This dissertation works out the vibrational properties of epitaxial silicene, which was discovered by Vogt et al. in 2012 by the epitaxial synthesis on the silver substrate. Its two-dimensional (2D) character is modified in comparison to the free-standing silicene due to its epitaxial nature, since the underlying substrate alters the physical properties of silicene as a result of the strong hybridization of the electronic levels of the substrate and adlayer. The growth of silicene layers is complicated by the sensitivity of the Si structures to the experimental conditions, mainly temperature, resulting in the formation of several seemingly different surface reconstructions. Another Si structure appears on the Ag surface at a supramonolayer coverage. The Raman spectroscopy was utilized to understand the relation between different Si structures and reveal their origin as well as to investigate the phonon-related physical properties of two-dimensional Si sheets. The central core of this work is the growth and characterization of these 2D silicene monolayers on the Ag (111) surface as well as the formation of silicene multilayer structures. The characterization of these materials was performed using in situ surface-sensitive measurement methods such as Raman spectroscopy and low-energy electron diffraction under ultra-high vacuum conditions due to high chemical reactivity of epitaxial silicene. Additional characterization was done ex situ by means of scanning force microscopy. The experimentally determined spectral signature of the prototypical epitaxial (3x3)/(4x4) silicene structure was confirmed by ab initio calculations, in collaboration with theory groups. The Raman signatures of the other 2D and 3D Si phases on Ag (111) were determined which allowed us to provide a clear picture of their formation depending on the preparation conditions. The monitoring of the silicene multi-layer growth yielded the vibrational signature of the top layer, reconstructed in a (√3x√3) fashion. It was compared to the inverse, (√3x√3)-Ag/Si(111), system showing the vast amount of similarities, which suggest that the (√3x√3) reconstruction belong to the silver layer. The chemical and physical properties of this surface structure additionally strengthen this equivalence. The possibility of functionalization of epitaxial silicene was demonstrated via exposure to the atomic hydrogen under UHV conditions. The adsorbed hydrogen covalently bonds to the silicene lattice modifying it and reducing its symmetry. As shown by Raman spectroscopy, such modification can be reversed by thermal desorption of hydrogen. The excitation-dependent Raman measurements also suggest the change of the electronic properties of epitaxial silicene upon hydrogenation suggesting that its originally semi-metallic character is modified into a semiconducting one. / Die experimentellen Forschungsarbeiten zum Thema Silicen basieren auf den 2012 von Vogt et al. durchgeführten Untersuchungen zu dessen Synthese auf Silbersubstraten. Diese Untersuchungen lieferten die Grundlage, auf der zweidimensionales (2D) epitaktisches Silicen sowie weitere 2D Materialien untersucht werden konnten. In den anfänglichen Arbeiten konnte dabei gezeigt werden, dass sich die Eigenschaften von epitaktischem Silicen gegenüber den theoretischen Vorhersagen von frei-stehendem Silicen unterscheiden. Darüber hinaus verkomplizieren sich die experimentellen Untersuchungen dieses 2D Materials, da auf dem Ag(111) Wachstumssubstrat sechs verschiedene 2D Si Polytypen existieren. Eine detaillierte Darstellung dieser Untersuchungen findet sich in dem einführenden Kapitel der vorliegen Promotionsschrift. Der zentrale Kern dieser Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Wachstum und der Charakterisierung dieser 2D Silicen Monolagen auf Ag(111) Oberflächen sowie der Bildung von Silicen- Multilagen Strukturen. Die Charakterisierung dieser Materialien wurde in situ mit oberflächenempfindlichen Messmethoden wie der Raman Spektroskopie und der niederenergetischen Elektronenbeugung unter Ultrahochvakuum-Bedingungen durchgeführt. Eine zusätzliche Charakterisierung erfolgte ex situ mittels Raster-KraftMikroskopie. Die experimentell bestimmte spektrale Raman-Signatur der prototypischen epitaktischen (3x3)/(4x4) Silicene Struktur wurde durch ab initio Rechnungen, in Zusammenarbeit mit Theoriegruppen, bestätigt. Durch diesen Vergleich wir die zweidimensionale Natur der epitaktischen Silicen-Schichten vollständig bestätigt, wodurch andere mögliche Interpretationen ausgeschlossen werden können. Darüber hinaus wurden die Ramans-Signaturen der weiteren 2D und 3D Siliziumphasen auf Ag(111) bestimmt, wodurch sich ein klares Bild der Bildung dieser Strukturen in Abhängigkeit von den Präparationsbedingungen ergibt. Um die Möglichkeit der Funktionalisierung von Silicen und der weiteren 2D Si Strukturen zu testen, wurden diese unter UHV Bedingungen atomarem Wasserstoff ausgesetzt. Durch die Bindung zu den Wasserstoffamen wird die kristalline Struktur der Silicen-Schichten modifiziert und die Symmetrie reduziert, was sich deutlich in der spektralen Raman-Signatur zeigt. Wie mittels Raman Spektroskopie gezeigt werden konnte, kann diese Modifikation durch thermische Desorption des Wasserstoffs rückgängig gemacht werden, ist also reversibel. Raman Messungen mit verschiedenen Anregungswellenlängen deuten darüber hinaus auf die Änderung der elektronischen Eigenschaften der Silicen-Schichten durch die Hydrierung hin. Der ursprüngliche halbmetallische Charakter der epitaktischen Silicen-Schicht geht möglicherweise in einen halbleitenden Zustand über. Das Wachstum von Silicen Multilagen wurde ebenfalls mit in situ Ramanspektroskopie verfolgt. Die sich dabei ergebene Raman-Signatur wurde mit der Raman-Signatur von Ag terminiertem Si(111) verglichen. Hier zeigen sich große Ähnlichkeiten, die auf eine ähnliche atomare Struktur hindeuten und zeigen, dass Ag Atome für die Ausbildung der Oberflächenstruktur während des Wachstums der Si-Lagen verantwortlich sind. Die chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften dieser Struktur bestärken zusätzlich diese Äquivalenz.

