This study aims at evaluating the clinical outcomes with the use of Polymyxin B, antibiotic that is being increasingly used across the current needs of antimicrobial therapy. Was developed in the 40s for the treatment of gram-negative bacilli, and fell into disuse because of its toxicity, mainly renal. Despite this increased use is poorly understood its true efficacy and its toxicity profile (ZAVASCKI et al., 2010, p.71). Among the clinical outcomes analyzed the mortality at 30 days and the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI). This evaluation was made by means of a retrospective cohort study, based on data collection from medical records of adult patients admitted to the University Hospital of Santa Maria (HUSM), who received Polymyxin B for more than 48 hours. For evaluation of the nephrotoxicity RIFLE criteria were used. The diagnosis of infection was made according to the criteria of the National Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa). We evaluated 53 patients, mean age 56 years, 29 (55%) men and 24 (45%) women. AKI occurred in 25 (53%) participants, with an average start of 8.5 (± 4.9) days. In thirty days, 12 (48%) patients showed improvement of renal function to pretreatment levels. Doses above 25 mg / kg / day and previous normal renal function, doses were positively correlated with worsening kidney. Regarding the clinical outcome observed that 29 (55%) had a favorable outcome at 14 days. Eighteen (34%) participants died within 30 days after initiation of treatment. As risk factors for death were found combined use with other active drug to BGN resistant to carbapenems (p-value 0.028, RR 13 CI 1.3 to 130), and SOFA score greater than eight (p-value <0.029, RR 1.3 CI 15 to 179). The conclusion is based on these findings, the mortality related to use of Polymyxin B is dependent on the degree of comorbidities presented by the patient (SOFA) and the use or not of combination therapy. This last finding may be due to a bias of severity of infection. When it was found that nephrotoxicity is an agent with nephrotoxic potential, and that the occurrence of AKI is influenced by the prescribed daily dosage. The fact of the LRA have been more frequent in patients without renal injury corroborates the hypothesis that greater care with other causative factors for AKI may decrease its occurrence in patients using polymyxin B. / Este estudo tem como objetivo a avaliação dos desfechos clínicos com a utilização da Polimixina B, antibiótico que vem sendo cada vez mais utilizado frente às necessidades atuais de terapia antimicrobiana. Foi desenvolvido na década de 40 para o tratamento de bacilos gram-negativos (BGN) e, entrou em desuso devido a sua toxicidade, principalmente renal. Apesar deste crescente uso permanece pouco entendidos a sua real eficácia e seu perfil de toxicidade (ZAVASCKI et al., 2010, p.71). Dentre os desfechos clínicos analisados incluíram-se a mortalidade em 30 dias e a ocorrência de lesão renal aguda (LRA). Essa avaliação foi feita por meio de uma coorte retrospectiva, baseada na coleta de dados do prontuário médico de pacientes adultos, internados no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (HUSM), que receberam Polimixina B por mais de 48 horas. Para avaliação da nefrotoxicidade foram utilizados os critérios Risk Injury Failure Loss Endstage renal disease(RIFLE). O diagnóstico das infecções foi feito conforme os critérios da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Foram avaliados 53 pacientes, com idade média de 56 anos, sendo 29 (55%) homens. Ocorreu LRA em 25 (47%) participantes, com média de início de 8,5 (±4,9) dias. Em trinta dias, 12 (48%) dos pacientes apresentaram melhora da função renal a níveis pré-tratamento. Doses superiores a 25 mg/Kg/dia e função renal prévia normal, tiveram correlação positiva com a piora renal. Quanto ao desfecho clínico observamos que 29 (55%) tiveram um desfecho favorável em 14 dias. Dezoito (34%) participantes faleceram em 30 dias após o início do tratamento. Como fatores de risco para o óbito foram encontrados o uso combinado com outra droga ativa para BGN resistente à carbapenêmicos (p-valor 0,028, RR 13 IC 1,3-130), e escore SOFA superior a oito (p-value <0.029, RR 15 CI 1,3 to 179). Conclui-se com base nesses achados, que a mortalidade relacionada com uso da Polimixina B é dependente do grau de co-morbidades apresentado pelo paciente (escore SOFA) e do uso ou não de terapia combinada. Podendo esse ultimo achado dever-se a um viés de gravidade da infecção. Quando a nefrotoxicidade encontrou-se que é um agente com potencial nefrotóxico, e que a ocorrência da LRA é influenciada pela dose diária prescrita. O fato da LRA ter sido mais frequente em pacientes sem lesão renal prévia corrobora com a hipótese de que um maior cuidado com outros fatores causadores de LRA pode diminuir sua ocorrência em pacientes que utilizam Polimixina B.