Background: Basic hygiene is an important measure to prevent healthcare associated infections, save patients’ lives, and reduce economic costs for health care. Healthcare associated infections are a threat to patient safety. In community care persons who are the care takers are a risk group and nurses must make sure that basic hygiene procedures are followed. Method: Literature studies with descriptive design, article search in databases Cinahl and PubMed. The results found are based on twelve chosen articles. Aim: To describe factors related to adherence to basic hygiene and how nurses in community care can help to improve compliance with these procedures. Results: In the nursing staff and leadership in health care interest in and the understanding of basic hygiene is described as being of most importance. Lack of knowledge of the meaning of patient care cleanliness, negative attitudes and non-existing availability of necessary tools and heavy workload had a negative impact. Intensified education and making sure that equipment is available as well as the application of standardized methods, were found to be prerequisite for adherence to basic hygiene routines. Conclusion: Nurses can contribute to improved adherence to basic hygiene routines by promoting education, positive attitudes, a positive adaption of the physical environment, strategic structuring of the workload, and standardized methods, applying basic hygiene routines, being part of and promoting increased interaction in nursing care. Suggestions for future studies is to implement web-based courses, updating courses and training in basic hygiene routines in the workplace. That may increase knowledge, understanding and awareness of the application of basic hygiene routines hence leading to improved nursing care and enhancing patient safety.

One of the understudied geographies of the world economy is the large-scale export of second-hand clothing form the global North to Africa. The consumption and re-use 0 clothing traces a transnational gradient of inequality between the rich and poor. This thesis examines the (re )production of second-hand clothing commodities in Britain, the international economic geographies of the used-clothing trade and the labour activities of African market traders. Coordinated and non-integrated patterns of trade are investigated through a theoretical approach which draws upon Fine's 'system of provision' analysis from heterodox economics and connects this to existing commodity studies approaches in geography. Within global second-hand clothing networks there are differential power relations between charities, companies and individuals. The socially and historically embedded roles of British charities and firms in the collection, processing and export of second-hand clothing are introduced. This is connected to the main empirical exploration of the downstream social and economic impacts of second- hand clothing imports in Africa. Linkages are made across the new and used clothing sectors and in the relationships between the decline of clothing industries across Africa, economic liberalisation and the growth of used-clothing imports. Patterns of import are investigated, with specific reference to Mozambique, where Indian merchants control distribution. Second-hand clothing markets are widespread in African urban centres and retail activities in Maputo are examined in-depth drawing upon twelve months of ethnographic research. Through specific social formations market traders have precarious livelihoods. Incomes do not provide opportunities for Mozambicans to progress out of poverty. By examining different processes at various locations in the international economy, it is demonstrated how it is not second-hand clothes which create economic relationships, but definite social relations between people.