Les propriétés structurales et électroniques de films ultra-minces d'alcalins (K,Cs) déposés sur un substrat de Si(111)-v3´v3R30:B ont été étudiés par diffraction d'électrons lents (LEED), spectroscopie Auger, microscopie à effet tunnel (STM) et photoemission (ARPES, XPS). Un état de surface de symétrie s-pz a été mis en évidence par photoémission résolue en angle celui-ci présentant un maximum au taux optimal. Le site d'adsorption H3 a été identifié par IV-LEED en accord avec les prédictions théoriques. Nos mesures ARPES mettent en évidence un repliement de la bande de surface, son caractère fortement isolant ainsi qu'une largeur de bande très étroite. Dans le cas des dépôts de Césium, le gap est cependant réduit et il apparaît du poids spectral au niveau de Fermi. Ces résultats sont a priori en accord avec le caractère corrélé de ces états, ceux-ci ayant été définis initialement comme des isolants de Mott. Cependant, nous mettons en évidence dans ce travail une nouvelle reconstruction 2v3´2v3 caractérisée par un quadruplement de la maille de surface et associée à un gain d'énergie des électrons participant à l'état de surface. De plus, la dépendance en température des spectres de photoémission suggèrent un fort élargissement Franck-Condon associé à un fort couplage électron-phonon. L'étude des raies de cœur par photoémission haute résolution sur la ligne CASSIOPEE (synchrotron SOLEIL) nous a permis de mettre en évidence un ordre de charge à la surface pour les deux types de reconstruction observées en LEED. Tous nos résultats expérimentaux indiquent un fort couplage avec le réseau des électrons de l'état de surface induit par les alcalins ce qui n'a jamais été reporté auparavant ni fait l'objet de prédictions. Un scénario basé sur l'établissement d'une onde de densité de charge à la surface dans la limite d'un fort couplage électron-phonon est proposé. IL est proposé que la limite de l'isolant bi-polaronique soit atteinte dans le cas des couches ultra-minces d'alcalins/Si(111) offrant ainsi la possibilité d'étudier le comportement des électrons fortement couplés au réseau en présence de corrélations électroniques sur un réseau triangulaire. / Low energy electron diffraction (LEED), Auger spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) have been used to study ultrathin films of alkali atoms deposited on Si(111)-v3´v3R30:B surface. An alkali-induced surface state of s-pz symmetry has been evidenced by photoemission being maximum close to the saturation coverage of 1/3 monolayer. A quantitative IV-LEED study evidences the H3 alkali adsorption site as predicted by ab initio calculations. High resolution ARPES data presented in this work evidence a band-folding, a large alkali-dependent semi-conducting gap and a narrow bandwidth. The Cs- induced surface band is shown to present a smaller gap together with a non-zero spectral weight at the Fermi level. These results are a priori consistent with the correlated nature of these materials, the Harrison criterion U/W>>1 being fulfilled for these half-filled surface bands. Moreover, a novel 2v3´2v3 lattice and charge ordering has been discovered below 300 K characterized by a quadrupling of the unit cell and a net energy gain for the surface band. In addition, the temperature dependence of the ARPES spectra suggests these materials are characterized by a strong electron-phonon coupling. High resolution core-levels photoemission spectroscopy recorded at the CASSIOPEE beamline (synchrotron SOLEIL) evidence a local charge ordering at surface in both phases. The corresponding band mapping agree well with the 2(v3´v3) symmetry also for both phases. All these experimental results sign a strong interplay between the charge and lattice degrees of freedom which have never been predicted for these semiconducting surfaces. Therefore, a scenario assuming a charge density wave at surface in the strong electron-phonon coupling limit is proposed. As a striking point, the bi-polaronic insulating ground state is proposed to be reached making these alkali/Si(111) semi-conducting surfaces model systems to study polaronic signatures on the physical properties of low dimensional strongly correlated materials.

