OGATA, Miriam Camargo Guarnieri, também é conhecido(a) em citações bibliográficas por: GUARNIERI, Miriam Camargo / Submitted by Fernanda Rodrigues de Lima (fernanda.rlima@ufpe.br) on 2018-10-05T20:11:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Ana Rafaela Mota Gonzaga.pdf: 2557106 bytes, checksum: 947b0b8999788f6e9f90333ff5ea6877 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alice Araujo (alice.caraujo@ufpe.br) on 2018-11-14T19:23:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Ana Rafaela Mota Gonzaga.pdf: 2557106 bytes, checksum: 947b0b8999788f6e9f90333ff5ea6877 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-14T19:23:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Ana Rafaela Mota Gonzaga.pdf: 2557106 bytes, checksum: 947b0b8999788f6e9f90333ff5ea6877 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / CAPES / Crotalus durissus cascavella é uma subespécie endêmica da região Nordeste do Brasil, cuja peçonha difere das demais subespécies do país pela ausência de crotamina e alta concentração de fosfolipases A₂ (PLA₂) ácidas. Neste estudo, duas novas PLA₂s ácidas, denominadas Cdca-I-PLA₂ e Cdca-II-PLA₂, foram purificadas da peçonha de C. d. cascavella através de duas e três etapas cromatográficas, respectivamente. A pureza e homogeneidade de ambas fosfolipases foram determinadas por SDS-PAGE e espectrometria de massa, apresentando uma banda única e massa de 14.247 Da (Cdca-IPLA₂) e 14.418 Da (Cdca-II-PLA₂). Ambas fosfolipases foram ativas sobre 4-nitro-3- ácido octanoil benzóico, apresentando atividade específica de 11,51 ± 0,50 U/mg e 26,75 ± 0,15 U/mg, Km = 0,2280 mM e 0,3993 mM e Vmax = 13,15 nmol×min⁻¹mg⁻¹ e 39,68 nmol×min⁻¹mg⁻¹, respectivamente. Ambas não apresentaram atividade sobre BApNA. A Cdca-I-PLA₂ apresentou atividade hemaglutinante na dose de 15 μM, enquanto a Cdca- II-PLA₂ apresentou atividade sobre substrato fluorogênico de trombina nas doses de 15 μM e 30 μM. As Cdca-I-PLA₂ e Cdca-II-PLA₂ reduziram a agregação plaquetária induzida por colágeno, adrenalina e ácido araquidônico, porém as duas enzimas (20 μM) não reduziram a agregação quando ADP foi utilizado como agonista. Cdca-I-PLA₂ apresentou atividade dose resposta como agonista de agregação em plaquetas lavadas e reduziu significativamente a atividade agregante plaquetária da trombina. Cdca-I-PLA₂ apresentou maior atividade anticoagulante, prolongando os tempos de protrombina (TP; 30 μM; R = 22) e tromploplastina parcial ativada (TTPa; 30 μM; R = 10), porém não promoveu alteração do tempo de trombina (TT) na dose de 10 μM. Cdca-II-PLA₂ prolongou discretamente o TP (30 μM; R = 2) e TTPa (30 μM; R = 1,5) e significativamente o TT (20 μM; R = 7). Desta forma, nossos resultados sugerem que a Cdca-I-PLA₂ é uma quimerolectina anticoagulante com importante atividade sobre agregação plaquetária, enquanto Cdca-II-PLA₂ possui alta atividade enzimática, inibe tanto a agregação plaquetária quanto a coagulação, agindo como inibidor de trombina por meio da sua ligação com o fibrinogênio. / Crotalus durissus cascavella is ana endemic subspecie from Northeast region of Brazil, whose venom differs from the other subspecies of the country due to the absence of crotamine and high concentration of acidic phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂). In this study, two new acidic PLA₂s, named Cdca-I-PLA₂ and Cdca-II-PLA₂, were purified from C. d. cascavella venom by two and three chromatographic steps, respectively. The purity and homogeneity of both phospholipases were determined by SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry, showing a single band and molecular mass of 14.247 Da (Cdca-I-PLA₂) and 14.418 Da (Cdca-II-PLA₂). Both PLA₂s were active on 4-Nitro-3-(octanoyloxy) benzoic, presenting specific activity of 11,51 ± 0,50 U/mg and 26,75 ± 0,15 U/mg, Km = 0,2280 mM and 0,3993 mM and Vmax = 13,15 nmol×min⁻¹mg⁻¹ and 39,68 nmol×min⁻¹mg⁻¹, respectively. Both had no activity on BApNA. The Cdca-I-PLA₂ showed hemagglutinating activity at the dose of 15 μM, while Cdca-II-PLA₂ showed activity on fluorogenic thrombin substrate at the doses of 15 μM e 30 μM. The Cdca-I-PLA₂ and Cdca-II-PLA₂ reduced platelet aggregation induced by collagen, adrenaline and arachidonic acid, but the two enzymes (20 μM) did not reduce aggregation when ADP was used as an agonist. Cdca-I-PLA₂ showed dose response activity as agonist of aggregation in washed platelets and significantly reduced thrombin platelet aggregation activity. Cdca-I-PLA₂ presented higher anticoagulant activity, prolonging prothrombin time (PT; 30 μM; R = 22) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT; 30 μM; R = 10), but did not promote a change in thrombin time (TT) at a dose of 10 μM. Cdca-IIPLA₂ prolonged discreetly the PT (30 μM; R = 2) and the aPTT (30 μM; R = 1.5) and significantly prolonged the TT (20 μM; R = 7). Thus, our results suggest that Cdca IPLA₂ is an anticoagulant chimerolectin with important activity on platelet aggregation, while Cdca-II-PLA₂ has high enzymatic activity, inhibit both platelet aggregation and cloagulation, acting as thrombin inhibitor through its biding to fibrinogen.