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:41:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 doria_rgs_dr_jabo.pdf: 805921 bytes, checksum: 7baf913cbb38741225210e93ed796dd6 (MD5) / Avaliaram-se os efeitos da perfusão regional intravenosa com anfotericina B, um antimicótico, em membros de equinos acometidos por pitiose, combinada com a excisão cirúrgica. Foram utilizados 16 equinos, jovens e adultos, da raça pantaneira, com pitiose em membro torácico ou pélvico, distalmente às articulações do cotovelo ou joelho, distribuídos em dois grupos experimentais. Um constituído de 12 equinos tratados, após excisão cirúrgica e termocauterização, por perfusão regional intravenosa do membro com anfotericina B (Ganf) e outro constituído de quatro equinos não tratados (controle, Gc). As feridas foram fotografadas e avaliadas antes do início do tratamento (D0) e após sete (D7), catorze (D14), vinte e um (D21), vinte e oito (D28), trinta e cinco (D35) e sessenta (D60) dias e foi realizado exame do aparelho locomotor. No Ganf, 92% dos animais apresentaram cicatrização das feridas de pitiose e no Gc 100% apresentaram recrudescência da afecção. No Ganf, 58% exigiram administração única de anfotericina B pela técnica de perfusão regional do membro e 42% exigiram uma readministração, após 14 dias. No Ganf, 33% apresentaram ulceração no local da administração da anfotericina B e 42% apresentaram aumento de volume do membro e dor à palpação na região perfundida pela anfotericina B. No Ganf, 100% dos animais apresentavam claudicação severa no D0 e 92% não apresentavam claudicação no D21. Conclui-se que a administração de anfotericina B, por perfusão regional intravenosa, promove a cura da pitiose, com mínimas reações adversas, sendo uma alternativa terapêutica para o tratamento de pitiose em membros de equinos. / The effects of intravenous regional perfusion with amphotericin B, an antifungal drug, in equine limbs with pythiosis associated with surgical excision were evaluated. 16 horses, young and adults, pantaneira breed, with pythiosis in thoracic or pelvic limbs, distally to the elbow or knee joints, were allocated into two experimental groups. One constituted by 12 horses treated, after surgical excision and thermocauterization, by intravenous regional limb perfusion with amphotericin B (Ganf) and other constituted by four not treated horses (control, Gc). The wounds were photographed and evaluated before the beginning of the treatment (D0) and after seven (D7), fourteen (D14), twenty-one (D21), twenty-eight (D28), thirty-five (D35) and sixty (D60) days and examination of the locomotor system was performed. 92% of the animals with pythiosis presented wound healing in Ganf and, in Gc, 100% presented recrudescence of the disease. In the Ganf, 58% of the animals needed single administration of amphotericin B by regional limb perfusion and 42% of the animals needed one more administration after 14 days. In the Ganf, 33% of the animals presented ulceration in the amphotericin B injection site and 42% of the animals presented limb edema and pain during palpation of the amphotericin B perfused region. In Ganf, 100% of the animals presented severe lameness at D0 and 92% of the animals presented no lameness at D21. It can be concluded that the administration of amphotericin B by intravenous regional perfusion promotes pythiosis remission with minimal side effects, being a therapeutic alternative to the pythiosis treatment in equine limbs.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:46:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pestana_kc_dr_arafcf.pdf: 1397611 bytes, checksum: 139f2c10e325976c56a9928f8e54e882 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Anfotericina B (AmB) é o fármaco de escolha para o tratamento das infecções fúngicas invasivas, importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes imunodeprimidos. A toxicidade da AmB na forma convencional tem estimulado o desenvolvimento de novas formulações para a administração do fármaco. Neste trabalho foram estudadas microemulsões óleo/água, contendo fosfatidilcolina de soja/tween 20 como agentes tensoativos, CaptexTM 200 como fase oleosa e tampão fosfato 50mM pH 7,2 como fase aquosa, com o objetivo de reduzir a toxicidade e aumentar a absorção oral da AmB. Os sistemas obtidos com diferentes proporções dos