The in-plane properties of paperboard have always been of interest to paper scientists. Tensile properties are crucial when the board is fed through converting machines at high speeds. Compressive properties are essential in the later use. Inhomogeneities affect both the compressive and tensile properties. For the tensile properties, it is the inherent heterogeneity of the paperboard that might cause problems for the board-maker. Varying material properties, through the thickness of the paperboard, are on the other hand used to achieve high bending stiffness with low fiber usage. It is of interest to know how this practice affects the local compressive properties. Papers A and B aims to address this, while C, D and E focus on in-plane heterogeneities. Paper A investigates the mechanism that causes failure in the short span compression test (SCT). It was concluded that the main mechanism for failure in SCT is delamination due to shear damage. In paper B the effect of the through-thickness profiles on the local compression strength was examined. It was concluded that the local compression is governed by in-plane stiffness and through thickness delamination. The latter was in turn dependent on the local shear strength and in-plane stiffness gradients. In paper C the tensile test is investigated with focus on sample size and strain distributions. The strain behavior was dependent on the length to width ratio of the sample and was caused by activation of local zones with high strainability. Paper D focuses on the strain zones seen in C. The thermal response in paper was studied. It was observed that an inhomogeneous deformation pattern arose in the paper samples during tensile testing. It was concluded that the heat patterns observed coincided with the deformation patterns. It could be shown that the formation was the cause of the inhomogeneous deformation. In final paper, E, the virtual field method was applied on data from C. / Egenskaperna hos ett kartongark kan grovt delas upp i två kategorier: i-planet egenskaper och ut-ur-planet egenskaper. I-planet egenskaperna har länge varit ett område som pappersmekanister och andra pappersforskare visat intresse för. Anledningen till detta är att de är avgörande för hur väl det går att konvertera kartongen till färdiga förpackningar, samt hur väl de förpackningarna klarar sin uppgift. Dragegenskaperna prövas när kartongen dras genom tryck- och konverteringsmaskiner i hög hastighet. Tryckegenskaperna spelar stor roll för hur väl en förpackning klarar att staplas och hålla sitt innehåll intakt. Inhomogeniteter påverkar både drag och tryckegenskaper. Papprets naturliga variation påverkar dragegenskaperna hos kartongen och kan orsaka problem för kartongmakarna. Särskilt när utvecklingen går mot mer avancerade kartong utseenden. Å andra sidan så använder sig kartongmakare flitigt av egenskapsvariationer genom tjockleken på kartongen, när dom vill åstadkomma böjstyva kartonger utan att slösa med fibrer. I detta fall är det intressant att veta hur de lokala kompressionsegenskaperna påverkas av kartongens ut-ur-planet profil. Det första två uppsatserna i denna avhandling, A och B, handlar om just detta. Uppsatserna C, D och E avhandlar hur i-planet variationer påverkar kartongens egenskaper. I Artikel A undersöks vilka skademekanismer som aktiveras under ett kortspannskompressionstest (SCT). Tre flerskiktskartonger undersöktes. De hade valts så att de hade distinkt olika skjuvstyrkeprofiler. Kartongerna karakteriserades och datan användes som materialdata i en finit element modell av SCT-testet. Modellen bestod av skikt, betraktade som kontinuum, mellan vilka det fanns kohesiva ytor. Huvudmekanismen i SCT var att kartongen delaminerade på grund av skjuvskador. Den andra uppsatsen, Artikel B, var en fortsättning på den första. Denna gång undersöktes fem flerskiktskartonger framtagna så att de hade olika skjuvstyrka beroende på positionen i tjockleksled. Det konstaterades att kompressionsegenskaperna lokalt styrs av skjuvstyrkeprofilen och styvhetsgradienter. Vidare konstaterades det att mekanismerna innan kartongen delaminerar är, i huvudsak, elastiska. Den tredje artikeln, Artikel C, fokuserade på hur dragprov på kartong påverkas av provstorleken och töjningsvariationen. Tre olika flerskiktskartonger användes som provmaterial och provbitar med olika storlek analyserades. Förutom dragprov så användes digital image correlation (DIC) för analysen. Det visade sig att den globala töjbarheten varierade med storleken på provet beroende på kvoten mellan längd och bredd. DIC visade att detta i sin tur berodde på att zoner med hög töjbarhet aktiverades i provet. Dessa zoner hade samma storlek oberoende av provstorlek och påverkade därför den totala töjbarheten olika mycket. Artikel D undersöker töjningszonerna som sågs i Artikel C samt hur de påverkas av kreppning. Vidare undersöktes pappersproverna med hjälp av termografi. Termografin visade att varma zoner uppstod i proven när det töjdes. Zonerna blev synliga när provet töjdes plastiskt. Termografi kördes parallellt med DIC på några prover. Det visade sig att de varma zonerna överenstämde med zoner med hög lokal