We study variants of P-frames and associated rings, which can be viewed as natural generalizations of the classical variants of P-spaces and associated rings. To be more precise, we de ne quasi m-rings to be those rings in which every prime d-ideal is either maximal or minimal. For a completely regular frame L, if the ring RL of real-valued continuous functions of L is a quasi m-ring, we say L is a quasi cozero complemented frame. These frames are less restricted than the cozero complemented frames. Using these frames we study some properties of what are called quasi m-spaces, and observe that the property of being a quasi m-space is inherited by cozero subspaces, dense z- embedded subspaces, and regular-closed subspaces among normal quasi m-space. M. Henriksen, J. Mart nez and R. G. Woods have de ned a Tychono space X to be a quasi P-space in case every prime z-ideal of C(X) is either minimal or maximal. We call a point I of L a quasi P-point if every prime z-ideal of RL contained in the maximal ideal associated with I is either maximal or minimal. If all points of L are quasi P-points, we say L is a quasi P-frame. This is a conservative de nition in the sense that X is a quasi P-space if and only if the frame OX is a quasi P-frame. We characterize these frames in terms of cozero elements, and, among cozero complemented frames, give a su cient condition for a frame to be a quasi P-frame. A Tychono space X is called a weak almost P-space if for every two zero-sets E and F of X with IntE IntF, there is a nowhere dense zero-set H of X such that E F [H. We present the pointfree version of weakly almost P-spaces. We de ne weakly regular rings by a condition characterizing the rings C(X) for weak almost P-spaces X. We show that a reduced f-ring is weakly regular if and only if every prime z-ideal in it which contains only zero-divisors is a d-ideal. We characterize the frames L for which the ring RL of real-valued continuous functions on L is weakly regular. We introduce the notions of boundary frames and boundary rings, and use them to give another ring-theoretic characterization of boundary spaces. We show that X is a boundary space if and only if C(X) is a boundary ring. A Tychono space whose Stone- Cech compacti cation is a nite union of closed subspaces each of which is an F-space is said to be nitely an F-space. Among normal spaces, S. Larson gave a characterization of these spaces in terms of properties of function rings C(X). By extending this notion to frames, we show that the normality restriction can actually be dropped, even in spaces, and thus we sharpen Larson's result. / Mathematics / D. Phil. (Mathematics)

Potential synergy effects and conflicts, so-called interactions, between a climate action that aims to mitigate the climate impact and five targets of the Sustainable Development Goals are identified in this study. The climate action is Conscious material choices for the frame, and the materials assessed are climate improved concrete and domestic wood. Standard concrete is used as the business as usual scenario. A pre-school building is used as an example building to demonstrate the difference in the climate impact of a frame made from the two materials assessed in the study. Life cycle assessments (LCA) of the frames shows that the domestic wood frame has a lower climate impact than the climate improved concrete frame.Two methods are used in this study. The first method is making an LCA for transportation of the materials assessed to see the environmental impact, and there is one scenario for each material where the transportation method is by a truck and one that is by train. The second method used for the study is a goal interaction scoring-method from “A draft framework for understanding SDG interactions” by Nilsson et al. (2016) that gives the interactions a score based on specific criteria. The scores are visualised in a colour coordinated matrix. The interactions generate synergies if the sums of the scores in the matrix are positive and will likely help accomplish the target. If the sums of the scores in the matrix are negative, it indicates that there are conflicts that could endanger the possibilities to reach the target.LCA of the transport scenarios shows that when the transportation distance is long, the climate impact is lowest when transporting as much as possible of the materials by train. Transporting the domestic wood for the frame by train (for longer distances) has a lower climate impact than transporting the climate improved concrete. For shorter distances, there is not a significant difference between transportation by truck or by train. The climate improved concrete gets score 0, meaning that there are neither positive nor negative interactions for the chosen material for the frame. The domestic wood gets the score +8, which indicates that there are synergies. Both the climate improved concrete and the domestic wood should not interfere with the accomplishment of the Sustainable Development Goal’s targets. However, the domestic wood for the frame generates more synergies and by choosing the domestic wooden frame for a building using a train as a transportation of the material when possible has the lowest environmental impact of the assessed materials for the frame. / <p>2020-06-08</p>