componentes foram descritos através de um diagrama de fase pseudo-ternário. As microestruturas foram caracterizadas por espalhamento dinâmico de luz (DLS), reologia, microscopia de luz polarizada e espalhamento de raios X a baixo ângulo (SAXS). Foi desenvolvido e validado um método por CLAE para a determinação de AmB em plasma para aplicação em estudo do perfil farmacocinético do fármaco veiculado na ME em ratos. A nefrotoxicidade da AmB foi avaliada pela determinação da creatinina plasmática dos ratos após administração oral da nova formulação desenvolvida (50 mg/kg), e comparada à administração da formulação convencional na mesma dose. Foi observado que o tamanho das gotículas das microemulsões aumenta quando a AmB é incorporada ao sistema. As amostras apresentaram comportamento Newtoniano e, dependendo da composição do sistema, antitixotropia foi observada. Também foi observado que a viscosidade aumenta com o aumento da fase oleosa assim como a formação de estruturas lamelares ordenadas que são desfavorecidas com a adição do fármaco. A incorporação do fármaco depende das proporções de fase oleosa e tensoativo. As interações da AmB... / Amphotericin B (AmB) is the drug of choice for therapy of invasive fungal infections, an important cause of morbidity and mortality among immunodeficient patients. The high toxicity of AmB in its conventional formulation have induced the development of innovative formulations for the drug administration. In this work, oil-in-water microemulsions containing soya phosphatidylcholine/Tween® 20 (1:1) as surfactant, captexTM 200 as oil phase, and phosphate buffer 50mM, pH 7.2 as aqueous phase were studied in order to reduce AmB toxicity and increase its oral absorption. Systems obtained with different proportions of the components were described by pseudoternary phase diagram. The microstructures of the system were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), rheological behavior, polarized light microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Was developed and validated a fast and selective HPLC method to determine AmB for application to study of pharmacokinetic profile of drug in rats. The nephrotoxicity of AmB was assessed by determining of rat plasma creatinine after oral administration of the novel formulation (50 mg/kg) and comparing with it a conventional formulation in the same dose. It was observed that the oil droplets size increase when AmB is incorporated into the system. The samples presented Newtonian behavior depending on the system composition. An anti-thixotropic behavior was found, as well, the viscosity increases withthe oil phase. The data showed the formation of ordered structures with lamellar arrangements in the drug unloaded systems and that order decrease with the drug incorporation. The AmB incorporation into the system was dependent on both the oil phase and surfactant. The interactions of AmB with the systems can control both the drug solubility and release... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Le gène CG4533 (l (2) efl, dcryAB) de la drosophile est un orthologue de la cristalline αB des vertébrés, qui code une petite protéine de choc thermique (sHsp). L'activité la plus importante des sHsps est de lier des protéines et de les protéger contre l'agrégation, empêchant l'accumulation de protéines partiellement dénaturées dans les cellules musculaires. La cristalline αB est également impliquée dans la phase initiale de différenciation du muscle squelettique. Il a été démontré que la cristalline αB joue un rôle clé dans la différenciation musculaire, et sa forme mutée est impliquée dans des desminopathies humaines. Mes résultats ont révélé que le gène dcryAB est spécifiquement exprimé dans les muscles des parois larvaires et que le profil d 'expression de dCryAB rappelle la localisation de l' orthologue αB-cristallin humain. En utilisant les anticorps polyclonaux générés, on a trouvé que la protéine dCryAB était abondamment exprimée dans tous les muscles de la paroi des larves, qu'elle s'accumulait dans une zone périnucléaire et présentait un profil strié au niveau des lignées M et Z. Pour évaluer le rôle de dcryAB dans le développement musculaire, l'atténuation des gènes spécifiques au muscle médiée par l'ARNi a été pratiquée. Le knockdown dcryAB conduit à des défauts importants dans la morphologie musculaire. La majorité des larves observées présentaient des défauts d'organisation des sarcomères, caractérisés par un motif irrégulier et flou des lignes Z dans les grands segments musculaires et un plus petit nombre de noyaux musculaires. Ce schéma sarcomérique aberrant