecon through the prism of the networks of actors that emerged in the institutional framework it provided, it is the very notion of an Eastern “bloc” that is questioned. The organization was a showcase of the cohesion and solidarity of the socialist world during the Cold War. The study deals with its role in a space under construction and seeking legitimation in the second half of the 20th century. It first casts a light on the role of Comecon in the economic relations of the socialist countries. The organization developed its own model of an international socialist economy. However, a strategic decoupling appeared between the importance of Comecon in the symbolic competition with the capitalist world and its helplessness to ensure the modernization of socialist economies. The study of the spatialization of the “bloc”, the structuration of expert networks beyond the national boarders and the production of discourses on international socialist economy leads to a transnational socio-histoire of specific Comecon agents. Comecon servants counted among the few people in the socialist world, who were able to develop a transnational acculturation that allowed them to truly consider the “bloc” as an appropriated term of reference and space of development.

朱寶盈. / "2006年8月" / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2006. / 參考文獻(leaves 164-169). / "2006 nian 8 yue" / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Zhu Baoying. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 164-169). / 目錄 --- p.V / Chapter 第一章 --- 緒論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 《昭明太子集》 --- p.4 / Chapter 第三節 --- 前人研究述評 --- p.5 / Chapter 一、 --- 主要硏究觀點 --- p.5 / Chapter 二、 --- 蕭統詩作硏究商榷 --- p.8 / Chapter 第四節 --- 硏究目的及方向 --- p.12 / Chapter 第二章 --- 蕭統詩作析論（一）：從意象論其典麗風格 --- p.14 / Chapter 第一節 --- 引言 --- p.14 / Chapter 第二節 --- 駢句的運用´ؤ´ؤ意象的突顯 --- p.15 / Chapter 一、 --- 蕭詩駢句的應用情形 --- p.16 / Chapter 1) --- 詩作的基本結構單位 --- p.16 / Chapter 2) --- 屬對工整嚴密，具元嘉味道 --- p.17 / Chapter 二、 --- 駢句與意象的突顯 --- p.23 / Chapter 1) --- 相關理論 --- p.23 / Chapter 2) --- 駢句在蕭統詩中的情形 --- p.25 / Chapter 第三節 --- 蕭統詩基調的形成´ؤ´ؤ辭藻的修飾與意象的性質傾向 --- p.31 / Chapter 一、 --- 意象的性質傾向 --- p.31 / Chapter 1) --- 色彩華麗的意象 --- p.32 / Chapter 2) --- 典正雍容的意象 --- p.35 / Chapter 二、 --- 冷靜客觀的景物描寫 --- p.38 / Chapter 第四節 --- 結語 --- p.42 / Chapter 第三章 --- 蕭統詩作析論（二）：論蕭詩的典故運用 --- p.44 / Chapter 第一節 --- 引言 --- p.44 / Chapter 第二節 --- 用典的準則一一風格與內容的配合 --- p.45 / Chapter 一、 --- 體式 --- p.46 / Chapter 二、 --- 題材內容 --- p.47 / Chapter 第三節 --- 典故的構成形式與詩歌密度的提升 --- p.51 / Chapter 一、 --- 典故的構成形式 --- p.52 / Chapter 1) --- 截取具代表性的詞語 --- p.55 / Chapter 2) --- 壓縮原典句子 --- p.56 / Chapter 3) --- 改變原典次序和結構 --- p.57 / Chapter 二、 --- 用典方法對詩歌效果的影響 --- p.58 / Chapter 第四節 --- 以典故達意的具體情形 --- p.62 / Chapter 一、 --- 以典詠物 --- p.62 / Chapter 二、 --- 以典詠人 --- p.67 / Chapter 三、 --- 以典抒情 --- p.70 / Chapter 第五節 --- 結語 --- p.73 / Chapter 第四章 --- 蕭統詩與齊梁新變詩風之比較 --- p.75 / Chapter 第一節 --- 引言 --- p.75 / Chapter 第二節 --- 齊梁新變詩風 --- p.76 / Chapter 一、 --- 齊梁文學的新變思潮 --- p.76 / Chapter 二、 --- 「永明體」 --- p.79 / Chapter 三、 --- 「宮體」 --- p.80 / Chapter 第三節 --- 蕭統詩與「永明體」及「宮體」之比較 --- p.82 / Chapter 一、 --- 體式 --- p.83 / Chapter 二、 --- 題材 --- p.90 / Chapter 1) --- 與「永明體」的比較 --- p.90 / Chapter 2) --- 與「宮體」的比較 --- p.92 / Chapter 3) --- 佛教眾會 --- p.97 / Chapter 4) --- 小結 --- p.100 / Chapter 三、 --- 聲律 --- p.101 / Chapter 四、 --- 語言 --- p.108 / Chapter 第四節 --- 結語 --- p.113 / Chapter 第五章 --- 蕭統與梁朝詩壇 --- p.115 / Chapter 第一節 --- 引言 --- p.115 / Chapter 第二節 --- 蕭統與東宮文人 --- p.116 / Chapter 一、 --- 東宮文人的主要成員簡介 --- p.116 / Chapter 二、 --- 蕭統及東宮文人之關係 --- p.122 / Chapter 第三節 --- 東宮文人的文學主張及創作傾向 --- p.126 / Chapter 一、 --- 文學主張 --- p.127 / Chapter 1) --- 劉孝綽 --- p.127 / Chapter 2) --- 王筠 --- p.130 / Chapter 二、 --- 創作傾向 --- p.132 / Chapter 1) --- 劉孝綽 --- p.133 / Chapter 2) --- 王筠 --- p.138 / Chapter 3) --- 小結 --- p.141 / Chapter 第四節 --- 蕭統與梁朝中期詩壇 --- p.145 / Chapter 一、 --- 關於「蕭統文學集團」說 --- p.146 / Chapter 二、 --- 關於「梁朝中期復古思潮」說 --- p.151 / Chapter 第五節 --- 關於《文選》編纂者的爭議 --- p.157 / Chapter 第六節 --- 結語 --- p.159 / Chapter 第六章 --- 總結 --- p.161 / 主要參考書目 --- p.164 / 附錄一：劉孝綽短篇詩作中的入律句子 --- p.170 / 附錄二：王筠短篇詩作中的入律句子 --- p.175