This diploma thesis deals with Information system of basic registries and its implementation. The information system consists of four main registries (Registry of Inhabitants, Registry of Persons, Registry of Territorial Identification, Addresses and Real Estates and Registry of Rights and Obligations) and system of ORG. The thesis defines crucial documents which deal with this project and the basic terms of Basic Registries Act No. 111/2009 Coll. and other related acts are explained. This thesis also compares the public administration before and after the activation of basic registries and the most important part is public survey which discovers knowledge about basic registries and responds to determined hypotheses.

Thin films provide a remarkable asset, as depositing a thin surface layer can completely alter a material’s characteristics and provide new, inexpensive, and valuable properties. In 2020, a new Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) approach was developed at Linköping University, using plasma electrons as reducing agents for the deposition of metallic thin films. To understand the CVD approach, comprehension of the deposition chemistry is crucial. In this thesis, I have performed a theoretical examination of the gas phase and surface chemistry of ferrocene in the recently developed CVD method to form metallic iron thin films, using plasma electrons as reducing agents. Results show that ferrocene anion formation and dissociation are probable in the gas phase, depending on the energy of the plasma electrons. It gets successively easier to dissociate the complex after gaining electrons. The most probable gas phase species leading to film formation was determined as FeCp2-, FeCp, and Cp− under the normal deposition parameters. An electron energy above 220 kJ/mol would suffice for ion formation and dissociation to form FeCp and Cp− fragments. On the surface, ferrocene’s vertical and horizontal adsorption is equally probable, with energies around -72 kJ/mol. Cp, Fe, and FeCp with Fe facing towards the surface interacts stronger with the surface than ferrocene, with adsorption energies of -179, -279 kJ/mol, and -284 kJ/mol. FeCp with Fe facing up from the surface had adsorption energy of -23 kJ/mol. As the surface bonding of Fe and FeCp with Fe facing the surface is stronger than for the other species, this poses a possible way of tuning the CVD method to limit carbon impurities. By providing above 180 kJ/mol energy, for example in the form of heating the substrate, the unwanted species FeCp2, Cp, and FeCp with the ring facing downwards would desorb from the surface, leaving the Fe and FeCp fragments with iron facing towards the surface still adsorbed. This poses a possible way of reducing carbon impurities.