Membership in a social movement organization (SMO) and membership discourse provide space for participants to name and reconstitute their experiences, bodies, and self-images through an embodiment of organizational frames. This reconstitution is especially affirmed in the interaction of marginalized groups, such as individuals with disabilities, whom make up disability focused organizations and social movements. As a group with multiple intersectionalities, as well as an even smaller subsection of various marginalized populations, individuals with blindness face unique barriers when consideration of participants' identities and self-understandings is central in understanding entry as well as ongoing participation in organizations. Disability based organizations, represented by the National Federation of the Blind (NFB), must carefully frame the organizational membership of certain individuals whom could threaten cohesion through differing understanding of identities, not revolving around disability. This thesis is an examination of the organizational discourse and the "membership meetness" of participating persons in the NFB. Goffman’s notion of “breaking frame” theoretically informs this analysis of organizational discourse produced by the 'collective blind' in one of the oldest American disability social movement organizations to date. The NFB’s attempt to mitigate the “broken frame” introduced by the incorporation of members whom are not seemingly suitable and do not self identify as blind, into an overwhelmingly blindness based enterprise is to strategically mend existing frames to reinterpret extant social norms. The purpose of this thesis is to use a grounded theory approach, to tease out how membership is framed. In the NFB, frame alignment is accomplished by: framing blindness through allies transformed as friends, framing blindness as a characteristic, framing blindness as respectability, and framing blindness through rhetorical humor in narrative. The above four frames to disability based social movements offers researchers the opportunity to understand how groups attempt to integrate into their activities members who lack “membership meetness” while simultaneously garnering support and advancing interests within the larger movement. / text

Traditional seismic design philosophy for reinforced concrete seismic frame structures localises damage and inelastic deformation to regions of significant plasticity within the beam (plastic hinge zones) during a severe earthquake event. Collapse prevention of the frame is applied through capacity design methods, requiring the maximum expected flexural strength of the beam plastic hinges to be reliably assessed in order to design for, and ensure, the predominantly elastic flexural response of the columns in the frame. Previous experimental and numerical investigations have shown that significant and detrimental damage to the frame and floor system occurs due to the formation and elongation of ductile beam plastic hinges; requiring extensive post-earthquake repair or demolition with likely loss of function of the building. This poses significant economic consequences to occupiers of the building, as the time required to reinstate the integrity of the structural and non-structural building components is often lengthy. More importantly, it has been highlighted that the interaction between elongating ductile plastic hinges and the accompanying floor system enhances the flexural strength of the beam hinges, altering the distribution of forces in the seismic frame compared to that assumed during capacity design. Research has shown that the consideration of frame-floor interaction in current New Zealand design codes significantly underestimates the flexural strength enhancement of beam plastic hinges, threatening the hierarchy of strength and collapse prevention mechanisms employed in capacity design. Recent research has introduced change in the design philosophy of precast concrete seismic frames. Rather than designing for localised damage in the frame, unique Non-tearing (of the floor) connection details have been developed which provide a gap or slot between the end of the beam and column face and force connection rotation to occur about a shallow hinge located at the top of the beam, thereby avoiding the formation of plastic hinges and associated beam elongation effects altogether. Research investigations have shown that Non-tearing connections successfully minimise damage to the structural frame and floor, while providing seismic energy dissipation characteristics at least comparable to that of traditional reinforced concrete connections. In this research, the mechanics of different non-tearing connection arrangements were investigated and original theory introduced for the aspects of connection behaviour which diverged from fundamental reinforced concrete design. A variety of precast concrete non-tearing connection details were developed, with the design focus placed on economic and construction efficiency in order to encourage the rapid implementation of non-tearing connection technology into New Zealand construction industry. The performance of the developed connection details were explored and assessed experimentally and analytically. A two bay precast concrete frame with precast floor system was tested under a demanding reversed cyclic, quasi-static loading protocol using displacement control. The seismic response of the non-tearing connection details employed in the test frame successfully minimised damage to the frame and floor systems. Only minor repair of one primary crack at each connection between the floor diaphragm and supporting beam would be required after a design level earthquake. Issues encountered with buckling of the longitudinal reinforcement in the bottom of the beam reduced the connection performance at high levels of drift. However, detailing measures were successfully employed in successive tests which improved the drift capacity of the connections. Detailing improvements to enhance the seismic response of the developed non-tearing connections were recommended based observations from the frame test. Numerical analysis of the non-tearing connection details was performed using simple rotational and compound spring models, with the key features of the experimental response captured with excellent accuracy. The analytical models were constructed using engineering theory, rather than by calibration with experimental observations. The modelling assumptions and principles adopted in the analysis have been presented for use in design offices or future research programmes when designing and analysing seismic frames using non-tearing connections. This research successfully contributed to the development and progression of non-tearing frame technology. With further research and the refinement of construction details, non-tearing floor connections exhibit impressive potential for providing superior seismic safety, performance and efficiency in precast concrete seismic frame buildings.