Orientadores: Sergio Marangoni, Stephen Hyslo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T06:10:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Beghini_DanielaGois_D.pdf: 1308184 bytes, checksum: 582d335118571519295c9a3f39074588 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Crotoxina, a principal neurotoxina do veneno das cascavéis Crotalus durissus terrificus e Crotalus durissus cascavella, é um complexo protéico que contém uma fosfolipase A2 (PLA2) básica e uma proteína ácida, crotapotina. O veneno e a crotoxina purificada do veneno de C. d. cascavella foram estudados quanto aos efeitos neurotóxico e miotóxico na preparação biventer cervicis de pintainho. O veneno e a crotoxina mostraram bloqueio neuromuscular nessa preparação em concentrações tão baixas quanto 0,2 mg/ml e 1 mg/ml. Quanto ao efeito miotóxico, a mionecrose foi mais marcante com altas concentrações de veneno e crotoxina (1, 5 e 25 mg/ml). Assim, o veneno de C. d. cascavella e sua crotoxina possuem um efeito neurotóxico preponderante e bastante potente nessa preparação, e uma ação miotóxica que foi observada somente em altas concentrações. Para melhor entender o mecanismo de neutralização da crotoxina por anticorpos foram produzidos antissoros específicos contra a crotoxina e PLA2 do veneno de C. d. cascavella. O título de anticorpos e a especificidade dos antisoros produzidos foram avaliados por ELISA e immunoblotting, respectivamente. A neutralização da atividade neurotóxica foi avaliada por intermédio de técnica miográfica nas preparações biventer cervicis de pintainho e nervo frênico diafragma de camundongo. A capacidade neutralizante dos antissoros na preparação de camundongo foi comparável à do soro comercial anticrotálico produzido contra o veneno de C. d. terrificus. O antissoro anti-crotoxina foi um pouco menos potente do que o antissoro anti-PLA2 no processo de neutralização e isso confirma o papel central da PLA2 no mecanismo de neurotoxicidade da crotoxina. Neste trabalho, nós também avaliamos a habilidade do antissoro produzido em coelho contra a crotapotina do veneno C. d. cascavella em neutralizar a neurotoxicidade e miotoxicidade deste veneno e crotoxina, e inibir a atividade enzimática do complexo crotoxina e da PLA2. Este antissoro neutralizou parcialmente o bloqueio neuromuscular causado pelo veneno e crotoxina na preparação frênico nervo-diafragma de camundongo, sem prevenir o dano morfológico resultante ou inibir a atividade fosfolipásica. Em contraste, antissoros contra a PLA2 e crotoxina neutralizaram o bloqueio neuromuscular e a atividade enzimática efetivamente. A neutralização parcial do bloqueio neuromuscular pelo anti-crotapotina sugere que este antissoro pode prevenir a interação da crotoxina com seu receptor causando dissociação do complexo crotoxina por se ligar a crotapotina. Neste estudo, nós também examinamos a habilidade dos antissoros contra a crotoxina e PLA2 em neutralizar a neurotoxicidade dos venenos de Crotalus durissus terrificus e Bothrops jararacussu e suas principais toxinas na preparação frênico nervo-diafragma de camundongo. Immunoblotting mostrou que o anti-crotoxina de C. d. cascavella reconheceu a crotoxina de C. d. terrificus e BthTX-I de B. jararacussu, enquanto que o antissoro contra a PLA2 reconheceu a PLA2 de C. d. terrificus e a BthTX-I de B. jararacussu. ELISA confirmou esta reatividade cruzada. Estes antissoros neutralizaram eficazmente o bloqueio neuromuscular causado pelo veneno e crotoxina de C. d. terrificus na preparação de camundongo em proporções semelhantes às usadas para neutralizar o veneno e a crotoxina de C. d. cascavella. Anti-crotoxina e anti-PLA2 também neutralizaram eficientemente o bloqueio produzido pelo veneno e principal toxina de Bothrops jararacussu, porém doses mais altas dos antissoros foram necessárias para essa neutralização. Então, os resultados mostram reatividade cruzada entre esses venenos e suas toxinas principais e também mostra que o antissoro produzido contra PLA2 eficazmente neutraliza a neurotoxicidade dos venenos de C. d. terrificus e B. jararacussu e suas toxinas PLA2. Esses resultados, portanto, confirmam o importante papel da PLA2 no mecanismo de neurotoxicidade dos venenos / Abstract: Crotoxin, the main neurotoxin from venom of the rattlesnakes Crotalus durissus terrificus and Crotalus durissus cascavella, is a protein complex that contains a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) basic and an acid protein, crotapotin. The venom and the purified crotoxin from C. d. cascavella venom were studied with relationship to the neurotoxic and myotoxic effects in the chick biventer cervicis preparation. The venom and crotoxin showed neuromuscular blockade in this preparation at doses as low as 0,2 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml. With relationship to the myotoxic effect, the myonecrosis was stronger with higher doses of venom and crotoxin (1, 5 and 25 mg/ml). These results showed that the C. d. cascavella venom and its crotoxin possess a preponderant and quite potent neurotoxic effect in this preparation, and a myotoxic action that was observed only at higher doses. To clarify the crotoxin neutralization mechanism by antibodies, specific anti-sera was produced against the crotoxin and PLA2 from C. d. cascavella venom. The title of antibodies