Access to abstract permanently restricted to Ball State community only. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

Batch crystallization is used widely in the production of high-value added species. It is widely recognized that product properties, some of which may be related directly to the utility of the drug, and downstream processes, such as tableting, are influenced by crystal morphology, size, and shape. The ability to observe on-line the evolution of the population density and detect a polymorphic transformation would constitute a major asset in understanding crystallizer operation and the phenomena that influence product quality. Focused-beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) is among the process analytical technologies (PAT) that hold promise for enhanced monitoring of pharmaceutical crystallization. It is based on scattering of laser light and provides a methodology for on-line monitoring of a representation of the crystal population in either batch or continuous crystallization systems. Properly installed, the FBRM allows on-line determination of the chord-length density, which is a complex function of crystal geometry and is statistically related to the population density. A model based on the geometry of the crystal was therefore established to relate both densities and thus enable computation of the population density from a measured chord length density. The evolution of the population density as a function of time leads to the estimation of the supersaturation and therefore allows the determination of the systems kinetics. From there, the population balance can be solved. Paracetamol is a common substance which exhibit polymorphism and is mainly used as an analgesic and antipyretic drug. The developed model was here applied to batch cooling crystallization of paracetamol from ethanol solutions; this system was used to explore the utility of FBRM data in detection of the polymorphic transformations. As different shapes generate different chord length densities, a transition from one polymorphic form with one specific crystal habit to another can be tracked through the FBRM. The purpose of the present study is to use the FBRM to monitor the evolution of the crystallization process, develop a model describing the evolution of the process, and monitor polymorphic transformation. The end results would be the possibility to implement a better control of the crystallization process that would ensure that downstream processing and product quality meet expectations.

Bibliography: leaves 116-138 / [14], 138 leaves, 5 leaves of plates : ill ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology, 1988

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Submitted by MARJORIE DE OLIVEIRA GALLINARI null (marjo_oliveira@hotmail.com) on 2016-05-20T00:08:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão final - Diessertação!.pdf: 4298608 bytes, checksum: d78e89bc5d747df80a571cc21dbf5c26 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-23T19:19:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gallinari_mo_me_arafo.pdf: 4298608 bytes, checksum: d78e89bc5d747df80a571cc21dbf5c26 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-23T19:19:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gallinari_mo_me_arafo.pdf: 4298608 bytes, checksum: d78e89bc5d747df80a571cc21dbf5c26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-13 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência da hidrocortison e do acetaminofeno na inflamação e na expressão de neuropeptídeos por meio da análise histopatológica e imunoistoquímica. Para tanto, 63 ratos foram divididos em 3 lotes de estudo (n=21) de acordo com a terapia de combate à dor: LI- controle, LII- administração tópica de hidrocortisona por 10 minutos, depois do tratamento clareador e LIII- administração via oral de acetaminofeno 30 minutos antes do tratamento clareador com peróxido de hidrogênio a 35% e depois de 12 em 12 horas. Em todos os grupos de estudo, na maxila esquerda foi realizado o tratamento clareador placebo e a maxila direita recebeu a 3 aplicações de 15 minutos de um gel clareador a base de peróxido de hidrogênio a 35%, totalizando 45 minutos de contato do gel clareador com substrato dentário. Os momentos de eutanásia dos animais foram imediatamente após, 24 e 48 horas após o tratamento clareador. Posteriormente à eutanásia dos animais, as peças foram processadas e o primeiro molar de cada maxila foi analisado histopatologicamente quanto ao grau de inflamação e por análise de imunoistoquímica para verificarmos a presença dos neuropeptídeos SP e CGRP. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste estatístico não paramétrico Kruskal Wallis seguido do teste de Dunn para comparações individuais, sendo observado na análise histopatológica total desorganização celular, extensas áreas de necrose nos grupos clareados, e o grupo que recebeu tratamento com otosporim apresentou melhores resultados. Na análise imuno-histoquimica, obteve imunomarcação positiva em todos os grupos, inclusive controle, porém nos grupos clareados a imunomarcação foi mais forte, sendo que o grupo que recebeu tratamento com otosporim apresentou os melhores resultados. Conclui-se que o uso da hidrocortisona após tratamento clareador minimiza os efeitos colaterais deste procedimento estético. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of hydrocortisone and acetaminofen substances in inflammation and neuropeptide expression by histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis. For this, 63 rats were divided into 3 batches of study (n = 21) according to combat pain therapy: Li control LII- topical administration of Otosporin® for 10 minutes after the bleaching treatment and administration route LIIIoral Tylenol® 30 minutes before the bleaching with hydrogen peroxide at 35% and then 12 for 12 hours. In all study groups in left maxilla was performed treatment whitener placebo and right jaw received three applications of 15 minutes a whitening gel 35% hydrogen peroxide base, totaling 45 minutes of contact of the whitening gel dental substrate. The times of the animals were euthanized immediately after 24 and 48 hours after the bleaching treatment. After the euthanasia of animals, the pieces were processed and the first molar of each jaw was analyzed histologically the degree of inflammation and analysis of immunohistochemistry to verify the presence of the neuropeptides SP and CGRP. The data were submitted to statistical nonparametric Kruskal Wallis test followed by Dunn's test for individual comparisons, being observed on histopathologic total cellular disorganization analysis, extensive areas of necrosis in whitened groups, and the group that received treatment with Otosporin® showed better results. In immunohistochemical analysis, obtained positive immunostaining in all groups, including control, but the whitened immunostaining groups was stronger, and the group that received treatment with Otosporin® showed the best results. We conclude that the use of Otosporin® after bleaching treatment minimizes the side effects of this cosmetic procedure. / FAPESP: 2015/01366-4

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2013-11-06T17:30:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Miranda Santos Potencial terapeutico das S-nitroglutationa-.pdf: 5390094 bytes, checksum: 048e66640081905e53e87d3353d7c25c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-06T17:30:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Miranda Santos Potencial terapeutico das S-nitroglutationa-.pdf: 5390094 bytes, checksum: 048e66640081905e53e87d3353d7c25c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Universidade Federal da Bahia. Faculdade de Farmácia. Salvador, BA, Brasil / A intoxicação pelo paracetamol é a principal causa de insuficiência hepática aguda (IHA) em vários países do ocidente. A hepatotoxicidade é mediada por um metabólito intermediário reativo que depleta as reservas do antioxidante endógeno glutationa (GSH). O tratamento precoce com n-acetilcisteína (NAC) é recomendado para restabelecer a concentração fisiológica de GSH. A snitrosoglutationa (GSNO) é uma molécula antioxidante derivada do GSH capaz de reduzir o estresse oxidativo em diversos sistemas celulares e modelos experimentais. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se GSNO é capaz de reduzir a taxa de mortalidade, extensão da necrose hepática, manifestações bioquímicas e comparar sua eficácia com NAC e GSH no tratamento da IHA experimental induzida por paracetamol. METODOLOGIA: Camundongos isogênicos machos da linhagem C57Bl/6 foram tratados por três semanas com água suplementada com etanol a 10%. Os animais foram divididos em cinco grupos. O grupo 1 (controle negativo) recebeu solução salina 0,9%. Os demais grupos receberam 300 mg/Kg de paracetamol para indução de IHA. Após 3 horas, o grupo 2 (controle positivo) foi tratado com salina tamponada com fosfato (PBS) e os grupos 3, 4 e 5 foram tratados, respectivamente, com 600 Umol/kg de NAC, GSH e GSNO. A eutanásia foi feita 12 horas após a indução de IHA. A extensão da necrose hepática foi avaliada por morfometria através do software IMAGEPRO-PLUS. Os níveis séricos de transaminases e fosfatase alcalina foram avaliados como marcadores bioquímicos de lesão hepática. A taxa de mortalidade foi avaliada em um experimento independente, após uma dose de 350 mg/Kg de paracetamol. RESULTADOS: O tratamento com GSNO 600 Umol/kg aumentou a taxa de sobrevida em relação aos grupos tratados com NAC ou PBS. Entretanto, não houve diferença de mortalidade entre os grupos GSNO e GSH. A avaliação morfométrica revelou menor extensão de necrose hepática nos animais tratados com GSNO em comparação com NAC e PBS. Houve redução de atividade sérica de ALT, mas não de AST no grupo GSNO em comparação com PBS e NAC. Os níveis séricos de fosfatase alcalina, albumina, ureia e creatinina não apresentaram diferenças entre os diversos grupos. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento com GSNO aumenta a taxa de sobrevida e reduz a extensão de necrose hepática na IHA experimental por paracetamol. O GSNO apresenta eficácia superior à NAC e idêntica ao GSH em dose equimolar. Estes achados sugerem que o efeito protetor do GSNO parece independer da porção nitroso da molécula. Possíveis mecanismos de proteção extra-hepáticos merecem ser investigados / Paracetamol overdose is the main cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in western countries. The hepatotoxicity is mediated by a reactive metabolite that depletes the pool of glutathione (GSH), an endogenous antioxidant molecule. Early treatment with n-acetylcysteine (NAC) is recommended to replenish the pool of GSH. S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is a potent antioxidant molecule that reduces oxidative stress in several cellular systems and experimental models. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if GSNO reduces the mortality rate, the hepatocelular necrosis extension and to compare its therapeutic efficacy with NAC and GSH in experimental ALF induced by paracetamol. METHODS: Male mice were treated for three weeks with alcohol 10% orally. The animals were divided in five groups. Group 1 (negative control) received saline 0.9%. All the other groups received 300 mg/Kg paracetamol for induction of ALF. After 3 hours, group 2 (positive control) received phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and groups 3, 4 and 5 were treated respectively with 600 Umol/kg of NAC, GSH and GSNO. The animals were sacrificed after 12 hours of induction of ALF. The area of liver necrosis was evaluated by morphometric analysis with the software IMAGEPRO. Transaminases and alkaline phosfatase were determined as markers of liver injury. Mortality rate was evaluated in an independent experiment after a dose of 350 mg/Kg of paracetamol. RESULTS: GSNO treatment (600 Umol/kg) significantly improved the survival rate compared to PBS and NAC treatments. There was no statistical difference in survival rate between GSNO and GSH groups. In addition, GSNO attenuated the area of liver necrosis in comparison to NAC and PBS, but not to GSH. GSNO reduced the serum ALT, but not AST activity in comparison to PBS and NAC. There was no statistical difference in alkaline phosphatase, urea, creatinine and albumin among the groups that received paracetamol. CONCLUSION: GSNO treatment augmented survival rate and reduced the area of liver necrosis in comparison to NAC, but was equally as effective as GSH. These findings suggest that the hepatoprotector effect of GSNO is independent of the nitroso moiety of the molecule. Potential extra-hepatic mechanisms remain to be evaluated.

Acetaminophen, known as paracetamol in the UK and Tylenol in the United States, is a widespread and commonly used painkiller all over the world. Taken in large enough doses, however, it can cause fatal liver damage. In the U.S., 56000 people are admitted to hospital each year due to acetaminophen overdose and its related effects, at great cost to healthcare services. In this thesis we present a number of different models of acetaminophen metabolism and toxicity. Previously, models of acetaminophen toxicity have been complex and due to this complexity, do not lend themselves well to more advanced mathematical analysis such as the perturbation analysis presented later in this thesis. We begin with a simple model of acetaminophen metabolism, studying a single liver cell and performing numerical and sensitivity analysis to further understand the most important mechanisms and pathways of the model. Through this we identify key parameters that affect the total toxicity in our model. We then proceed to perform singular perturbation analysis, studying the behaviour of the model over different timescales, finding a number of key timescales for the depletion and subsequent recovery of various cofactors as well as critical dose above which we see toxicity occurring. Later in the thesis, this model is used to model metabolism in a spheroid cell culture, examining the difference spatial effects have on metabolism across a 3D cell culture. We then present a more complex model, examining the difference the addition of an adaptive response to acetaminophen overdose from the Nrf2 signalling pathway, has on our results. We aim to reproduce an unexplained result in the experimental data of our colleagues, and so analyse the steady states of our model when subjected to an infused dose, rather than a bolus one. We identify another critical dose which leads to GSH depletion in the infused dose case and find that Nrf2 adaptation decreases toxicity and model sensitivity. This model is then used as part of a whole-body PBPK model, exploring the effects that the distribution of the drug across the bloodstream and different organs has. We explore the affects of that a delay in up-regulation from the Nrf2 pathway has on the model, and find that with rescaled parameters we can qualitatively reproduce the results of our collaborators. Finally, we present the results of in vitro work that we have undertaken, the aim of which was to find new parameters for the model in human hepatocytes, rather than from rodent models, and find a new value for a parameter in our model from human cell lines.