était souvent associé à une scission musculaire entraînant une altération de l'attachement musculaire ou à la perte du muscle affecté. Les analyses ultrastructurales ont confirmé l'organisation altérée des sarcomères, révélant également des mitochondries à crêtes mitochondriales à peine visibles et une quantité accrue de glycogène entre les myofilaments. De plus, l'atténuation du dcryAB spécifiquement dans le mésoderme a conduit à une altération de la fonctionnalité des muscles larvaires et a affecté la durée de vie de la drosophile, ce qui implique le rôle du dcryAB dans le développement musculaire. Les études présentées ont également révélé que, dans les muscles larvaires de la drosophile, l'anticorps anti-vimentine de souris détectait une protéine co-localisée avec dCryAB dans la lignée Z et était présente dans la zone nucléaire. Je crois que Drosophila exprime des protéines qui correspondent à la troisième classe de filaments intermédiaires de vertébrés, qui partagent une distribution intracellulaire similaire avec leurs homologues vertébrés. Des approches co-IP ont confirmé que dCryAB interagit avec la protéine de type vimentine comme l'αB-cristalline interagit avec la desmine. Ainsi, il est attendu que la protéine de type vimentine puisse avoir des propriétés des protéines de filaments intermédiaires de troisième classe, renfermant de la vimentine et de la desmine. Des analyses effectuées suggèrent que dCryAB assure l'intégrité structurale des muscles somatiques en interagissant avec les protéines IF potentielles. Chez l'homme, la substitution de R120G dans l'αB-cristalline conduit à la perte de son activité chaperon IF et induit des agrégations de desmine dans les muscles, provoquant une myopathie liée à la desmine (DRM). L'avantage de la conservation de l'αB-cristalline a été pris pour tester si dCryAB muté Drosophila affiche des propriétés similaires à celle de son homologue vertébré. J'ai trouvé que l'expression musculaire spécifique de dCryABR120G muté a provoqué la formation d'agrégats intracellulaires contenant la protéine de type vimentine ainsi que dCryABR120G. Ces symptômes ont conduit à une faiblesse musculaire caractéristique des patients avec DRM. Mes études ont révélé que le dCryABR120G imite les effets de la mutation dans l'αB-cristalline humaine, donc Drosophila peut représenter un système modèle approprié pour étudier la DRM. / The Drosophila CG4533 (l(2)efl, dcryAB) gene is an orthologue of vertebrate αB-crystallin, which encodes a small heat shock protein (sHsp). The most prominent activity of sHsps is binding proteins and protecting them from aggregation, preventing the accumulation of partially denatured or improperly folded proteins in muscle cells. αB-­crystallin is also implicated in the initial phase of skeletal muscle differentiation. It was demonstrated that αB-­crystallin plays a key role in muscle differentiation and its mutated form is involved in human desminopathies. My results revealed that dcryAB gene is specifically expressed in larval body wall muscles and the dCryAB expression pattern was reminiscent of the localisation of its human orthologue αB-­crystallin. Using the generated polyclonal antibodies it was found that dCryAB protein was abundantly expressed in all larval body wall muscles, it was accumulated in a perinuclear area and displayed a striated pattern at the level of M-­ and Z-­lines. To assess the dcryAB role in muscle development RNAi-­mediated muscle-­specific gene attenuation was applied. The dcryAB knockdown led to formation of muscles characterised by significant defects in muscle morphology. The majority of the observed larvae exhibited defects in sarcomeric organisation, characterised by an irregular, fuzzy pattern of Z-­lines in large muscle segments and smaller number of muscle nuclei. This aberrant sarcomeric pattern was often associated with muscle splitting leading to an altered muscle attachment or to the loss of the affected muscle. Ultrastuctural analyses confirmed altered sarcomeres organisation, revealing also mitochondria with barely visible mitochondrial crests and increased amount of glycogen between myofilaments. Moreover, dcryAB attenuation specifically in mesoderm led to impaired functionality of larval muscles and affected Drosophila life span, implicating dcryAB role in muscle development. Presented studies also revealed that in Drosophila larval muscles mouse anti-­vimentin antibody detected a protein which co-­localised with dCryAB in the Z-­line and was present in the nuclear area. I believe that Drosophila expresses proteins that correspond to the third class of vertebrate intermediate