and specificity of the anti-sera raised in rabbits were tested by ELISA and immunoblotting, respectively. The neutralization of the neurotoxic activity was evaluated through myoghraphic technique in the chick biventer cervicis and mouse phrenic nerve diaphragm preparations. The neutralizing capacity of the anti-sera against crotoxin and PLA2 in the mouse preparation was comparable to the commercial crotalic antiserum produced against the C. d. terrificus venom. The anti-crotoxin anti-sera was a little less potent than the anti-PLA2 and this confirms the central role of PLA2 in the mechanism of neurotoxicity of the crotoxin. In this work, we also examined the ability of rabbit anti-serum raised against crotapotin purified from Crotalus durissus cascavella venom to neutralize the neurotoxicity and myotoxicity of this venom and crotoxin, and to inhibit the enzymatic activity of the crotoxin complex and PLA2 alone. This anti-serum to crotapotin partially neutralized the neuromuscular blockade caused by venom and crotoxin in electrically stimulated mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations, without preventing the resulting morphological damage or inhibiting the PLA2 activity. In contrast, rabbit anti-sera to PLA2 and crotoxin effectively neutralized the neuromuscular and PLA2 activities. The partial neutralization of the neurotoxicity of crotoxin by the anti-serum to crotapotin suggested that this anti-serum may prevent the interaction of intact crotoxin with its recceptor by causing dissociation of the crotoxin complex through binding to crotapotin. In this study, we also examined the ability of anti-sera raised against crotoxin and PLA2 to neutralize the neurotoxicity of Crotalus durissus terrificus and Bothrops jararacussu venoms and their major toxins, crotoxin and bothropstoxin-I (BthTX-I), respectively, in mouse isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations. Immunoblotting showed that anti-serum to crotoxin from C. d. cascavella recognized crotoxin from C. d. terrificus and BthTX-I from B. jararacussu, while anti-serum to PLA2 from C. d. cascavella recognized PLA2 from C. d. terrificus and BthTX-I from B. jararacussu. ELISA corroborated this cross-reactivity. These anti-sera efficiently neutralized the neuromuscular blockade caused by venom and crotoxin from C. d. terrificus in mouse preparation in similar proportions used to neutralize the venom and crotoxin from C. d. cascavella. Anti-crotoxin and anti-PLA2 anti-sera also efficiently neutralized this blockade produced by venom and main toxin of Bothrops jararacussu, bothropstoxin-I (BthTX-I), however higher doses of anti-sera was necessary for this neutralization. Therefore, the results show cross-reactivity between these venoms and its main toxins and also shown that anti-serum produced against PLA2 efficiently neutralized the neurotoxicity of C. d. terrificus and B. jararacussu venoms and their PLA2 toxins. These results confirms the important role of PLA2 in the neurotoxicity mechanism of the venoms / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Thromboxane receptor (TPr) activity is elevated in diabetes and contributes to complications of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). TPr blockade appears to have therapeutic potential. Several rodent models of DKD show attenuation of renal damage and proteinuria upon administration of the TPr antagonist, S18886. However, the cellular targets that underlie the injurious effects of TPr activation in DKD remain to be elucidated. A pilot study in our laboratory subjected a conditionally-immortalized mouse podocyte cell line to high glucose (25 mM D-glucose) and equibiaxial mechanical stretch (an in vitro simulator of increased glomerular capillary pressure associated with glomerular hyperfiltration in early diabetes). qRT-PCR revealed that exposure of podocytes to mechanical stretch (10% elongation) and high glucose for 6 hours yielded a 9-fold increase in TPr mRNA levels vs. controls (non-stretch, 5mM D-glucose + 25mM L-glucose) (p<0.05, n=5). We hypothesized that TPr expression and activity are increased in podocytes during the onset of DKD resulting in maladaptive effects on this key glomerular filtration barrier cell type. We showed that enhanced TPr signaling threatens podocytes viablility. Cultured podocytes treated with the TPr agonist, U-46619 (1 μM) for 24 hours are more vulnerable to apoptosis as quantified by Hoescht 33342 (20% cell death p<0.001, n=3) , TUNEL (30-fold increase, ns, n=3) and Annexin-V labeling (3-fold increase, p <0.001, n=3). To further support these in vitro findings, we developed a transgenic mouse with podocyte-specific overexpression of TPr. A construct consisting of a desensitization resistant mutant of the human TPr with both N- and C-terminal HA-epitope tags under the control of an 8.3 kb fragment of the immediate 5’ mouse NPHS1 promoter was cloned, isolated and injected into FVB/n oocytes that were implanted into pseudopregnant CD1 females. Founders were characterized for TPr transgene expression, and TPr transgene mRNA levels were detected by qRT-PCR. Our in vitro results suggest that increased TPr expression in podocytes of diabetic mice may contribute to filtration barrier damage and have important implications in the development and progression of DKD.