Operações de revestimento são amplamente utilizadas em diversos setores industriais, tais como químico, agrícola, alimentício e farmacêutico. Dentre as principais razões para a aplicação de revestimento em partículas destacam-se fatores estéticos, proteção e o controle da taxa de dissolução de substâncias químicas. Este trabalho teve por objetivo investigar o revestimento de sólidos farmacêuticos em leito fluidizado. Inicialmente foram realizados ensaios fluidodinâmicos visando à definição de parâmetros operacionais nos quais ocorre uma operação estável do sistema. Definidas condições de operação estável, realizaram-se ensaios de revestimento de grânulos contendo um fármaco modelo (paracetamol), empregando-se uma composição à base de Eugradit RS30D. Nesta etapa investigou-se a influência da vazão de ar de fluidização, do diâmetro das partículas, da temperatura do ar de fluidização e da vazão de suspensão de revestimento na fração revestida, Wrt; na eficiência do revestimento, ; e no índice de aglomeração, Agl. Ensaios de liberação in vitro foram realizados no sentido de se avaliar a alteração das propriedades de liberação do fármaco devido ao revestimento aplicado. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que um tempo maior de processo levou à formação de um filme de revestimento mais espesso, modificando o perfil de dissolução do fármaco. Amostras de grânulos revestidos em condições selecionadas foram submetidas a um tratamento térmico, que consistiu na armazenagem do produto em estufa à 40 oC por intervalos de tempo que variaram de 1 a 96 horas sendo, posteriormente, realizados ensaios de dissolução. Verificouse que, nas condições experimentais utilizadas, o tratamento térmico do grânulo revestido não influenciou na velocidade liberação do fármaco, independentemente do período de armazenagem. / Coating operations are widely used in several industrial sectors, such as the chemical, agricultural, food and pharmaceutical. Among the reasons for particle coating application, the aesthetic, protection against the environment and the control of the dissolution rate of chemical substances are prominent. The aim of this work was to investigate the fluidized bed coating of pharmaceutical solids. Initially, hydrodynamic tests were carried out in order to define the operating parameters which lead to a stable system operation. After selection of the conditions of stable operation, coating experiments of granules containing a model drug (acetaminophen), with a coating composition based on Eudragit RS30D were started. In this stage, it was investigated the effects of the flow rate of the fluidizing air, mean particle diameter, inlet temperature of the fluidizing air, and the feed flow rate of the coating suspension on the coating fraction, Wrt; on coating efficiency, ; and on agglomerating index, Agl. In vitro dissolution tests were performed to evaluate the modification of the drug release properties due to the coating application. The results showed that the thickness of the coating layer is dependent of the processing time, leading to a modification on drug release profiles. Samples of the coated granules obtained at selected conditions were submitted to a thermal treatment, which consisted of the product storage in an air circulated oven at 40 oC during 1 to 96 hours time intervals. After the thermal treatment the granules were submitted to dissolution tests. It was verified, in the experimental conditions used, that the thermal treatment of the coated granules do not influenced the drug release rate, independently of the storage period.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:25:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 06214.pdf: 4999286 bytes, checksum: 745d696fac5a880408cff8ed88614758 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Dentre os produtos naturais que contém compostos secundários com atividade biológica, está a própolis, uma resina coletada por abelhas Apis mellifera de diversas partes da planta com atividades biológicas tais como, antimicrobiana, antiinflamatória, cicatrizante, anestésica, antiviral e antioxidante. Um tipo diferente de própolis e com perfil químico peculiar, foi denominada de própolis vermelha, a qual possui alto teor de compostos fenólicos, principalmente da classe dos isoflavonoides. De acordo com a literatura, esta própolis possui alta atividade antioxidante in vitro, porém estudos sobre o efeito antioxidante in vivo ainda não são conhecidos. Portanto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antioxidante in vivo do extrato etanólico da própolis vermelha brasileira (EEP) por modelo de experimentação animal, assim como comparar o desempenho in vivo do EEP com antioxidantes de alta atividade e efetividade em sistemas biológicos. Para certificação do alto potencial antioxidante da própolis vermelha utilizada, conforme relatado na literatura , o EEP foi caracterizado quanto ao seu potencial antioxidante por várias metodologias in vitro, além de análises da composição química das substâncias não voláteis e voláteis. A avaliação do perfil químico do EEP incluiu análises como espectrofotometria na região ultravioleta visível, teor de compostos fenólicos totais, cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), cromatografia gasosa acoplada com espectrometria de massas (CG-EM) e CG/EM-Headspace. Para as análises da atividade antioxidante in vitro foram utilizadas as metodologias de CLAE on-line, sequestro do radical ABTSo+; poder de redução do ferro (FRAP) e capacidade de