This thesis proposes a test method for evaluating the perceived vibration which occurs at the driver's hand in automotive steering wheel interface. The objective of the research was to develop frequency weightings for quantifying the human perception of steering wheel hand-arm vibration. Family of frequency weightings were developed from equal sensation curves obtained from the psychophysical laboratory experimental tests. The previous literature suggests that the only internationally standardised frequency weighting Wh is not accurate to predict human perception of steering wheel hand-arm vibration (Amman et. al, 2005) because Wh was developed originally for health effects, not for the human perception. In addition, most of the data in hand-arm vibration are based upon responses from male subjects (Neely and Burström, 2006) and previous studies based only on sinusoidal stimuli. Further, it has been continuously suggested by researchers (Gnanasekarna et al., 2006; Morioka and Griffin, 2006; Ajovalasit and Giacomin, 2009) that only one weighting is not optimal to estimate the human perception at all vibrational magnitudes. In order to address these problems, the investigation of the effect of gender, body mass and the signal type on the equal sensation curves has been performed by means of psychophysical laboratory experimental tests. The test participants were seated on a steering wheel simulator which consists of a rigid frame, a rigid steering wheel, an automobile seat, an electrodynamic shaker unit, a power amplifier and a signal generator. The category-ratio Borg CR10 scale procedure was used to quantify the perceived vibration intensity. A same test protocol was used for each test and for each test subject. The first experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of gender using sinusoidal vibration with 40 test participants (20 males and 20 females). The results suggested that the male participants provided generally lower subjective ratings than the female participants. The second experiment was conducted using band-limited random vibration to investigate the effect of signal type between sinusoidal and band-limited random vibration with 30 test participants (15 males and 15 females). The results suggested that the equal sensation curves obtained using random vibration were generally steeper and deeper in the shape of the curves than those obtained using sinusoidal vibration. These differences may be due to the characteristics of random vibration which produce generally higher crest factors than sinusoidal vibration. The third experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of physical body mass with 40 test participants (20 light and 20 heavy participants) using sinusoidal vibration. The results suggested that the light participants produced generally higher subjective ratings than the heavy participants. From the results it can be suggested that the equal sensation curves for steering wheel rotational vibration differ mainly due to differences of body size rather than differences of gender. The final experiments was conducted using real road signals to quantify the human subjective response to representative driving condition and to use the results to define the selection method for choosing the adequate frequency weightings for the road signals by means of correlation analysis. The final experiment was performed with 40 test participants (20 light and 20 heavy participants) using 21 real road signals obtained from the road tests. From the results the hypothesis was established that different amplitude groups may require different frequency weightings. Three amplitude groups were defined and the frequency weightings were selected for each amplitude group. The following findings can be drawn from the research: • the equal sensation curves suggest a nonlinear dependency on both the frequency and the amplitude. • the subjective responses obtained from band-limited random stimuli were steeper and the deeper in the shape of the equal sensation curves than those obtained using sinusoidal vibration stimuli. • females provided higher perceived intensity values than the males for the same physical stimulus at most frequencies. • light test participants provided higher perceived intensity than the heavy test participants for the same physical stimulus at most frequencies. • the equal sensation curves for steering wheel rotational vibration differ mainly due to differences in body size, rather than differences of gender. • at least three frequency weightings may be necessary to estimate the subjective intensity for road surface stimuli.

This thesis will explore the function of the conductor’s left hand, with emphasis on its expressive possibilities and the gestures. In the first chapter, the role of the conductor is discussed, and some problems around the field of expressive gestures are brought up. In the second chapter, I present the history of conducting, or rather the history of musical leadership, as the practice of conducting we are familiar with today began in the late 19th Century. In this chapter, I also include some paragraphs about gesture and its role and function outside of musical leadership, such as public speaking. In chapter three, I examine a selection of instruction books and how they treat the use of the left hand. During the work on this material I found several quotations and thoughts from conductors, in letters and interviews, presented in chapter four. This is interesting for this study, because it offers the personal opinions and experiences of well-established conductors and conducting teachers. It also shows how the opinions on the use of the left hand have changed over the past century. Chapter five is a lengthy chapter of research on this topic. Not all is directly connected to the left hand, but all is in connection to gesture in some way. These chapters form the basis of a discussion, where findings in previous chapters are pointed out and debated, and the authors personal opinion is presented. At the end follows suggestions on how this topic can be further researched and how one can create a repertoire of expressive gestures.

SCALE UP! is an exploration in hand-printed surface patterns in relation to scale. The aim is to make hand-printed large-scale surface patterns, by challenging the limitations of the printing screen, the fabric width and the circle as a shape; with the circle as a pattern and structure to visualise it, by colours and bleed-through. The project is based in an interest in working large-scale, in the area of screen printing. We often see printed full-width fabrics where the repeat fills the whole width. However, a possibility to take it one step further and not be limited by the width of the fabric or the size of the printing screen was seen. Why be satisfied with the size of a full-width pattern and see the printing screen as a frame to keep within? The striving to challenge the size of the printing screen and the fabric width were the basis of the project. The result is one piece ~4,2 x 4,8 m big consisting of six hand-printed cloths.