Sustainable energy sources are of great importance, and will become even more important in the future. Gasification of biomass is an important process for utilization of biomass, as a renewable energy carrier, to produce fuels and chemicals. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to investigate i) the effect of co-adsorption of water and CO on the Ni(111) catalysed water splitting reaction, ii) water adsorption and dissociation on Ni(111), Ni(100) and Ni(110) surfaces, as well as iii) formyl oxidation and dissociation, iv) hydrocarbon combustion and synthesis, and v) the water gas shift (WGS) reaction on these surfaces. The results show that the structures of an adsorbed water molecule and its splitting transition state are significantly changed by co-adsorption of a CO molecule on the Ni(111) surface. This leads to less exothermic reaction energy and larger activation barrier in the presence of CO which means that far fewer water molecules will dissociate in the presence of CO. For the adsorption and dissociation of water on different Ni surfaces, the binding energies for H2O and OH decrease in the order Ni(110) > Ni(100) > Ni(111), and the binding energies for O and H atoms decrease in the order Ni(100) > Ni(111) > Ni(110). In total, the complete water dissociation reaction rate decreases in the order Ni(110) > Ni(100) > Ni(111). The reaction rates for both formyl dissociation to CH + O and to CO + H decrease in the order Ni(110) > Ni(111) > Ni(100). However, the dissociation to CO + H is kinetically favoured. The oxidation of formyl has the lowest activation energy on the Ni(111) surface. For combustion and synthesis of hydrocarbons, the Ni(110) surface shows a better catalytic activity for hydrocarbon combustion compared to the other surfaces. Calculations show that Ni is a better catalyst for the combustion reaction compared to the hydrocarbon synthesis, where the reaction rate constants are small. It was found that the WGS reaction occurs mainly via the direct pathway with the CO + O → CO2 reaction as the rate limiting step on all three surfaces. The activation barrier obtained for this rate limiting step decreases in the order Ni(110) > Ni(111) > Ni(100). Thus, the WGS reaction is fastest on the Ni(100) surface if O species are present on the surfaces. However, the barrier for desorption of water (as the source of the O species) is lower than its dissociation reaction on the Ni(111) and Ni(100) surfaces, but not on the Ni(110) surface. Therefore the direct pathway on the Ni(110) surface will dominate and will be the rate limiting step at low H2O(g) pressures. The calculations also reveal that the WGS reaction does not primarily occur via the formate pathway, since this species is a stable intermediate on all surfaces. All reactions studied in this work support the Brønsted-Evans-Polanyi (BEP) principles.

«Qu’ai-je besoin de connaître minimalement d’une chose pour la connaître ?» Le fait que cette question aux allures de devinette s’avère cognitivement difficile à appréhender de par son degré de généralité explique sans peine la raison pour laquelle son élucidation demeura plusieurs millénaires durant l’apanage d’une discipline unique : la Philosophie. Dans ce contexte, énoncer des critères à même de distinguer les composants primitifs de la réalité – ou le "mobilier du monde" – ainsi que leurs relations revient à produire une Ontologie. Cet ouvrage s’attelle à la tâche d’élucider le tournant historique curieux, en apparence anodin, que constitue l’émergence de ce type de questionnement dans le champ de deux disciplines connexes que constituent l’Intelligence Artificielle et l’Ingénierie des Connaissances. Nous montrons plus particulièrement ici que leur import d’une forme de méthodologie ontologique appliquée à la cognition ou à la représentation des connaissances ne relève pas de la simple analogie mais soulève un ensemble de questions et d’enjeux pertinents tant sur un plan appliqué que spéculatif. Plus spécifiquement, nous montrons ici que certaines des solutions techniques au problème de la data-masse (Big Data) – i.e. la multiplication et la diversification des données en ligne – constitue un point d’entrée aussi nouveau qu’inattendu dans de nombreuses problématiques traditionnellement philosophiques relatives à la place du langage et des raisonnements de sens commun dans la pensée ou encore l’existence d’une structuration de la réalité indépendante de l’esprit humain. / «What do I need to know about something to know it ?». It is no wonder that such a general, hard to grasp and riddle-like question remained the exclusive domain of a single discipline for centuries : Philosophy. In this context, the distinction of the primitive components of reality – the so called "world’s furniture" – and their relations is called an Ontology. This book investigates the emergence of similar questions in two different though related fields, namely : Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge Engineering. We show here that the way these disciplines apply an ontological methodology to either cognition or knowledge representation is not a mere analogy but raises a bunch of relevant questions and challenges from both an applied and a speculative point of view. More specifically, we suggest that some of the technical answers to the issues addressed by Big Data invite us to revisit many traditional philosophical positions concerning the role of language or common sense reasoning in the thought or the existence of mind-independent structure in reality.