töjning. Vidare kunde det visas att dessa zoner övenstämde med papperets mikrostruktur, formationen. En finit element analys av hur papper med olika formation töjs gjordes. Delar av provningen gjordes på kreppade papper som har högre töjbarhet. Det visades sig att någon form av skada hade överlagrats på papprets mikrostruktur under kreppningen, och att den deformationen återtogs när pappret töjdes. I den sista artikeln, Artikel E, behandlas hur VFM (Virtual Field Method) kan användas på DIC-data från kartong. DIC-datan som användes hämtades från Artikel C. Detta gjordes för att visa på hur olika VFM-formuleringar kan användas för att karakterisera styvhetsvariationen hos kartong. Provet delades upp i tre subregioner baserat på den axiella töjningsgraden. VFM-analysen visade att dessa subregioners styvhet och tvärkontraktionstal sjönk monotont, men att skillnaden mellan regionerna ökade med ökande spänning. även om endast ett prov undersöktes, så indikerade resultaten att områden med hög styvhet endast förbättrar de mekaniska egenskaperna marginellt. Analysen visade också att även om subregionerna inte är sammanhängande, så har dom liknande mekaniska egenskaper. / <p>QC 20160429</p>

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 21, 2002 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / Shaped Offset QPSK (SOQPSK), as proposed and analyzed by Terrance Hill, is a family of constant envelope waveforms that is non-proprietary and exhibits excellent spectral containment and detection efficiency. Results for two variants, defined as SOQPSK-A and -B, have previously been presented. However, it remains to be seen whether or not even more attractive choices exist. This paper explores the bandwidth and power efficiency trade-offs of the entire SOQPSK family using computer simulations and analytical performance bounds.

<p>In this report we describe simulation of the surface current density on a PEC cylinder and the diffracted field for a line source above a finite PEC ground plane as a means to verify the Nero2D program. The results are compared with the exact solution and give acceptable errors. A terrain model for a communication link is studied in the report and we simulate the wave propagation for terrain with irregular shapes and different materials. The Nero2D program is based on the fast multipole method (FMM) to reduce computation time and memory. Gaussian sources are also studied to make the terrain model more realistic</p>

No description available.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze anatomical spatial limitations of the existing bone for maxillary anterior implant placement in normal subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty Two (52) Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans were selected. A 3i Osteotite (6 x 15mm) implant was superimposed on tooth positions from the right first premolar to left first premolar on reformatted cross sectional mages of maxillary anterior teeth. For the first trial, the implant was positioned following the alveolar bone axis. Utilizing Invivo 5 Software (Anatomage), the proximal overlaps between superimposed implants were evaluated at successive vertical steps of 2.5 mm. The prospective crown angulation or PCA (defined as the angulation between the crown axis and alveolar bone axis) was measured. The inter-canine distance across the arch, the palatal plane length and the palatal bony angulation (defined as the angulation between the palatal surface and the alveolar bone axis) were also measured. For the second trial, implant positioning followed a prosthetic driven position; the crown axis. The crown axis was defined as a line drawn from the midpoint of a line between the mid buccal/lingual CEJ to the incisal edge. The crest height and the apical height at which the implant's 1mm sleeve penetrated the buccal wall were calculated. RESULTS: The implant position at the central incisor and lateral incisor presented the highest percentage of overlap in both the biologically and prosthetically driven positions. The prospective crown angulation was higher at the location of the lateral incisor compared to the central incisor and canine position. The association between the remaining anatomical parameters and the prevalence of overlap was analyzed with bi-serial correlation. There was no significant relationship among any of these parameters. When the implant was simulated in a prosthetically driven position, the lateral incisor implant position frequently showed perforation at 5mm apical to the buccal crest margin demonstrating this position as highly sensitive. SUMMARY: The data demonstrated that the constriction of the alveolar bony volume in the anterior maxilla could affect implant placement. Understanding this bone morphology suggests a major limitation in the central/lateral positions which might require bone grafting. A new unique reference plane was utilized for this study. / 2018-09-28T00:00:00Z

Thesis. 1977. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Mathematics. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE. / Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / Ph.D.