Previous research has found that hand preference can be detected reliably in infants as young as 6 months of age through the use of reach-grasp tasks. While many studies have targeted their efforts at discerning hand preference in infants younger than 12-months of age, a lack of knowledge about hand preference during the ages of 1-2 years remain. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether 12-month-old infants demonstrate a clear hand use preference during unimanual reaching and grasping. Participants consisted of 54 healthy, full term 12-month-old infants (+2/-2 weeks). Goal objects were placed at a reachable distance, in front of the infants and randomly allocated to either left, midline or right positions. Infant hand choices and the success of each grasp were coded offline from video recordings made of the reach-grasp sessions and an overall lateralisation index (LI) was calculated later for each infant. The results demonstrated that the 12-month-old infants were generally right-preferred. Additionally, almost double the frequency of grasps were accounted for by right hand grasps. Further, a significant right hand preference was found when children reached across the midline to grasp objects. The findings imply that hand preference may be readily observed in the prehension activities of 12-month-old infants, and particularly prominent when reaching across the midline.

I seek to pose questions about what people overlook or don't consider when viewing art in order to interpret what they see. When working on a project, I purposely retain the effect of my hand. The false crudeness is enhanced by my use of seemingly impoverished materials. This is akin to seeing the fishing wire holding up the miniature spaceship as it flies through the sky. This document was created with Microsoft Word XP.

Abstract South Africa has one of the largest population of adults living with HIV. About 30 to 60% of people living with HIV have been found to have HAND which can affect treatment with HAART which requires 95% compliance rate in order to be effective. Interventions that seek to alleviate the cognitive deterioration that is associated with HIV can include Internet based rehabilitation programmes. However, internet based interventions are plagued by poor adherence and attrition rates. The aim of the study was to describe the challenges and facilitating factors in the process of implementing the CogMed™ Working Memory Training Programme at a public HIV clinic for adults living with HIV. The study used a qualitative method with an ethnographic approach. Data was collected through CogMed™ administrator console, observations, interactions with gatekeepers, interactions and interviews with participants and interviews healthcare workers. The factors involved in the implementation process were categorised into the four “Stages of Use”. In the Recruitment/Consideration Stage perception of need, identifying and defining an ideal user were the main themes. Factors affecting the Initiation of Use Stage were sense of obligation, time to commit and access to suitable training environment. Utilisation of Service was influenced by ease of drop out, ease of use, perceived cost versus the perceived benefits of participating. Predisposing, enabling, and needs factors that affected adherence and participation were explored. Finally the Outcomes Stage covered the experiences and perceptions of using the rehabilitation tool. Limitations of the study were also discussed. Keywords: CogMed, Working Memory, HIV, HAND, Internet based interventions, Stages of Use

No description available.