Chiral cyclic polyoxo-ketones are important structural units in many natural products, biologically active compouds, such as prostaglandins, didemnenones, sarkomycin, punaglandin, clavulone, etc. In this work, a chemoenzymatic synthesis of both enantiomers of the &amp / #945 / &rsquo / -acetoxy-&amp / #945 / -methyl and &amp / #947 / -hydroxy-&amp / #945 / -methyl cyclic enones starting from &amp / #945 / -methyl-&amp / #946 / -methoxy cyclic enone is described. Manganese (III) acetate-mediated acetoxylation followed by the enzyme-mediated hydrolysis of &amp / #945 / &rsquo / -acetoxy enone provides acetoxy enones. The reduction of the hydroxy enone, obtained from hydrolysis, furnished both enantiomers of 4-hydroxy enone or &amp / #947 / -hydroxy enone by using LiAlH4. This study is a model for the synthesis of these type compounds

Since 2016-12-31, big companies in Sweden must report their sustainability work according to Amendment (2016:947) to the Annual Account Act (1995:1554). This makes the sustainability reports easier to compare, and also easier to see which companies that practice sustainability. The amendment will be reflected in the annual reports stating from the fiscal year 2017, which makes it a relevant area of research. Except legal requirements, there are also economical and business related incentives which drives companies to report their sustainability work (Prop. 2015/16:193). Hence, companies take action incorporating sustainability work into their strategy and control systems (Zollo et al., 2009). However, there are challenges in developing and implementing such strategies. The lack of empirical studies on how to implement sustainability in an organization lays the foundation of this study and its research question; How is sustainability work practically implemented in an organization? The purpose of the study is to create an understanding of the implementation of sustainability work in an organization. Hence, a guide for interviews along with an analytical framework was constructed from institutional theory. They were used in a case study of Axis Communications AB to identify keywords that can be used when implementing sustainability work in an organization. The keywords identified was; Business culture, Awareness, Control systems, Goals, and Sustainable economics. Also, the study shows that if norms and routines go along with the formal structure of the organization, when it comes to sustainability work, it is possible for the formal structure and institutional structure to be loosely coupled. However, the implementation process might be smoother if underlying thought and values of the coworkers goes along with those of the organization. The result of the study contributes with theoretical knowledge of how sustainability work is implemented to an organization even though the cognitive structure is loosely coupled. The keywords contribute with being practical applicable since they can be used by companies who wants to implement sustainability to their daily work routines. They also ads knowledge which contribute with theoretical implications. The analytical framework that was developed can be used as a foundation for future studies of phenomenon, based on institutional theory.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:05:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo2577_1.pdf: 1425861 bytes, checksum: 6b478a5b001cb3d32788925e389ba3b6 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O desenvolvimento do processo de reforma do metano com dióxido de carbono abordado na presente pesquisa recorre à ação do catalisador de níquel suportado em alumina, disposto em reator de leito fixo com membrana seletiva para hidrogênio associada. Atividade e estabilidade do sistema de níquel (50mg), foram avaliadas através de contato catalisador com uma mistura gasosa de composição em razões molares de alimentação CH4/CO2/Ar (10%/40%/50%), a uma vazão total fixa de 100 cm3/min, operando-se na faixa de temperatura de 1.023 K e 1.073 K, sob pressão de 1,0 bar. A reação de Boudouard (C+CO2→2CO) foi utilizada como base para a regeneração do catalisador de níquel, sob coqueamento, tendo-se observado retomadas de níveis de conversão do metano e de produção de hidrogênio. Operações em reator de membrana, na linha de desenvolvimento do processo, com 2 g de catalisador de níquel (3,31% em massa suportado em alumina), utilizaram uma mistura de reagentes em razões molares CH4/CO2/Ar (40,50%/14,00%/45,50%), com uma vazão total de 110 cm3/min , aplicando-se as temperaturas de 773 K, 823 K e 873 K, sob pressão de 1,0 bar. O processo de reforma seca do metano com dióxido de carbono foi operado em reator de leito fixo de membrana com permeação de hidrogênio, evidenciando uma importante conversão do metano com um rendimento em hidrogênio elevado. A 873 K, sob 1,0 bar de pressão, converteu-se neste sistema 35% de metano rendendo 47% de hidrogênio, significando aumentos de conversão em cerca de 83 % e de rendimento em hidrogênio de mais de 100%, em relação às operações em leito fixo sem permeação. Modelagem e simulações foram elaboradas a partir da cinética já ajustada, permitindo simulações retratando perfis de concentração dos reagentes (CH4 + CO2) e produtos (H2 + CO) com e sem permeação do hidrogênio através da membrana Pd-Ag, destacando-se os efeitos da temperatura