Os métodos, mais divulgados na literatura, para a avaliação da relação ânteroposterior entre a maxila e a mandíbula, receberam considerações. Alguns utilizavam pontos cefalométricos em estruturas anatômicas longe da região avaliada (ângulo ANB), outros como a avaliação Wits apresentavam instabilidade e variação do plano oclusal e, o plano MM° Bisector ou a avaliação ProjUSP que utilizavam muitos pontos cefalométricos e uma complexa técnica de traçado cefalométrico. Para facilitar esta avaliação, propusemos a utilização do plano PmA, com projeção ortogonal apenas do ponto B, para que somente com 3 pontos fosse possível alcançar uma confiável avaliação da relação ântero-posterior entre a maxila e a mandíbula. Para tanto a correlação entre a avaliação (PlanUSP) e os ângulos ANB e FABA e as avaliações Wits e Tpi foi pesquisada em uma amostra com 85 indivíduos, sendo 47 Classe I e 38 Classe II de Angle. Com a análise estatística obtivemos significativa correlação entre a avaliação PlanUSP e as outras medidas e avaliações pesquisadas, tanto para indivíduos Classe I como Classe II de Angle. Conclusão: a avaliação PlanUSP mostrou ser um método com significativa correlação e homogeneidade com as medidas dos ângulos ANB e FABA e com os métodos Wits e TPi, na avaliação da relação ântero-posterior entre a maxila e a mandíbula. / The most published methods, for the anteroposterior jaw relationship appraisal, have got consideration. Some of them used cephalometric points in the anatomical structures far from the evaluated area (ANB angle), others as the Wits appraisal got instability and alteration of the occlusal plane and some others like MMº Bisector plane and ProjUSP evaluation used many cephalometric points and a complex cephalometric tracing technique. The aim of this paper is making easier the assessment of the anteroposterior jaw relationship by using the PmA plane with perpendicular drawing from just point B, with only a 3 point way, that may get possible a reliable anteroposterior jaw relationship assessment. The correlation among the PlanUSP appraisal and the ANB and FABA angles and the Wits and TPi appraisals was researched with a sample of 85 subjects (47 Class I and 38 Class II). The statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between the PlanUSP appraisal and the others measurements and evaluations researched, as if Class I or Class II subjects. Conclusion: The PlanUSP appraisal showed to be a method with a significant correlation and homogeneity with the ANB and FABA angles measurements and the Wits and TPi methods for the anteroposterior jaw relationship assessments.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-09-03T18:27:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 TCC_Edimaldo.pdf: 3619434 bytes, checksum: b9b582bc1ad35048577a58c5772fc639 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-03T18:27:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 TCC_Edimaldo.pdf: 3619434 bytes, checksum: b9b582bc1ad35048577a58c5772fc639 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-01 / This work aimed to propose the use of the software GeoGebra - Operating System Linux - as a tool for di erentiated content of Plane Geometry for High School. The relevance of this research lies in the fact of being a GeoGebra software free access which makes it possible to carry out the activities proposed in this work in any school that has a laboratory computer basics. It is also believed that a tool can be GeoGebra useful for promoting a dynamic di erentiated classes of plane geometry, usually worked Just chalk on blackboard. This study proposes the use of software in 5 topics: Resolution equation of the second degree by the geometric method, Cycle Trigonometric; Baricentro; Arc capable and Ret golden angle. The research proved satisfactory, reaching the