filaments, which share a similar intracellular distribution with their vertebrate counterparts. Using co-­IP approaches it was confirmed that dCryAB interacts with the vimentin-­like protein like αB-­crystallin interacts with desmin. Thus it is expected that the vimentin-­like protein may have properties of the third class intermediate filament proteins, enclosing vimentin and desmin. Performed analyses suggest that dCryAB ensures structural integrity of somatic muscles by interacting with potential IF proteins. In human, R120G substitution in αB-­crystallin leads to the loss of its IF chaperone activity and induces aggregations of desmin in muscles, causing desmin-­related myopathy (DRM). The advantage of the αB-­crystallin conservation has been taken to test whether Drosophila mutated dCryAB displays similar properties as its vertebrate counterpart. I found that muscle-­specific expression of mutated dCryABR120G caused formation of intracellular aggregates containing the vimentin-­like protein as well as dCryABR120G. These symptoms led in consequence to muscle weakness, which is characteristic for patients with DRM. My studies revealed that mutated dCryABR120G mimics effects of mutation in human αB-­crystallin, therefore Drosophila may represent a suitable model system to study DRM.

Environ 30% du dioxyde de carbone produit par des activités humaines est absorbé par l’océan menant à une diminution de pH d’eau de mer et de l’état de saturation de carbonate de calcium (CaCO3). L’acidification des océans engendrera probablement de profonds changements dans les écosystèmes marins, en particulier chez les organismes marins calcifiants. Les coccolithophoridés produisent avec les foraminifères plus de 90% des carbonates pélagiques dans l’océan actuel. Les expériences de culture ont montré que la réponse des coccolithophoridés à l’acidification des océans varie au sein d’une même espèce ce qui complique l’estimation de l’impact global sur le cycle de carbone et des rétroactions sur le climat. En effet, la sensibilité des organismes et les réponses vis-à-vis de l’augmentation du CO2 dissous dans l’océan et donc de la diminution du pH de l’eau de mer sont différentes. Les conséquences de la calcification sur les coccolithophoridés sont encore très peu décrites et quantifiées. Les coccolithes sont formés à l’intérieur de la cellule dans une vésicule interne. Le pH à l’intérieur de cette vésicule est un paramètre central qui détermine la précipitation de la calcite et donc de la formation des coccolithes. Actuellement, le pH de la vésicule ne peut pas être précisément mesuré et c’est la mesure indirecte de paramètres géochimies qui nous permet d’estimer ces processus. La capacité de réguler le pH de la vésicule vis-à-vis des changements du pH d’eau de mer permet la précipitation de calcite et détermine l’adaptation potentielle de certainscoccolithophoridés à l’acidification des océans. Deux souches d’E. huxleyi ont été cultivées dans des cultures en batchs dilués dans trois conditions pH différentes afin d’évaluer les modalités de réponse aux variations du pH de l’eau de mer. Des paramètres physiologiques incluant le taux de croissance, le POC et le PIC et ont été examinés, en parallèle aux mesures de B/Ca et δ11B dans la calcite des coccolithes pour progresser sur la compréhension de ces mécanismes intracellulaire et sur l’existence d’une relation entre ces paramètres et le pH pour évaluer le potentiel de l’isotopie du bore comme proxy du paleo-pH. / About 30% of the carbon dioxide produced by human activities is absorbed by the ocean leading to a decrease of seawater pH and saturation state of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The subsequent ocean acidification is likely to result in profound changes in marine ecosystems, in particular among the marine calcifiers. Coccolithophorides together with foraminifera produce more than 90% of the pelagic carbonate in the modern ocean. Culture experiments have shown that the response of coccolithophores to pH varies between and within species, thus complicating our understanding of the overall impact biological response on the carbon cycle and feedbacks on climate. Indeed, different sensitivities to increase dissolved CO2 and decrease seawater pH, and their consequences on calcification exist among coccolithophores, but they are still not fully described nor quantified. Calcareous coccoliths are formed inside the cell in an internal vesicle called the coccolith vesicle. The pH inside the coccolith vesicle would be a key parameter in determining calcite precipitation and therefore coccolith formation. Currently