Ce travail porte sur le phénomène de l’immigration en Espagne et son impact dans la société espagnole contemporaine. L’étude de l’arrivée de nombreux migrants en Espagne permet en effet de rendre compte de l’évolution de la société espagnole: D’une part en analysant comment et pourquoi un pays traditionnellement exportateur de main d’œuvre a pu attirer des immigrants; d’autre part en observant ce que l’Espagne a fait pour intégrer ces flux migratoires. L’analyse de ce phénomène se fait à travers un prisme particulier, celui des femmes roumaines. Les Roumains sont depuis quelques années la première nationalité étrangère en Espagne. Je présente ici les différentes étapes de l’immigration roumaine et ses caractéristiques, et enquête auprès de migrantes roumaines. Je veux en effet, à travers leur expérience, mettre en lumière certains aspects importants de la société espagnole contemporaine (dans la mesure où ils sont révélateurs de l’attitude de cette société face à des problèmes nouveaux). Je m’intéresse également à quelques cas particuliers, afin de présenter l’immigration roumaine dans toute sa diversité: j’analyse l’immigration des Roumaines roms et reviens également sur la situation de femmes roumaines en situation de marginalisation: les Roumaines victimes de réseaux de proxénétisme, et les Roumaines détenues en Espagne. Par ailleurs, il m’a semblé tout aussi essentiel de déterminer la vision que la société espagnole a des immigrés, et en particulier des Roumains à travers l’analyse d’un corpus journalistique qui reflète la période comprise entre la fin des années 90 et 2013, et complète cette analyse de l’immigration roumaine. Dans les années 50, des flux migratoires d’un tout autre ordre se sont dirigés vers l’Espagne franquiste: J’évoque l’exil en Espagne, sujet encore très inédit et très rarement objet de recherches. Ce travail, qui porte essentiellement sur l’immigration en Espagne, présente, en outre une comparaison ponctuelle avec la situation en France Cette brève analyse permet de comparer et de nuancer ce qui, dans l’expérience migratoire des Roumaines en Espagne et en France est semblable ou foncièrement différent. / This survey focuses on the immigration phenomenon in Spain and its impact on contemporary Spanish society. Studying how numerous immigrants have been settling in Spain is a way to account for the evolution of Spanish society: on the one hand by analysing how and why a country that traditionally used to export its labour-force could attract immigrants; and on the other hand by examining how Spain has been managing these influxes. This phenomenon shall be approached thanks to the case of Romanian women. For the last couple of years, Romanians have been the largest group of foreign nationals in Spain. I shall herein set to describe the various stages and characteristics of Romanian immigration in Spain, as well as report on a survey conducted with Romanian women. Through their experience, I thus wish to highlight some important aspects of contemporary Spanish society, insofar as they are relevant to this society's attitude towards new issues, and the solutions it brings out. So as to display the full diversity of Romanian immigration, I shall focus on some specific cases such as: the immigration of Roma women, but also the situation of women at risk, like victims of prostitution rings, or Romanian women being detained in Spanish prisons. Moreover, it seems to me just as important to find out what image Spanish society has been forming about immigrants, and especially about Romanians, thanks to the analysis of a body of media material dealing with the period going from the end of the 1990s to 2013, and thus completing this study of Romanian immigration. In the 1950s, a very different type of migration was reaching Franco's Spain, in other words: exile into Spain, a subject which I turn to, still rarely touched upon or being researched into. This study which centres primarily on immigration into Spain, also briefly draws a comparison with the situation in France, in order to examine what may or may not be similar in Romanian women's experience of migration in Spain or France.

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