objectives set and con? Rmando the hypotheses. The realization of this work is also intended to call the re? Exon educators living with the paradigm of new technologies within schools. It is expected that reading text presented to stimulate the use of information technology resources for the greater good that is the constant pursuit of a quality education for our students. / O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de propor a utilização do software GeoGebra - Sistema Operacional Linux - como ferramenta num ensino diferenciado dos conteúdos de Geometria Plana para o Ensino Médio. A relevância dessa pesquisa reside no fato do GeoGebra ser um software de livre acesso, o que torna possível realizar as atividades propostas nesse trabalho em qualquer escola que tenha um laboratório básico de informática. Acredita-se também que o GeoGebra pode ser uma ferramenta útil para promover uma dinâmica diferenciada nas aulas de Geometria Plana, geralmente trabalhadas apenas no quadro-giz. O presente estudo propõe a utilização do software em 05 tópicos: Resolução de equação do 2o grau pelo método geométrico, Ciclo Trigonométrico; Baricentro; Arco capaz e Retângulo de ouro. A pesquisa se mostrou satisfatória, atingindo os objetivos previstos e confi rmando as hipóteses levantadas. A realização desse trabalho visa também chamar à re exão os educadores que convivem com o paradigma das novas tecnologias dentro das escolas. Espera-se que leitura do texto apresentado possa estimular a utilização dos recursos de informática para um bem maior que é a busca constante de uma educação de qualidade para nossos alunos.

Objetivo: avaliar a relação entre o tipo facial e as variações da inclinação do Plano Oclusal e do ângulo ANB em indivíduos com oclusão normal. Material e Método: a amostra foi composta por 98 telerradiografias em norma lateral de 98 indivíduos (47 homens e 51 mulheres) com idade média de 15,2 anos (desvio padrão de 1,4 anos), com oclusão normal e perfil harmonioso. As radiografias foram digitalizadas em escala 1:1 eo programa Nemoceph (Nemotec® - Espanha), foi usado para a análise cefalométrica, que incluiu as cinco variáveis que segundo Ricketts definem o padrão facial, a relação sagital (SNA, SNB, ANB, N.S.Ba, SN.Go-Me, ANB individualizado, AP-BP e Wits)e ainclinação do Plano Oclusal (PLO.Linha S-N, PLO.PF, PLO.PP, PLO.XiPm e PLO.PM). Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente com um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: acomposição dos tipos faciais foi: 11% dólicofaciais, 39% mesofaciais e 50% braquifaciais. Os valores médios e intervalo de confiança de 95% das variáveis que avaliaram a inclinação do plano oclusal, para os tipos faciais dólico, meso e braqui foramrespectivamente: PLO.SN: 21,7° (± 2,14°), 17,0° (± 1,10°) e 15,1° (± 1,43°); PLO.PF: 13,5° (±1,77)°, 10° (SD 1,01°) and 8,1° (± 1,25°); PLO.PP: 12,2° (±1,99°), 9.1° (± 1,31°) e 8,1° (± 1,21°); PLO.Xi-Pm: 20,5° (± 1,76°), 19,2° (± 0,96°) e 16,4° (± 1,12°); PLO.PM: 17,5° (± 2,02°), 15,3° (± 1,27°) e 12,1° (± 1,19°). Os valores médios das variáveis que avaliam a relação sagital maxilomandibular respectivamente foram: ANB: 3,8° (± 0,98°), 2,5° (± 0,62°) e1,3° (± 0,53°); distância AP-BP: 7,3mm (± 2,19mm), 3,4mm (± 0,94mm) e 1,9mm (± 0,78mm); ANB Individualizado: 4,7° (± 0,70°), 4,4° (± 0,43°) e 3,7° (± 0,39°); Wits: 1,8mm (± 1,27mm), -2,4mm (± 0,83mm) e -3,5mm (± 0,92mm). Conclusões: Tanto as variáveis que avaliam a inclinação do Plano Oclusal como as variáveis que avaliam a relação sagital maxilo-mandibular ANB e AP-BP, caracterizam-se diferencialmente segundo o tipo facial, observando-se um decréscimo dos valores do tipo dólicofacial para o braquifacial. / Objective: evaluate the relation between the facialtype and the inclination of the occlusal plane and ANB angle in individuals with