the coccolith vesicle pH cannot be accurately measured and thus estimates have to be based on indirect geochemical evidences. The capacity of the coccolith vesicle to regulate pH allowing for calcite precipitation could explain the resilience of somecoccolithophores to ocean acidification. To further explore this hypothesis, two strains of E. huxleyi were grown in batch cultures under three different pH conditions to assess their response to changing seawater pH. Physiological parameters including growth rate, POC and PIC were examine, in addition to assessing changes in the vesicle pH by measuring B/Ca and δ11B in coccolith calcite and evaluate the potential of boron for paleo-pH reconstruction.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-11T13:13:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOÃO FERNANDES DUARTE NETO - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGCEMat) 2015.pdf: 2295774 bytes, checksum: d73166400ea15685ca449c373a12dc20 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-11T13:13:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOÃO FERNANDES DUARTE NETO - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGCEMat) 2015.pdf: 2295774 bytes, checksum: d73166400ea15685ca449c373a12dc20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / Este trabalho investigou o processo de adsorção, equilibrio e cinética de argilas esmectíticas da cidade de Boa Vista (Paraíba), usadas como adsorventes de corantes com comportamentos químicos distintos - rodamina B (RB), catiônico, e alaranjado de metila (AL), aniônico - em meio aquoso. Essas argilas foram escolhidas devido às suas propriedades características do argilomineral esmectítico, que possui sítios quimicamente ativos, provocado pela substituição isomórfica e interação das arestas, tornando-o atrativo sua aplicação para fins adsortivos. As argilas utilizadas são conhecidas como bentonita chocolate e bentonita chocobofe. Esses materiais foram utilizados na forma natural e após tratamento com carbonato de sódio, ácido clorídrico e organofilização (sal quaternário de amônio PRAEPAGEN). Todos os adsorventes foram caracterizados por fluorescência de raios X, difração de raios X, análises térmicas (TG, DTG e DTA) e determinação de tamanho de partícula. Os ensaios de adsorção dos corantes foram examinados por sistema de bateladas, alterando tempo de contato, quantidade de adsorvente, concentração dos corantes e pH inicial. Para a análise do comportamento de adsorção foi utilizado espectrofotometria UV-VIS. O modelo de isoterma de Freundlich foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais das argilas naturais e modificadas. Porém nos processos adsortivos envolvendo as argilas organofilizadas, na interação com RB, tanto o modelo de Langmuir como o de Freundlich apresentaram um bom ajuste aos dados experimentais. Os dados cinéticos de adsorção foram ajustados ao modelo de pseudo-segunda ordem (R2>0,9). Os testes de capacidades de adsorção permitiram concluir que a maior eficiência em remover a RB ocorre quando as argilas são tratadas com ácido clorídrico. A maior eficiência na remoção do AL ocorre quando as argilas estudadas foram as organofilizadas. De modo geral, as argilas esmectíticas estudadas se mostraram adsorventes adequados para a remoção do corante RB, sendo, no entanto, necessário tratamentos específicos para maximizar ou melhorar a capacidade de adsorção dos corantes RB e AL. / This study investigated the process of adsorption, equilibrium and kinetics, of smectite clays from Boa Vista of Paraíba used as chemical adsorbents of dyes with different ionic behavior in aqueous media. Smectite clays known as chocolate and chocobofe and the dyes Rhodamine B (RB) (cationic) and Methyl Orange (AL), (anionic) were used in this study. The adsorbents were characterized by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis (TG, DTA and DTG) and determination of particle size. Clays have been used in natural form and after treatment with sodium carbonate, acid and organophilization (quaternary ammonium salt – PRAEPAGEN). The dye adsorption was examined by a batch system, changing: contact time, amount of adsorbent, dye concentration and initial pH. UVVIS spectrophotometry was used for the analysis of the adsorption behavior. The clays were characterized as smectite clays and the efficiency of the treatments was confirmed by X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction. The model of Freundlich isotherm presented the best fit to the experimental data of natural clays. However, in the adsorptive processes involving clays organophilizated both the Langmuir model and the Freundlich model showed good fitting to the experimental data. The kinetic adsorption data were fitted to the model of pseudo-second order (R2> 0.9). The adsorption capacities test showed that the highest efficiency in removing RB occurs when the clays are treated with hydrochloric acid. The highest efficiency of the removal of AL occurs when the clays are organophilizated. In general, the smectite clays were suitable adsorbent for the removal of the dye RB. However, special treatment is necessary to maximize or improve the adsorption ability of the dyes AL and RB.