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Despite the wealth of interest in South Mexico’s Ejercito Zapatista Liberacion Nacional (EZLN), few studies have attempted to deconstruct the discourse of the Zapatistas according to its component parts. Most scholars have so far addressed the Zapatistas from the standpoint of political theory, international relations or anthropology, and in so doing have tended to engage primarily with broader polemical agendas. Furthermore, in their determination to typologise the Zapatistas as ‘this’ or ‘that’ sort of movement, scholars have overlooked the nuances and shades of meaning that exist within the Zapatista discourse, as well as the evolution of those meanings over time. As a result, the content and ongoing construction of the Zapatistas’ message has been eclipsed by a more encompassing, contested, and ultimately chimeric quest to reify the movement’s ‘essence’ or ‘truth’. This thesis represents an empirical analysis of the EZLN’s collective discourse that focuses on the content and constructed nature of their collective action frames. Combining three strands of social movement frame analysis, it avers to draw-out the ever-changing detail of the EZLN’s discursive output and so add value to the debates that surround the Zapatistas. It also makes several theoretical contributions to social movement frame analysis.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1993 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / This paper describes algorithms implemented by the Magellan High Rate Processor to recover radar data corrupted by the failure of an onboard tape recorder that dropped bits. For data with error correction coding, an algorithm was developed that decodes data in the presence of bit errors and missing bits. For the SAR data, the algorithm takes advantage of properties in SAR data to locate corrupted bits and reduce there effects on downstream processing. The algorithms rely on communication approaches, including an efficient tree search and the Viterbi algorithm to maintain the required throughput rate.

Model formulas are the standard approach for specifying the variables in statistical models in the S language. Although being eminently useful in an extremely wide class of applications, they have certain limitations including being confined to single responses and not providing convenient support for processing formulas with multiple parts. The latter is relevant for models with two or more sets of variable, e.g., regressors/instruments in instrumental variable regressions, two-part models such as hurdle models, or alternative-specific and individual-specific variables in choice models among many others. The R package Formula addresses these two problems by providing a new class "Formula" (inheriting from "formula") that accepts an additional formula operator | separating multiple parts and by allowing all formula operators (including the new |) on the left-hand side to support multiple responses. / Series: Research Report Series / Department of Statistics and Mathematics

Thesis advisor: Paul Gray / Over the past half-century, the percentage of U.S. Catholic secondary school teachers that are laypeople has skyrocketed from approximately 10% in the 1950s to more than 90% in 2006. With this change comes many important issues that beg to be studied in terms of labor relations between these lay employees and the Roman Catholic Church. While the Church has repeatedly made statements in support of labor unions such as in Laborem Exercens, the relations between lay teacher associations and Catholic dioceses in the U.S. have not always mirrored these ideals. This dissertation investigates the case of one organization, the Catholic Teachers Union (CTU), which represents over two-hundred lay teachers at eight high schools in the diocese of Camden, NJ. Using interviews, content analysis, and archival analysis, the investigator found that the union overcame diocesan opposition by deliberately framing (through media outlets and direct communication) their movement and message as strongly connected to Catholic doctrine, Catholic Social Thought, and Church teachings. This "moral framing" helped the union gain support from the parent-consumers sending their children to these schools, which contributed greatly to the union's recognition in 1984 and then their negotiation of nine contracts for diocesan lay teachers. Incorporating Erving Goffman's Frame Analysis, Johnston and Noakes schema for Social Movement Framing, James Coleman and Thomas Hoffer's concept of Social Capital and Intergenerational Closure, and the concept of Community Unionism, the author concludes that CTU can be considered a leader in lay teacher-Catholic Church labor relations and that its tactic of moral framing can inform other unions and the larger labor movement. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Sociology.