As habilidades manuais podem estar prejudicadas na paralisia cerebral (PC),interferindo nas atividades funcionais do cotidiano da criança, como alimentar-se, ir ao banheiro, brincar, o que ocasiona impacto negativo na vida dela e da família. Objetivo: elaborar, aplicar e analisar um protocolo de avaliação da função manual de crianças com PC, de 0 a 7 anos e 11 meses de idade. Método: estudo dividido em 2 etapas - 1) planejamento: definição de objetivo e população alvo, realização de revisão da literatura sobre instrumentos já existentes, tipos de itens e formato de instrumento, 2) construção: construção I -desenvolvimento dos itens, seleção dos instrumentos utilizados como base do protocolo, seleção dos itens relevantes por faixa etária, análise dos itens e adequação do protocolo; projeto piloto - aplicação do protocolo junto a 36 crianças de 0 a 7 anos e 11 meses, sendo 18 com PC e 18 com DT, análise dos itens e adequação do protocolo; construção II - validação de conteúdo por profissionais/pesquisadores experientes (experts) na área, elaboração e envio do questionário aos juízes especialistas, revisão dos itens (inclusão e exclusão), análise das avaliações dos especialistas e adequação do protocolo. Resultados: foram selecionados 238 itens, sendo 38 itens da Escala Lúdica Pré Escolar de Knox (ELPK-R), 126 do Inventário Portage Operacionalizado (IPO), 32 do Teste de Triagem de Desenvolvimento de Denver II (TTDDR), 38 do Inventário de Avaliação Pediátrica de Incapacidade (PEDI) e 4 do Manual de Avaliação Motora - Escala de Desenvolvimento Motor (MAM-EDM). Todos os itens foram revisados. Realizou-se o agrupamento de 161 itens recorrentes, totalizando 120 itens, os quais foram aplicados em crianças com PC e DT. Após a aplicação, em nova análise do protocolo, foram agrupados 6 itens semelhantes, divididos 2 e excluídos 7, totalizando 109 itens, os quais foram enviados em forma de questionário para os juízes especialistas. Na sequência, as avaliações dos experts foram analisadas e, então, 3 itens foram agrupados, 1 item subdividido e 7 itens excluídos, chegando-se a um protocolo final com 101 itens, divididos em 8 faixas etárias: de 0 a 5 meses, de 6 meses a 11 meses, de 1 ano a 1 ano e 11 meses e, sucessivamente, na sequência anual até de 4 anos a 4 anos e 11 meses; em seguida há uma faixa etária de 5 anos a 6 anos e 11 meses e, após, a faixa etária de 7 anos a 7 anos e 11 meses. O resultado foi então denominado de Avaliação Manual Infantil Geral e Objetiva - AMIGO. Foram observadas 2 crianças de cada grupo em cada faixa etária, sendo que as crianças com DT apresentaram, no geral, melhores pontuações quando comparadas às crianças com PC da mesma faixa etária. Considerações finais: a avaliação AMIGO foi considerada válida e alcançou seu objetivo principal. Ainda está, porém, em processo de construção e, em estudos futuros, passará por mais duas fases de construção, sendo elas a fase III - avaliação quantitativa e a fase IV - validação, para que possa ser considerada totalmente válida e segura a sua utilização na prática clínica e na pesquisa científica. / Manual skills may be affected in cerebral palsy (CP), interfering with functional activities of child\'s daily life, such as eating, toileting, playing, which causes negative impact on child´s life and family. Objective: To develop, implement and analyze an evaluation protocol to assess manual children function with CP, aged between 0-7 years and 11 months old. Method: This study was divided into two stages - 1) planning: setting goals and target population, literature review on existing instruments, types of items and instrument format, 2) Construction: Construction I -development of items, selection of instruments used as basis of the protocol, selection of relevant items by age group, item analysis and protocol adjustment; Pilot Project - protocol application with 36 children 0-7 years, 11 months, 18 CP childerb and 18 children with typical development (TD), item analysis and protocol adjustment; Construction II - Content validation by professional / experienced researchers (experts) in the area, preparation and submission of the questionnaire to expert judges, items review (item inclusion or exclusion), analysis of experts evaluations and suitability of the protocol. Results: We selected 238 items, 38 items Revised Knox Preschool Scale (RKPPS) 126 items from Operationalized Portage Inventory (IPO), 32 from Denver II Developmental Screening Test (DDST-R) 38 from Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) and 4 from Manual of Motor Evaluation - Motor Development Scale (MAM-EDM). All items were reviewed. We grouped 161 recurring items, totalizing 120 items, which we applied both in CP children and with CP and TD children. After the implementation, we performed a new protocol analysis and 6 similar items were grouped, 2 items divided and 7 items excluded, totalizing 109 items, which were sent as questionnaire to the expert judges. Further, experts assessments were analyzed and then 3 items were grouped, 1 item subdivided, and 7 items deleted, coming to a final protocol with 101 items, divided into eight age groups: 0-5 months of 6 months to 11 months, 1 year to 1 year and 11 months and, subsequentially, the annual sequence till 4 years to 4 years and 11 months; then there is an age group between 5 years and 6 years and 11 months, and after the age of 7 years to 7 years and 11 months. The resulting product was then called Children´s Manual Assessment General and Objective - AMIGO. Two children in each group were observed at each age, and children with TD had, overall, better scores compared to children with CP in each age group. The final considerations were that AMIGO has been valid and reached its main goal. But it is still under construction, and in future studies it will go through two more stages of construction, which were phase III - quantitative assessment and phase IV - validation, in order to be considered valid and secure to be uesd in clinical practice and in scientific research.