Les propriétés de symétrie d'un objet représenté sous la forme d'un modèle B-Rep CAO sont analysées localement et globalement à travers une approche de type diviser pour conquérir. La surface frontière de l'objet est décrite à partir de surfaces canoniques fréquemment utilisées dans les formes de composants mécaniques. La première phase de l'analyse consiste en la génération de faces et d'arêtes maximales indépendantes du processus de modélisation de l'objet mais préservant ses propriétés de symétrie. Ces faces et arêtes constituent des ensembles infinis de points traités globalement. La seconde phase est l'étape de division consistant en la création de plan et axes de symétrie de candidats pour les faces et arêtes maximales générées précédemment. Enfin, suit l'étape de propagation de ces plans et axes de symétrie représentant la phase de conquête et déterminant les propriétés de symétrie locales et globales de l'objet et caractérisant ses zones non-symétriques. / Symmetry properties of objects described as B-Rep CAD models are analyzed locally as well as globally through an approach of type divide-and-conquer. The boundary of the object is defined using canonical surfaces frequently used when shaping mechanical components. Then, the first phase consists in generating maximal faces and edges that are independent from the object modelling process but that preserve its symmetry properties. These faces and edges form infinite sets of points that are processed globally. The second phase is the division one that creates candidate symmetry planes and axes attached to the previous maximal edges and faces. Finally, comes the propagation step of these candidate symmetry planes and axes forming the conquer phase that determines the local as well as the global symmetries of the object while characterizing its asymmetric areas.

Dans le système immunitaire, l’activation des cellules B nécessite la reconnaissance spécifique par les récepteurs membranaires des cellules B des antigènes portés par cellules présentatrices d’antigènes (macrophages, cellules dendritiques, …). Cette reconnaissance se traduit par une accumulation de protéines adhésives constituant une structure moléculaire appelée synapse immunologique, à partir de laquelle sont extraits les antigènes. Les mécanismes biologiques impliqués dans l’extraction d’antigènes par les cellules B sont encore mal connus. Dans notre étude, nous proposons d’utiliser des gouttes d’huile dont la surface est fonctionnalisée par des anticorps, comme substrat pour l’activation des cellules B. Ces gouttes présentent l’intérêt de posséder une interface liquide et d'être déformables (mesure de forces possible). Afin de mettre en contact les gouttes fonctionnalisées avec les cellules B, nous avons fabriqué un réseau de pièges ayant la forme d’un U répartis dans une chambre microfluidique. La forme de cette chambre a été optimisée de manière à garantir un remplissage efficace des pièges. Le dispositif expérimental mis au point permet de mettre en contact une goutte fonctionnalisée par des anticorps et une cellule B dans plusieurs pièges en parallèle, et d’observer l’évolution du contact dans le temps par microscopie. Nous avons observé que le contact goutte/cellule induisait une accumulation d’anticorps greffés à la goutte au niveau de la zone de contact. La cinétique d’accumulation est mesurée. Des observations en fluorescence des lysosomes des cellules B montrent une polarisation vers la zone de contact, suggérant une réponse de la part de la cellule. / In the immune system, B cell activation is triggered by the specific binding of the B cell receptors with the antigens present on antigen-presenting cells like macrophage, dendritic cells, ... This recognition leads to an accumulation of adhesive proteins at the contact. This molecular structure is called immune synapse, from which the antigens are extracted by the B cell. The precise biological mechanisms implied in the extraction of antigens are still unknown. In our work, we propose to use antibody-coated