Purifica la isoforma ácida presente en el veneno de Bothrops pictus mediante el uso de dos pasos cromatográficos: CM Sephadex C-50 seguido de Superdex 75 10/300 GL, lográndose un rendimiento de 7.5% y un factor de purificación de 19.8 veces. Se obtiene una sola banda con un peso molecular de 16.6 kDa en condiciones reductoras y 15.2 kDa en condiciones no reductoras empleando la técnica de PAGE-SDS. Se determina el peso molecular en solución mediante la técnica de dynamic light scattering obteniéndose una única población de proteínas monodispersa de radio hidrodinámico de 4.254 ± 0.778 (nm) correspondiente a un peso molecular de 19.7 ± 3.7 kDa. La enzima BpicPLA2ácida es altamente termoestable debido a que mantiene casi intacta su actividad incluso después de incubarla por 10 min a 100 ⁰C. El ion que incrementa en mayor medida su actividad es el calcio y el agente con mayor inhibición es el ditiotreitol. Los estudios de dicroísmo circular demostraron que la estructura secundaria predominante en la BpicPLA2ácida son las α hélices. La secuencia de aminoácidos de BpicPLA2ácida tomada del GenBank muestra la presencia de un sitio catalítico (His48, Asp49, Tyr52 y Asp99) conservado, mientras que el sitio de unión a calcio no es completamente conservado, debido a una mutación en la posición 28 de la tirosina por fenilalanina. El modelo de la estructura tridimensional reportado, demuestra que la isoforma BpicPLA2ácida es una enzima que pertenece a la familia de las fosfolipasas A2 de la clase II y que además presenta una mayor relación evolutiva con otras PLA2 ácidas. / Tesis

Orientador: Lea Rodrigues Simioni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T15:29:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OliveiraeSilva_SaraguaciHernandezde_M.pdf: 16002051 bytes, checksum: 69aaf9e7548d45f0055550ca8af3b69d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: As espécies Crotalus durissus, popularmente conhecidas como cascaveis, são serpentesde grande importância médica na Américado Sul, principalmente no Brasil.A peçonhadessa serpentetem sido objetode estudos por maisde um século,como mostrado pelos estudos realizadospor BRAZIL,1903, SLOTTA & FRAENKEL CONRAT, 1938, VITAL BRAZIL, 1966 e muitos outros. A peçonha crotalica isolada através de gel filtração do veneno bruto em coluna de SephadexG 75, mostraa presença de quatropicos, (pico I) convulxina, (pico II)giroxina, (pico III) crotoxina e (pico IV) crotamina. O pico III foi testado, mostrou seu característico bloqueio neuromuscular em preparação nervo-frênico diafragma de camundongo. Na purificação do veneno bruto crotálico em HPLC de exclusão molecular, usando uma coluna Protein Pack SW 300, obteve-se além dos picos principais três novos componentes do complexo crotoxina picos: cdty III; cdty V e cdty VI, sendo a crotoxina identificada como pico cdty IV. O uso desta cromatografia determinou a dissociação dos efeitos facilitadores e bloqueadores neuromusculares característicos da crotoxina .Assim, o pico cdty III e cdty V exibiram praticamente somente o efeito facilitador da crotoxina (pico cdty IV) nos 120 min de observação. A repurificação da crotoxina em HPLC de fase reversa em coluna µ- Bondapack c 18, resultou em duas isoformas de crotapotina (F 5 e F 7) e três de fosfolipase A2 (F15, F16 e F17). Foram escolhidas as isoformas F7 (crotapotina) e as F16 e F17 (PLA2), as quais foram recombinadas em três diferentes proporções: 1: 1; 1:2 e 2: 1. Ao associarmosa crotapotina(F7) com a PLA2(F16), obtivemos o efeito "chaperone' descrito na literatura ou seja, a inibição da resposta contrátil, o efeito bloqueador irreversível. O mesmo não ocorreu ao recombinarmos crotapotina (F7) com PLA2(F17), o qual não determinou qualquer alteração na resposta contrátil, isto é, mostrou-se destituída de atividade biológica. Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The species Crotalus durissus, popularly known as rattle snakes,includis serpents of great medical importance in South America. The poison of that serpent has been object of studies for more than a century, as shown by the studies accomplished by BRAZIL, 1903, SLOTTA & FRAENKELCONRAT, 1938 and VITAL BRAZIL, 1966 and so many others. Through gel filtration of the crude poison in a column SephadexG 75, shows the presence of four picks, (pick I) convulxin, (pick 11)gyroxin, (pick III) crotoxin and (pick IV) crotamine were obtained. Whem the (pick III)crotoxin was tested, in the phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation it showed the characteristic block neuromuscular effect. Whem Crotalus durissus terrificus (cdty) was subjected to the molecular exclusion chomatograpy (protein pack SW 300) at isocratic conditions, besides the main picks three new components were obtained pick: III V; and VI. Crotoxin was there identified, as pick IV. Able of inducing initial facilitation followed by an irreversible block. Peak cdty III showed a facilitation effect that dures at least 120 mino The Pick V presented a light facilitation and a decrease of the contradile response during the course time of experiments. The use of this chomatograpy determined the dissociation of the facilitatory effects and blocking characteristic neuromuscular of the crotoxin. Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations / Mestrado / Farmacologia / Mestre em Farmacologia

Although cell membranes normally resist the hydrolysis of secretory phospholipase A2, a series of current investigations demonstrated that the changes in lipid order caused by increased calcium has a relationship with the susceptibility to phospholipase A2. To further explore this relationship, we setup ordinary differential equations models, statistic models and stochastic models to compare the response of human erythrocytes to the hydrolyzing action of secretory phospholipase A2 and the relationship between the susceptibility of hydrolysis and the physical properties of secretory phospholipase A2. Furthermore, we use models to determine the ability of calcium ionophore to increased membrane susceptibility.

L’arthrite rhumatoïde est une maladie auto-immune systémique affectant près de 1% de la population mondiale. L’inflammation articulaire est caractérisée par une infiltration leucocytaire majoritaire de neutrophiles, la formation d’un pannus et la destruction du cartilage et de l’os. De nombreux acteurs cellulaires et moléculaires dont les plaquettes et leurs microparticules (MPs) ainsi que la phospholipase A2 sécrétée de type IIA (sPLA2-IIA) contribuent à cette pathologie. Récemment, nous avons mis en évidence que les plaquettes activées libèrent certes des MPs mais aussi des mitochondries libres que nous avons appelées freeMitos. Les MPs et les freeMitos sont détectées dans les fluides synoviaux de patients arthritiques. Au cours de nos recherches, nos résultats indiquent que la sPLA2-IIA hydrolyse les phospholipides membranaires des MPs et des freeMitos. Elle libère des lysophospholipides et des acides gras, dont l’acide arachidonique (AA). L’ADN mitochondrial est aussi relâché à la suite de l’hydrolyse des freeMitos par la sPLA2-IIA. Ces différents produits induisent la libération de leucotriènes et de cytokines pro-inflammatoires ainsi que la formation de neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) par les neutrophiles. La sPLA2-IIA cible aussi les MPs qui sont riches en enzymes du métabolisme de l’acide arachidonique (AA). Cet AA est majoritairement métabolisé en 12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acide (12-HETE) par la 12-lipoxygénase (12-LO) des MPs. Le 12(S)-HETE issue de l’action concertée de la sPLA2-IIA et la 12-LO, induit l’internalisation des MPs par les neutrophiles in vitro et in vivo. Les MPs transfèrent leur cargaison en facteurs de transcription, en acides nucléiques et en mitochondries aux neutrophiles. Les MPs modulent le transcriptome et les fonctions du neutrophile. Les MPs et les produits d’hydrolyse par la sPLA2-IIA induisent une augmentation de la génération de leucotriènes, la formation de NETs et une résistance à l’apoptose. Ces deux enzymes sont aussi impliqués dans la sévérité de l’arthrite inflammatoire murine. En somme, nos études apportent une meilleure connaissance sur le contenu des MPs de plaquette. Un mécanisme finement régulé, d’internalisation des MPs par les neutrophiles, a été mis en évidence. / Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disease affecting 1% of the world population. This pathology is characterized by a symmetric articular achievement where takes place a synovial hyperplasia accompanied with an infiltration of leukocytes, mainly neutrophils, and a destruction of cartilage and bone. Several cellular and molecular actors including platelets, platelet microparticles (MPs) and the secreted phospholipase A2 group IIA (sPLA2-IIA) contribute to this pathology. Recently, we highlighted that activated platelets produce also extracellular mitochondria (freeMitos) which we detected in the synovial fluids from arthritic patients. In our research, our results indicate that sPLA2-IIA hydrolyzes membrane phosopholipids of freeMitos and MPs, releasing lysophospholipids and arachidonic acid (AA). Mitochondrial DNA is also liberated after sPLA2-IIA hydrolysis. These products induce leukotrienes production, proinflammatory cytokine release and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation by neutrophils. sPLA2-IIA also targets MPs that contain enzyme involved in AA metabolism. AA is mainly metabolized in 12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) by 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO) from MPs. It induces MP internalization in the human and murin neutrophils. MPs transfer their elaborated cargo, rich in transcription factors, nucleic acids and mitochondria, to neutrophils. MPs modulate transcriptome and functions of neutrophils. MPs and the products of hydrolysis by sPLA2-IIA, induce increase of leukotrienes production, NET release and apoptosis resistance. 12-LO and sPLA2-IIA are involved in inflammatory murine arthritis severity. Our work brings a better knowledge on the content of the platelet MPs. It highlights a tightly regulated mechanism implicated in MP internalization in neutrophils.

L'épithélium pigmentaire rétinien (EPR) est constitué d'une monocouche de cellules tapissant le fond de l'oeil et est localisée de façon apicale par rapport à la rétine neurale. Outre ses fonctions au niveau du cycle visuel, PEPR permet aussi la phagocytose des segments externes des bâtonnets (SEB) et la production de phagosomes. L'EPR digère ces phagosomes à l'aide d'enzymes telles les phospholipases A₂ (PLA₂) et recycle certaines de ses composantes tels les acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI). Fait notable, plus de 60% des acides gras des phospholipides des SEB sont polyinsaturés. Ces membranes sont donc très susceptibles à l'oxydation. Il a déjà été démontré dans notre laboratoire que PEPR exprime une PLA₂ gamma cytosolique (cPLA₂ gamma). La spécificité et l'activité constitutive de cette PLA₂ suggèrent qu'elle pourrait participer au recyclage des AGPI. Les objectifs poursuivis dans cette partie de la thèse étaient de surexprimer, de purifier la cPLA₂ gamma et de caractériser ses propriétés enzymatiques et de liaison avec des modèles membranaires. Au niveau des interactions membranaires, nous avons d'une part démontré que la cPLA2-gamma recombinante était active, hydrolysant le L-DPPC en monocouche ainsi que le PAPC en vésicules (résultats non-montrés). Il s'agit selon nous de la première fois où une cPLA2-gamma recombinante issue d'un système prokaryote, dépourvue des modifications postraductionnelles associées à celle produite à partir du système eukaryote, notamment la farnésylation de son extrémité C-terminale et de nombreux sites potentiels de palmitoylation et d'un site de myristoylation (Tucker et al., 2005), était démontrée active. La vision chez les vertébrés commence avec l'absorption de lumière par les pigments visuels dans les cellules des photorécepteurs. Les pigments visuels, ou opsines, sont des récepteurs à sept hélices transmembranaires couplés aux protéines G localisés dans la membrane des disques des segments externes des bâtonnets et des cônes. Dans l'obscurité, le chromophore sensible à la lumière, le 11 cis retinal, est lié de manière covalente à l'opsine via un lien de base de Schiff à un résidu de lysine spécifique localisé au centre de la septième hélice alpha transmembranaire. La stimulation lumineuse a pour résultat Pisomérisation du 11-cis rétinal en tout-trans rétinal, ce qui cause un changement dans la conformation de la rhodopsine. La métarhodopsine II photoactivée résultante réagit avec la protéine G, appelée transducine, et déclenche la cascade de phototransduction qui mène à u l'hyperpolarisation des photorécepteurs et, finalement, à l'inhibition du relargage de neurotransmetteur au niveau de la terminaison synaptique. Après isomérisation du 11-cis-rétinal à la configuration tout-trans, la base de Schiff est hydrolysée et le chromophore photolyse se détache de l'opsine. Le tout-trans rétinal est alors réduit en tout-trans rétinol par une rétinol dehydrogenase (RDH) localisée dans la membrane discale des segments externes des photorécepteurs (Blaner et al, 1980; Nicotra et Livrea, 1982; Ishiguro et al, 1991; Palczewski et al, 1994). Les enzymes spécifiques responsables de cette réaction sont la RDH8 et la RDH 12 (Molday et al., 2009; Rattner et al., 2000; Maeda et al., 2006, Maeda et al. 2009). Six RDHs distinctes exprimées dans les photorécepteurs ont été récemment clonées. Leurs fonctions, in vivo, demeurent inconnues, mais elles ont toutes démontré leur capacité à réduire le tout-trans rétinal in vitro (Kasus-Jacobi et al. 2006). Plusieurs évidences suggèrent que cette réduction du tout-trans rétinal dans les cellules des photorécepteurs est cruciale pour le maintien du caractère fonctionnel et de l'intégrité structurale de la rétine. Cette réaction est la première étape d'une voie métabolique appelée le cycle visuel, lequel est essentiel pour une phototransduction soutenue. Cette voie intervient au niveau des photorécepteurs et de l'épithélium de pigment rétinien (EPR) et permet de recycler le tout-trans rétinal en 11-cis rétinal. Quand le tout-trans rétinol issu de la réduction du tout-trans rétinal est produit dans les photorécepteurs, il est transporté dans PEPR où il est estérifié par la lécithine rétinol acyl transferase (LRAT) et est emmagasiné sous forme de tout-trans rétinyl ester. Le tout-trans-rétinol peut aussi être acheminé à PEPR par la vascularisation choroïdienne, entrant dans PEPR via un processus récepteur-dépendant impliquant un complexe de protéine/transthyretin - protéine sérique liant le rétinol (SRBP) (Malpeli et al., 1996). Les rétinyl esters emmagasinés dans PEPR constituent le substrat pour Pisomérohydrolase (IMH), aussi appelée RPE65, une enzyme dont le rôle proposé serait de catalyser l'hydrolyse concertée du tout-trans rétinyl ester et l'isomérisation en 11-cis rétinol. L'oxydation du 11 cis-rétinol en 11-cis rétinal par la 11 cis rétinol dehydrogenase (RDH5) et/ou la RDH11 dans PEPR complète le cycle visuel. Le 11-cis rétinal est ensuite réacheminé vers les photorécepteurs où il se combine avec l'opsine pour régénérer la rhodopsine photosensible. La première étape du cycle visuel est importante parce qu'elle produit du tout-trans rétinol, utilisé pour approvisionner PEPR en Ill rétinyl ester. U ne s'agit cependant pas de Punique source de tout-trans-rétinol puisque celui en circulation dans l'organisme peut également être utilisé de façon alternative. À ce jour, on connaît encore peu de choses sur ces enzymes. Il est connu que des mutations de la RDH5 sont associées avec la maladie récessive rare fundus albipunctatus, alors que des mutations de la RDH 12 causent l'amaurose congénitale de Leber. Cependant le rôle physiologique exact de plusieurs autres isozymes de la RDH et de leur implication possible dans des pathologies de l'oeil demeurent toujours inconnus jusqu'à maintenant. L'objectif de ces travaux consistait à surexprimer et purifier la RDH 11 et une forme tronquée (N-delRDHll) pour ensuite mesurer ses interactions membranaires et, finalement, déterminer sa structure tridimensionnelle. Lors de cette étude, nous avons obtenu deux versions de la RDH-11, soit une version complète comportant les 318 acides aminés, ainsi qu'une version tronquée comportant une deletion des 26 premiers acides aminés en N-terminal que l'on appelera N-delRDHll tout au long de cette thèse. La version N-delRDHl 1 fut produite par génie moléculaire en raison du très faible niveau d'expression et de solubilité de la version complète de la RDH-11. Les meilleurs essais de purification ont produit une N-delRDHll d'une pureté supérieure à 95% et d'une concentration d'environ 1 mg/ml, ce qui nous a permis de tenter la cristallogénèse de cette protéine, malheureusement sans succès. Nous avons de plus démontré que la N-delRDH 11 surexprimée dans un système prokaryote était active, convertissant rapidement le tout-trans rétinal en rétinol. Or, il s'agit à notre connaissance de la première fois qu'une activité était démontrée pour une protéine issue d'un tel système d'expression. Les mesures effectuées en pression de surface ont permis d'établir comment la présence du segment N-terminal, sans être le seul élément nécessaire à la liaison membranaire, venait néanmoins accélérer grandement la cinétique de mobilisation de la protéine du coeur de phase jusqu'à l'interface. Cependant, ce segment N-terminal n'aurait pas d'effet significatif sur la pression d'insertion maximale (PIM) sous une monocouche de DOPE. Par ailleurs, les mesures de PIM avec les lipides comportant deux chaînes grasses 18:1 nous ont également permis de constater des différences significatives entre les différentes têtes polaires des phospholipides testés. / Les PIM les plus élevées ont été obtenues avec le DOPE (~ 44 mN/m) et les plus faibles avec le DOPC (~ 25 mN/m). Quant aux mesures faites en spectroscopic PM-IRRAS, nous avons d'une part confirmé que la N-delRDHll ainsi que la RDH 11 ont une structure secondaire à l'interface air-eau composée d'une proportion importante d'hélices-a, en accord avec les données que nous avions obtenues en solution par dichroïsme circulaire et spectroscopie infrarouge. Le maintien de la structure secondaire de la N-delRDHll à l'interface air-eau démontre également que l'intégrité de la protéine est préservée dans cet environnement. Ces mesures en PM-IRRAS ont de plus révélé un possible changement conformationnel de la N-delRDHll suite à la liaison de son substrat, le tout-trans rétinal, en plus de démontrer que la composition lipidique de la monocouche pouvait avoir un effet direct sur la stabilisation des hélices-a de la protéine.

Le cycle cellulaire est finement régulé dans le temps et l'espace. Nous avons abordé les aspects dynamiques des interactions que la cycline A2 entretient avec ses partenaires Cdk1, Cdk2 et l'ubiquitine au cours du cycle cellulaire, dans des lignées cellulaires humaines. A cette fin, nous avons eu recours aux approches de FRET (Förster/fluorescence resonance energy transfer) et de FLIM (fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy). Ceci nous a permis de montrer que les formes ubiquitinylées de la cycline A2 apparaissent principalement sous forme de foyers en prométaphase et se propagent ensuite à l'ensemble de la cellule. En outre, nous avons découvert que l'autophagie participe à la dégradation de cette cycline en mitose. Nous discutons les implications de ces observations quant à un rôle éventuel de la cycline A2 au moment de la formation de l'anneau de constriction, ainsi que de la participation de l'autophagie via cette cycline, dans la réponse aux dommages à l'ADN en mitose. / The cell cycle is finely regulated in time and space. We have studied the dynamical aspect of the interactions between cyclin A2 and its partners Cdk1, Cdk2 and ubiquitin during the cell cycle, in human cell lines. To this aim, we have used FRET (Förster/fluorescence resonance energy transfer) and FLIM (fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy) techniques. We have thus shown that ubiquitylated forms of cyclin A2 are detected predominantly in foci in prometaphase, before spreading throughout the cell. Moreover, we have shown that autophagy contributes to cyclin A2 degradation in mitosis. We discuss the implications of these observations regarding a possible role of cyclin A2 when the cleavage furrow forms, and the participation of autophagy in DNA damage response in mitosis.

A Apis mellifera é um inseto pertencente à ordem Himenóptera, família Apidae, possui ocorrência cosmopolita e grande importância ecológica, econômica e médica. As subespécies hibridas que ocorrem no Brasil possuem características predominantemente africanas e passaram a ser conhecidas como abelhas africanizadas. As principais características das abelhas africanizadas são o comportamento agressivo, boa resistência a doenças, alta produção de mel e o aumento da frequência de enxameamentos, que tem causado preocupação por estar acompanhado, de aumento no número de acidentes. A agressividade e o aumento da frequência do exameamento fazem com que elas estejam repetidamente envolvidas em ataques massivos a humanos e animais, tornando esse tipo de envenenamento um problema de saúde pública. A busca de tratamento para o envenenamento tem sido alvo de diversas pesquisas. De uma forma geral, os tratamentos atuam sobre os efeitos causados pelo veneno (medicamentos) ou sobre os componentes do veneno (soros e inibidores). Os principais componentes do veneno são a fosfolipase A2 (PLA2) e a melitina. A PLA2 é uma das principais proteínas do veneno, que degrada a membrana plasmática das células e tem o seu efeito potencializado pela presença da melitina. A PLA2 da Apis mellifera possui a estrutura protéica determinada e sítio ativo identificado. Essas características qualificam a PLA2 como potencial alvo de estudos de planejamento de fármacos. A estratégia de planejamento de fármacos tem como objetivo acelerar o processo de identificação de ligantes, contribuindo para o processo da descoberta de fármacos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar in silico potenciais inibidores contra a PLA2 de Apis mellifera, avaliar in vitro e in vivo a potencial atividade inibitória dos compostos selecionados e identificar a citotoxicidade in vitro dos compostos. A estrutura da PLA2 foi obtida da base de dados (PDB) e a busca de compostos feita das bibliotecas Maybridge e Chembridge. A triagem virtual foi realizada com o auxilio do programa GOLD. Os compostos identificados (22 da Maybridge e 68 da Chembridge) pelos programas GOLD foram filtrados com o uso das ferramentas computacionais para seleção dos compostos com melhores interações no sítio ativo. Os parâmetros utilizados como filtros foram as análises das ligações químicas e os campos de interação molecular. Os compostos selecionados (20 da Maybridge e 29 da Chembridge) foram submetidos a um grupo de programas computacionais para predição de características físico-químicas (drug-like), toxicidade e atividade biológica dos ligantes. Os resultados das predições sugeriram que os compostos da Chembridge fossem utilizados nas análises experimentais. Os compostos da biblioteca Chembridge foram adquiridos (29 do total de 49 compostos). Os compostos tiveram as suas potenciais atividades inibitórias avaliadas in vitro e in vivo. A atividade fosfolipásica foi avaliada para os 29 compostos e 11 apresentaram atividade inibitória contra PLA2. Os 11 compostos foram avaliados in vivo com o experimento de indução de edema e 5 compostos conseguiram reduzir o edema. Os compostos foram avaliados em relação a citoxicidade que poderiam causar. A citotoxicidade in vitro foi calculada para 3 compostos dos 5 inibidores obtidos. O resultado do experimento identificou 2 compostos como citotóxicos e 1 com menor citotoxicidade. Apesar da citotoxicidade identificada, mais estudos devem ser realizados para determinar a concentração inibitória não tóxica. Portanto, o trabalho identificou 5 potenciais inibidores específicos contra a PLA2 de Apis mellifera. / Apis mellifera is an insect belonging to the order Hymenoptera , Apidae family , has cosmopolitan occurrence and major ecological , economic, and medical . The hybrid subspecies that occur in Brazil have predominantly African features and came to be known as Africanized bees . The main characteristics of Africanized bees are aggressive behavior , good disease resistance, high honey production and increased frequency of enxameamentos , which has caused concern to be monitored , the increase in the number of accidents . The aggressiveness and increased frequency of exameamento cause they are repeatedly involved in massive human and animal attacks , making this kind of poisoning a problem of public health. The search for treatments for poisoning has been the subject of several studies . In general , treatments act on the effects caused by poison ( drug ), or the components of poison ( sera and inhibitors) . The main components of the venom are A2 ( PLA2 ) and phospholipase melittin . PLA2 is a major venom proteins , which degrades the plasma membrane of the cells and its effect is potentiated by the presence of melittin . The Apis mellifera PLA2 has determined the protein structure and active site identified . These characteristics qualify PLA2 as a potential target for drug design studies . The strategy for drug design aims to accelerate the identification of ligands , contributing to the process of drug discovery . This study aimed to identify in silico potential inhibitors of PLA2 Apis mellifera , in vitro and in vivo the potential inhibitory activity of selected compounds and identify the in vitro cytotoxicity of the compounds . The structure of PLA2 was obtained from the database (PDB ) and the search for compounds made from Maybridge Chembridge and libraries. The virtual screening was done with the aid of the GOLD program. The identified compounds ( 22 and 68 of the Maybridge Chembridge ) by GOLD programs were filtered with the use of computational tools for the selection of compounds with better interactions in the active site . The parameters used were as filters analyzes of chemical bonds and the fields of molecular interaction. The selected compounds ( 20 and 29 of the Maybridge Chembridge ) were submitted to a group of computer programs for the prediction of physico- chemical characteristics ( drug -like) , toxicity and biological activity of the ligands . The results of the predictions suggest that the compounds of Chembridge were used in experimental analysis . The compounds were obtained from Chembridge library (29 of 49 compounds). The compounds had their potential inhibitory activity evaluated in vitro and in vivo . The phospholipase activity was assessed for compounds 29 and 11 showed inhibitory activity against PLA2 . The 11 compounds were evaluated in vivo experiment with the induction of edema and 5 compounds were able to reduce edema . The compounds were evaluated for cytotoxicity that could cause . The in vitro cytotoxicity was calculated for three of the compounds obtained 5 inhibitors . The result of the experiment identified as cytotoxic compounds 2 and 1 with lower cytotoxicity . Despite the cytotoxicity identified , further studies should be conducted to determine the non-toxic inhibitory concentration . Therefore, the study identified 5 potential specific inhibitors of PLA2 Apis mellifera.