Extending electronic devices beyond the limitations of current micro-electronics manufacturing will require detailed knowledge of how to make contacts to semiconductor surfaces. In this work, we investigated several methods by which such connections to silicon surfaces could be achieved. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) was our main experimental tool, allowing direct imaging of the surfaces at the atomic level. First, the growth of self-forming linear nanostructures of organic molecules on silicon surfaces offers a possibility of creating devices with hybrid organic-silicon functionality. We have studied the growth of many different molecules on a variety of hydrogen-terminated silicon surfaces: H-Si(100)-2x1, H-Si(100)-3x1, and H-Si(111)-1x1. We found molecular growth patterns affected by steric crowding, by sample doping level, or by exposure to ion-pump created radicals. We formed the first contiguous "L-shaped" molecular lines, and used an external electric field to direct molecular growth. We attempted to study a novel method for nanoscale information transfer along molecular lines based on excitation energy transfer. The second part of the work focuses on the development and use of a new multiple-probe STM instrument. The design and the custom STM control software written for it are described. Connections to Si surfaces were achieved with a combination of lithographically defined metal contacts and STM tips. Two-dimensional surface conductivity of the Si(111)-7x7 surface was measured, and the effect of modifying the surface with organic molecules was investigated. A novel method, scanning tunneling fractional current imaging (STFCI), was developed to further study surface conductance. This method allowed us to determine, for the first time, that the resistance of steps on the Si(111)-7x7 surface is significantly higher than that of the surface alone.

The aim of this study is to optimise the acquisition and reconstruction for SPECT with 111In- pentetrotide with the iterative reconstruction software OSEMS. For 111In-pentetrotide SPECT, the uptake in the tumour is usually high compared to uptake in normal tissue. It may, however, be difficult to detect small tumours with the SPECT method because of high noise levels and the low spatial resolution. The liver is a common region for somatostatin-positive metastases, and to visually detect small tumours in the liver, as early as possible, is important for an effective treatment of the cancer disease. The study concentrates on the acquired number of projections, the subset size in the OSEM reconstruction and evaluates contrast as a function of noise for a range of OSEM iterations. The raw-data projections are produced using Monte Carlo simulations of an anthropomorphic phantom, including tumours in the liver. Two General Electric (GE) collimators are evaluated, the extended low-energy general-purpose (ELEGP) and the medium energy general-purpose (MEGP) collimator. Three main areas of reconstruction are investigated. First the reconstructions are performed for so called full time scans with the acquisition time used clinically. Also the effect of performing the examination in half-time or with half the injected activity is evaluated with the most optimal settings gained from the full time scans for both collimators. In addition images reconstructed without model-based compensation are also included for comparison. This study is a continuation of a previous study on 111In-pentetrotide SPECT where collimator choice and model-based compensation were evaluated for a cylindrical phantom representing small tumours in liver background. As in the previous study, ELEGP proved to be the better collimator. For ELEGP, the most optimal setting was 30 projection angles and a subset size of 6 projections in the OSEM reconstruction, and for MEGP optimal setting was 60 projections and 4 subsets. The difference between the different collimator settings were, however, rather small but proven significant. For both collimators the half-time scan including model-based compensation was better compared to the full-time reconstructions without model-based compensation.

Not available / text

Not available / text