normal occlusion.Material and Methods: the sample was composed of 98 radiographs, in lateral norm, of 98 individuals (47 men, 51 women), with an average age of 15.2 years (standard deviation of 1.4 years), normal occlusion and harmonic profile.The radiographs were digitalized in a 1:1 scale and the software Nemoceph (Nemotec® - Spain) was used for the cephalometric analysis, which included Rickettsfive variables thatdetermine the facial type, the saggital relation (SNA, SNB, ANB, N.S.Ba, SN.Go-Me, ANB individualized, AP-BP and Wits) and theinclination of the occlusal plane (OPL.S-N, OPL.PF, OPL.PP, OPL.XiPmand OPL.PM). The data was analyzed statistically with a significance level of 5%.Results: the composition of the sample by facial type was: 11% dolichofacial, 39% mesofacial e 50% braquifacial. The averagevalues and 95% confidence interval of the variables that measured the inclination of the occlusal plane, for the dolichofacial, mesofacial and braquifacialgroups were,respectively: OPL.SN: 21.7° (± 2.14°), 17.0° (± 1.10°) and 15.1° (± 1.43°); OPL.PF: 13.5° (±1.77)°, 10° (SD 1.01°) and 8.1° (± 1.25°); OPL.PP: 12.2° (± 1.99°), 9.1° (± 1.31°) and 8.1° (± 1.21°); OPL.Xi-Pm: 20.5° (± 1.76°), 19.2° (± 0.96°) and 16.4° (± 1.12°); OPL.PM: 17.5° (± 2.02°), 15.3° (± 1.27°) and 12.1° (± 1.19°). The average values and 95% confidence interval of the variables that measure the maxilar-mandibular saggital relation were respectively: ANB: 3.8° (± 0.98°), 2.5° (± 0.62°) and1.3° (± 0.53°);distance AP-BP: 7.3mm (± 2.19mm), 3.4mm (± 0.94mm)and 1.9mm (± 0.78mm); ANB Individualized: 4,7° (± 0.70°), 4.4° (± 0.43°) and 3.7° (± 0.39°); Wits: 1.8mm (± 1.27mm), -2.4mm (± 0.83mm)and -3.5mm (± 0.92mm). Conclusion: Both variables that measure the inclination of the occlusal plane and the variables that measure the ANB and AP-BP maxillomandibularsaggital relation have different characteristics according to the facial type, being observed a decrease in values from the dolichofacial type to the brachifacial type.

Em 1968, J. Milnor introduziu a monodromia local de Picard-Lefschetz de uma hipersuperfície complexa com singularidade isolada. Em seguida, E. Brieskorn perguntou se esta monodromia é sempre finita. Em 1972, Lê Dúng Trâng provou que a resposta é positiva no caso de germes de curvas planas analíticas irredutíveis. Na época, já eram conhecidos exemplos de curvas planas com dois ramos e monodromia finita. Em 1973, N. A?Campo produziu o primeiro exemplo de germe de curva plana com dois ramos e monodromia infinita. Portanto, a questão mais simples, e ainda em aberto, que se coloca neste contexto, é a determinação da finitude da monodromia para germes de curvas planas com dois ramos. O presente trabalho, consiste em determinar, em várias situações, o polinômio mínimo da monodromia de germes de curvas analíticas planas com dois ramos, cujos gêneros são menores ou iguais a dois, o que permite decidir a sua finitude / In 1968, J. Milnor introduced the Picard-Lefschetz monodromy of a complex hypersurface with an isolated singularity. Subsequently, E. Brieskorn asked if this monodromy is always finite. In 1972, Lê Dúng Trâng proved that the answer is positive in the case of irreducible analytic germs of plane curves. At this time, examples of plane curves with two branches and finite monodromy were known. In 1973, N. A?Campo produced the first example of a germ of plane curve with two branches and infinite monodromy. Therefore, the simplest and still open problem in this context is to determine whether the monodromy of a plane curve with two branches is finite or infinite. The present work consists in determining, in several situations, the minimal polynomial of the monodromy for germs of plane analytic curves with two branches, whose genera are less or equal than two, wich allows us to decide its finiteness