oil droplets as substrates for the activation of B cells. These droplets have the advantage to have a liquid surface, allowing the antibodies-coated diffusion at their surface. Moreover, these droplets are potentially deformable, so they behave as cellular force probes. Lastly, the droplets have the same size of the B cells, so they mimic the antigen-presenting cells. In order to put in contact the B cells with the droplets, we fabricated a regular network of microfluic traps with U-shape in a microfluic chamber. The shape of the chamber has been optimized to guaranty a good trapping efficiency. Using the traps, we have been able to put into contact one antibody-coated droplet with one B cell in several traps in parallel, and to observe the contact in function of time by fluorescence microscopy. We observed an accumulation of the antibodies coated on the droplet at the surface of contact. The kinetics of accumulation has been measured and the time scale of accumulation has been deduced. Also, observations with fluorescence showed a polarization of the lysosomes near the contact, suggesting a B cell response.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-06-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:08:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_jm_me_rcla.pdf: 420849 bytes, checksum: 96e572c023cf9e826bcf7705b8a27d24 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Durante o desenvolvimento da criança, a manipulação de objetos provoca no bebê o interesse por novas experiências. Estudos sobre alcançar e manipular objetos sugerem que o desenvolvimento destas habilidades depende de experiências prévias de ver e tocar. Porém o alcance não depende só de ver o alvo mas também de algumas características de controle motor, pois mesmo quando a criança olha para o objeto, ela pode cometer erros de direção de alcance. Um exemplo sobre errar qual objeto deve ser alcançado é o erro da perseveração. A perseveração motora no ato de alcançar mostra o envolvimento entre eventos de controle motor e percepção, planejamento, decisão e execução dentro da dinâmica corporal. Sendo assim, perseveração é definida como uma reposta repetitiva e inapropriada ao estímulo. Por exemplo: porque somos acostumados a dirigir um carro com câmbio manual quando dirigimos um carro com câmbio automático é comum pisarmos no freio pensando que é a embreagem. Para testar a perseveração em crianças vários estudos utilizam a tarefa “A não B” que originalmente foi utilizada por Piaget em para entender o desenvolvimento cognitivo infantil. Esta tarefa consiste em, após mostrar um objeto para um bebê, escondê-lo em um de dois locais (ex., um buraco numa caixa). Após 5 segundos de espera o experimentador permite a criança procurar pelo objeto escondido. O fato é que após alguns alcances no mesmo local, mesmo que a criança observe o experimentador esconder o objeto em outro local, a criança volta a procurar o objeto no local anterior. Existem várias linhas de pesquisas que estudam o porquê cometemos erros de perseveração... / During the development of the child, causing the manipulation of objects in the baby's interest for new experiences. Studies reach and manipulate objects suggest that the development of these skills depends on previous experience of seeing and touching. But the scope depends not only to see the target but also some characteristics of motor control, because even when the child looks at the subject, she may commit errors of direction of power. An example of mistakes which object to be achieved is the error of perseveration. The perseveration motor shows in the act of achieving the involvement of events between perception and motor control, planning, decision and implementation within the dynamic body. So perseveration is defined as a repetitive and inappropriate response to the stimulus. For example, because we are accustomed to driving a car with manual exchange rate when addressing a car with automatic exchange is common in oppress brake thinking that is the clutch. To test the perseveration children in several studies using the task A not B that was originally used by Piaget in order to understand the children's cognitive development. This is, after showing an object for a baby, hide it in one of two locations (eg, a hole in a box). After 5 seconds of waiting allows the investigator to search for the child hidden object...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:25:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 02241.pdf: 1892653 bytes, checksum: c831f374b76e36ff47d9ff166a65703c (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP