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Bakgrund: För att bibehålla ett liv med en hög livskvalité är det viktigt att ha en tillräcklig muskelstyrka för att klara av vardagen och minska skador. Styrketräning kan utveckla skelettmuskulaturen och anses vara ett populärt träningssätt. Användningen av icke-steroida antiinflammatoriska läkemedel (NSAID) har ökat inom idrotten. Forskningsläget var sparsamt bland den yngre befolkningen, men mer forskning fanns inom området på den äldre befolkningen. Dock saknades forskning kring påverkan av olika doser under en längre användningsperiod. Syfte: Litteraturöversiktens syfte var att granska användandet av preparaten (NSAID) och tydliggöra vilken effekt dessa hade på styrkeutveckling, skelettmuskeltillväxt och signaler i skelettmuskulaturen i samband med styrketräning. Metod: Den systematiska litteraturöversikten skapades med publikationer från databaserna Pubmed och SPORT Discus där 86 studier identifierades. För att kunna besvara frågeställningen resulterade det i nio studier totalt. De valda studiernas validitet bedömdes och samtliga var av god kvalité. Resultat: Äldre runt 65 år undersöktes i fem av nio studier då alla förutom en inte påvisade någon skillnad i skelettmuskulaturen medan en påvisade en signifikant positiv effekt i muskelmassa vid intag av icke-steroida antiinflammatoriska läkemedel i jämförelse med placebo. De resterande fyra studierna var gjorda på yngre individer runt 25 år och spretade åt olika håll. Där de visade på att ingen skillnad fanns i att det blev en minskad styrkeutveckling och skelettmuskeltillväxt och att det hämmar signaler men att individerna även orkar utföra ett större arbete med läkemedlen. Slutsats: För yngre individer visade preparaten ha en hämmande effekt på muskeltillväxten men för äldre individer verkade inte muskeltillväxten påverkas. / Background: To maintain a life with a high quality of life, it is important to have sufficient muscle strength to cope with everyday life and reduce injuries. Strength training can develop skeletal muscle and is considered a popular exercise method. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has increased in sports. The research situation was sparse among the younger population, but more research was found in the field of the older population. However, there was no research on the effect of different doses over a longer period of use. Purpose: The purpose of the literature review was to examine the use of the preparations (NSAIDs) and to clarify their effect on strength development, skeletal muscle growth and signals in the skeletal muscle in connection with strength training. Method: The systematic literature review was created with publications from the Pubmed and SPORT Discus databases, where 86 studies were identified. In order to answer the question, it resulted in nine studies in total. The validity of the selected studies was assessed, and all were of good quality. Results: Elderly people around the age of 65 were examined in five of nine studies, all except one showing no difference in skeletal muscle, while one showed a significant positive effect in muscle mass when taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs compared to placebo. The remaining four studies were done on younger individuals around 25 years of age and spread in different directions. Where they showed that there was no difference in the fact that there was a decrease in strength development and skeletal muscle growth and that it inhibited signals but that the individuals also can do a greater work on the drugs. Conclusion: For younger individuals, the preparations were shown to have an inhibitory effect on muscle growth, but for older individuals, muscle growth did not appear to be affected.

Grace S.N. Lau. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 335-362). / List of Abbreviations --- p.i / Abstract --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- General Introduction and Study Objectives / Chapter 1.1 --- Metabolic activation - role in drug toxicity and carcinogenesis --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Hepatocellular carcinoma --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Epidemiology --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Aetiological factors --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Hepatitis B virus infection --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Cirrhosis --- p.24 / Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- Aflatoxins --- p.25 / Chapter 1.2.2.4 --- Other factors --- p.26 / Chapter 1.2.2.5 --- Summary --- p.29 / Chapter 1.3 --- Study objectives --- p.30 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- The Metabolism of Paracetamol in Healthy Subjects andin Patients with Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- History of paracetamol --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Pharmacology of paracetamol --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- "Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion" --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- Absorption --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- Distribution --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.3.3 --- Metabolism --- p.42 / Chapter 2.1.3.4 --- Excretion --- p.57 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Toxicity and Overdosage --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2 --- Estimation of paracetamol and its metabolites in plasma and urine by high performance liquid chromatography --- p.72 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Introduction --- p.72 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Analytical method --- p.76 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Materials --- p.76 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Instrumentation --- p.77 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Collection and storage of samples --- p.79 / Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- Chromatographic conditions --- p.79 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Urine assay --- p.79 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Preparation of standards and test samples for urine assay --- p.79 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Calculation of results for urine assay --- p.80 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Results of urine assay --- p.81 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Validation of urine assay --- p.81 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Plasma assay --- p.83 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Preparation of standards and test samples for plasma assay --- p.83 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Calculation of results for plasma assay --- p.91 / Chapter 2.2.4.3 --- Results of plasma assay --- p.91 / Chapter 2.2.4.4 --- Validation of plasma assay --- p.93 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Summary --- p.99 / Chapter 2.3 --- The pharmacokinetics of paracetamol in healthy subjects --- p.103 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Introduction --- p.103 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Study protocol --- p.103 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Methods --- p.103 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- Subjects --- p.103 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Drug administration and sampling --- p.104 / Chapter 2.3.3.3 --- Drug analysis --- p.108 / Chapter 2.3.3.4 --- Calculations --- p.108 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Pharmacokinetic analysis --- p.109 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.113 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Results --- p.114 / Chapter 2.3.6.1 --- Plasma Results --- p.114 / Chapter 2.3.6.2 --- Urine Results --- p.118 / Chapter 2.3.6.3 --- Pharmacokinetic Results --- p.125 / Chapter 2.3.6.4 --- Statistical Results --- p.134 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Discussion --- p.145 / Chapter 2.4 --- "The pharmacokinetics of paracetamol in healthy subjects, patients with liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma" --- p.155 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Introduction --- p.155 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Study protocol --- p.156 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Methods --- p.156 / Chapter 2.4.3.1 --- Subjects --- p.156 / Chapter 2.4.3.2 --- Drug administration and sampling --- p.157 / Chapter 2.4.3.3 --- Drug analysis --- p.160 / Chapter 2.4.3.4 --- Calculations --- p.160 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Pharmacokinetic analysis --- p.161 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Results --- p.162 / Chapter 2.4.6.1 --- Plasma Results --- p.162 / Chapter 2.4.6.2 --- Urine Results --- p.162 / Chapter 2.4.6.3 --- Pharmacokinetic Results --- p.179 / Chapter 2.4.7 --- Discussion --- p.194 / Chapter 2.4.8 --- Summary --- p.203 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Metabolic Activation of Aflatoxin B1 in Healthy Subjects and in Patients with Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma / Chapter 3.1 --- General introduction --- p.206 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Chemical structures and properties --- p.207 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Contamination of food by aflatoxins --- p.209 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Metabolism of aflatoxins --- p.210 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Human diseases possibly related to exposure to aflatoxins --- p.226 / Chapter 3.1.4.1 --- Acute aflatoxicosis --- p.226 / Chapter 3.1.4.2 --- Reye's syndrome --- p.227 / Chapter 3.1.4.3 --- Kwashiorkor --- p.228 / Chapter 3.1.4.4 --- Impaired immune function --- p.229 / Chapter 3.1.4.5 --- Hepatocellular carcinoma --- p.230 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Biochemical and molecular epidemiology of aflatoxins --- p.232 / Chapter 3.2 --- Development of an ELISA method to monitor AFB1 exposure in human serum --- p.237 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Introduction --- p.237 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Preparation of all the components necessary for analysing AFB1-albumin adducts by ELISA --- p.243 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Materials --- p.243 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Preparation of rabbit AFB1 antiserum --- p.244 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Preparation of the rat monoclonal antibody --- p.244 / Chapter 3.2.2.4 --- Concentration of cell culture supernatant by ammonium sulphate precipitation --- p.246 / Chapter 3.2.2.5 --- Preparation of the BSA-AFB1 conjugate --- p.248 / Chapter 3.2.2.6 --- Preparation of the immunoaffinity gel --- p.250 / Chapter 3.2.2.7 --- Preparation of the ELISA plates --- p.251 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- General procedures used in the analysis of AFB1- albumin adducts --- p.252 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Competitive ELISA binding assay --- p.253 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Sep-pak C18 cartridge --- p.254 / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- Immunoaffinity column --- p.255 / Chapter 3.2.3.4 --- Evaporation process --- p.255 / Chapter 3.2.3.5 --- HPLC --- p.256 / Chapter 3.2.3.6 --- Radioactive counting --- p.256 / Chapter 3.2.3.7 --- Albumin isolation --- p.257 / Chapter 3.2.3.8 --- Digestion of albumin --- p.257 / Chapter 3.2.3.9 --- Animal procedures --- p.258 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Validations --- p.259 / Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Analysis of standard AFB1 and AFB1- lysine in ELISA --- p.259 / Chapter 3 2.4.2 --- Optimisation of antiserum dilution and concentration of coating antigenin ELISA --- p.259 / Chapter 3 2.4.3 --- Elution characteristics and capacity of the immunoaffinity column --- p.261 / Chapter 3.2.4.4 --- Comparison of immunoaffinity gels prepared with different affinity gels --- p.261 / Chapter 3.2.4.5 --- Immunoaffinity column experiment of AFB1-lysine --- p.263 / Chapter 3.2.4.6 --- HPLC Analysis of fractions from immunoaffinity column --- p.263 / Chapter 3.2.4.8 --- HPLC analysis of fractions from Sep- Pak C18 cartridge --- p.264 / Chapter 3.2.4.9 --- Digestion of serum albumin by proteinase K --- p.264 / Chapter 3.2.4.10 --- Effect of ethanol in samples to be loaded onto Sep-Pak C18 cartridge --- p.265 / Chapter 3.2.4.11 --- Effect of drying in a vacuum concentrator on recovery of radioactivity of 3H-AFB1 --- p.266 / Chapter 3.2.4.12 --- Evaluation of the overall procedure for the analysis of serum albumin adducts of AFB1 --- p.267 / Chapter 3.2.4.13 --- HPLC analysis of samples obtained after digestion and all clean-up procedures --- p.268 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Results and discussion --- p.268 / Chapter 3.2.5.1 --- BSA-AFB1 conjugate --- p.268 / Chapter 3.2.5.2 --- Treatment of experimental animals with 3H-AFB1 --- p.270 / Chapter 3.2.5.3 --- Optimisation of antiserum dilution and concentration of coating antigenin ELISA --- p.272 / Chapter 3.2.5.4 --- Analysis of standard AFB1 and AFB1- lysine in ELISA --- p.275 / Chapter 3.2.5.5 --- Sep-Pak C18 cartridge - elution characteristics and capacity --- p.279 / Chapter 3.2.5.6 --- Elution characteristics of immunoaffinity columns --- p.282 / Chapter 3.2.5.7 --- Immunoaffinity column experiment of AFB1-lysine --- p.290 / Chapter 3.2.5.8 --- Digestion of serum albumin by proteinase K --- p.295 / Chapter 3.2.5.9 --- Effect of ethanol in samples to be applied onto Sep-Pak C18 cartridges --- p.297 / Chapter 3.2.5.10 --- Recovery of radioactivity after dryingin a vacuum concentrator --- p.300 / Chapter 3.2.5.11 --- Recovery of the overall clean-up procedure for the analysis of serum albumin adducts of AFB1 --- p.300 / Chapter 3.2.5.12 --- HPLC analysis of samples obtained after all clean-up procedures --- p.305 / Chapter 3.2.5.13 --- The use of rabbit anti-AFB1 anti-serum and rat anti-AFB1 monoclonal antibody --- p.308 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Summary --- p.309 / Chapter 3.3 --- Monitoring of AFBralbumin adducts in plasma of patients with liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma --- p.311 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Introduction --- p.311 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Material and methods --- p.314 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Subject --- p.314 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Sample collections --- p.315 / Chapter 3.3.2.4 --- Assay for AFB1-albumin adducts --- p.315 / Chapter 3.3.2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.318 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.318 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Summary and Ideas for Further Studies --- p.330 / Acknowledgements --- p.333 / References --- p.335 / Appendices --- p.364

The research addressed in this thesis focuses on monitoring and characterization of pharmaceutical compounds by laser backscattering. In particular, this study covers two topics: (1) the determination of naproxen sodium solubility in water, and its phase transition; and (2) comparisons of batch and laminar flow tubular crystallizers for the production of paracetamol (acetaminophen) and D-mannitol. Using a Lasentec™ Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement (FBRM) device, the solubility of naproxen sodium in aqueous solutions was determined over a temperature range from 15.2 to 39.7 ℃ With the determination of the solubilities of two pseudopolymorphs, anhydrous and dihydrated naproxen sodium, the phase transition point between these two forms of the pharmaceutical compound was determined to occur at 30.3 ℃ Enthalpy of solution and metastable zone widths were also determined for the experimental conditions. Crystallizations of paracetamol and D-mannitol were performed in a batch crystallizer and in a laminar flow tubular crystallizer (LFTC) system. In the latter system, supersaturation was generated rapidly in the solution being transported through a temperature-controlled tube and recovered in a batch vessel where product crystals were grown to equilibration. Because of the rapid rate at which supersaturation was generated in the LFTC, the resulting crystals were of smaller mean size than those obtained from batch crystallizations. The total time required for crystallization was significantly less with the LFTC than with the batch unit. Additionally, the rapid cooling in the LFTC led to the formation of two different polymorphs of paracetamol, Forms I and II.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2004. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 160 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Residuos de fármacos estão presentes em diversas matrizes ambientais e estudos focados na determinação destes tem ganhado grande importância nos últimos anos, devido ao aumento do consumo de medicamentos pela população. A questão do controle de resíduos de compostos farmacologicamente ativos no meio ambiente aquático foi reconhecida como uma das questões emergentes na Química Ambiental, e tem-se dado maior importância visto que os fármacos são encontrados em matrizes em estudos em concentrações de μgL-1 e ngL-1. Nesta pesquisa estudou-se três fármacos antiflamatórios que são amplamente consumidos pela população: diclofenaco, nimesulida e paracetamol. O método analítico foi desenvolvido e validado para a determinação destes fármacos em amostras de águas superficiais da cidade de São Carlos (SP). Inicialmente foi feita a validação do método proposto segundo a Resolução DOQ-CGCRE-008 do INMETRO. Os limites de detecção, e de quantificação e inferior de quantificação do método para a determinação do diclofenaco, nimesulida e paracetamol, foram, respectivamente, 0,5; 1,1 e 1,1 μgL-1. A linearidade, desvio-padrão relativo, exatidão e recuperação média para o diclofenaco foram, respectivamente, R de 0,99, 3,03%, 100,55% e 97,94%. Para a nimesulida, os valores de linearidade, desvio-padrão relativo, exatidão e recuperação, foram, R de 0,98, 2,43%, 101,46% e 100,67%. Já para o paracetamol obteve-se os seguintes valores para linearidade, desvio-padrão relativo, exatidão e recuperação, R de 0,99, 3,50%, 97,94% e 93,17%, respectivamente. Na segunda etapa deste estudo aplicou-se o método validado na análise de amostras de águas coletadas na cidade de São Carlos (SP). Para o método de extração utilizou-se a extração em fase sólida (SPE) e como técnica analítica utilizou-se o HPLC/DAD. Os resultados não indicaram a presença dos fármacos diclofenaco, nimesulida e paracetamol até o limite de detecção do método empregado. / Residues of drugs are present in various environmental matrices and studies focused on the determination of these have gained in importance in recent years, due to increased drug consumption by the population. The issue of control of residues of pharmacologically active compounds in the aquatic environment was recognized as one of the emerging issues in environmental chemistry, and has given greater importance since the drugs are found in studies in matrices at concentrations μgL-1 and ngL-1. In this study was studied three drugs that are widely consumed by the population: diclofenac, nimesulide and acetaminophen. The analytical method was developed for the determination of these drugs in surface water samples from São Carlos (SP). Initially, made a validation of the method proposed second resolution DOQ-008-CGCRE INMETRO. The detection, quantification and lower quantification limits of method for determining of diclofenac, nimesulide and paracetamol were 0.5, 1.1 and 1.1 μgL-1, respectively. The linearity, relative standard , accuracy and average recovery of the method for diclofenac were, respectively, R equal to 0.99, 3.03%, 100.55% and 97.94%. For nimesulide, the values of linearity, relative standard, accuracy and recovery were R equal to 0.98, and 2.43%, 101.46% and 100.67%. For acetaminophen obtained the following values for linearity, relative standard, accuracy and recovery, R equal to 0.99, 3.50%, 97.94% and 93.17% respectively. In the second stage of the study applied the validated method in the analysis of water samples collected in the São Carlos (SP). For extracting the drugs, SPE cartridges were used followed by HPLC / DAD. The results indicate the absense of the studied drugs diclofenac, nimesulide and acetaminophen down to the detection limits of the method employed.