absorbância de radicais de oxigênio (ORAC). No ensaio de avaliação da atividade antioxidante in vivo foi utilizado um delineamento experimental com 50 ratos Wistar machos, divididos em 7 tratamentos: Controle Normal (CTL/N), Controle estressado (CTL-J/APAP), Ácido Ascórbico (AA-J/APAP), Quercetina (Q-J/APAP), Própolis na dose de 150mg/kg (P150-J/APAP), 300mg/kg (P300-J/APAP) e 600mg/kg (P600-J/APAP). Todos os animais, com exceção do grupo CTL/N, foram tratados por 15 dias com os antioxidantes via intragástrica, e, ao 16º dia foram estressados com 800mg/kg de acetaminofen (APAP), via intragástrica, submetidos a 12 horas de jejum e então anestesiados e sacrificados para retirada de sangue e fígado para as análises de função hepática (enzimas ALT, AST e \'gama\'GT), atividade de sequestro de radical superóxido no plasma pela enzima Superóxido Dismutase (SOD), Western Blot para as enzimas SOD e CAT, análise ORAC de plasma e fígado e histopatologia do tecido hepático. O EEP apresentou alto teor de compostos fenólicos (266,8 mg/g) e a presença de isoflavonoides e pterocarpanos, tais como liquiritigenina, isoliquiritigenina, vestitol, neovestitol, formononetina, biochanina, medicarpina, 3,4-diidroxi-9-metoxipterocaroano e 3,8-diidroxi-9-metoxipterocarpano, os quais são peculiares da própolis vermelha. Além disto, foram encontradas altas concentrações das substâncias voláteis \'alfa\'-cubebeno e germacreno D, as quais não são as substâncias majoritárias da própolis vermelha de outras regiões. O EEP também apresentou elevado potencial antioxidante in vitro, tendo o valor de 4,26 mmol/g equivalente de Fe++ para o FRAP, 4,84 e 19.779,7 mmol de trolox para o ABTS e o ORAC, respectivamente. O APAP na dose e via de administração utilizada não gerou um estresse intenso para ser detectável por meio de alguns intermediários de vias e/ou rotas que respondem ao alto potencial oxidante. Porém, e de acordo com os resultados dos ensaios in vivo, a concentração para uso como antioxidante contra o estresse oxidativo se situa entre 150 a 300mg/kg. Portanto, a própolis vermelha brasileira além de alto potencial antioxidante in vitro também apresenta potencial antioxidante benéfico in vivo / Propolis is one of the natural products containing secondary compounds with biological activity. Propolis is a resin collected by honeybees from various plant parts and has several biological activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, healing, anesthetic, antioxidant and antiviral. The Brazilian red propolis is a different type of propolis with a peculiar chemical profile compared to other types of Brazilian propolis, containing a high content of phenolic compounds, especially isoflavones. The literature reports that this propolis has high in vitro antioxidant activity, but studies on the in vivo antioxidant effects are still scarce. Therefore, this study investigated the in vivo antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of Brazilian propolis (EEP) using animal experiments model. We also compared the in vivo EEP performance with high antioxidant activity and effectiveness in biological systems. To evaluate the high antioxidant propolis potential, as reported in the literature, the EEP was characterized for its in vitro antioxidant potential in various methodologies, as well as in analyses of the chemical composition of volatile and non-volatile substances. The evaluation of EEP chemical analyses included visible spectrophotometry in the ultraviolet region, total phenolic content, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC/MS-Headspace. For in vitro analyses of antioxidant activity, we used the online HPLC methods, sequestration of ABTSo+ radicals, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and Oxygen-Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC). To assess in vivo antioxidant activity, we used an experimental design with 50 male Wistar rats divided into 7 treatments: Normal Control (N/CTL), Stressed Control (CTL-J/APAP), Ascorbic Acid (AAJ/ APAP), Quercetin (QJ/APAP), Propolis at 150mg/kg (P150-J/APAP), 300mg/kg (P300-J/APAP) and 600mg/kg (P600-J/APAP). All animals, except for the N/CTL group, were treated for 15 days with intragastric antioxidants, and on the 16th day, they were stressed with 800mg/kg of acetaminophen (APAP), intragastrically. Afterwards, they underwent a 12-hour fast, then, anesthetized and sacrificed to collect blood and liver for analyses of liver function (ALT, AST and \'gama\'GT enzymes), activity of superoxide radical sequestration in plasma by the enzyme Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Western Blot for SOD and CAT enzymes, ORAC analysis of plasma and liver histopathology and liver tissue. The EEP showed high content of phenolic compounds (266.8 mg/g) and the presence of isoflavones and pterocarpans such as liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, vestitol, neovestitol, formononetin, biochanin, medicarpin, 3,4-dihydroxy-9-methoxy pterocarn and 3,8-dihydroxy-9-methoxy pterocarpan, which are peculiar to the red propolis. Moreover, we found high concentrations of volatile \'alfa\'-cubebeno and germacrene D, which are not the majority of substances in propolis from other regions. The EEP also showed high in vitro antioxidant activity, with 4.26 mmol/g equivalent of Fe++ for FRAP, 4.84 and 19779.7 mmol of trolox for ABTS and ORAC, respectively. The APAP in the dose and route of administration used did not generate intense stress detectable through some intermediate routes and/or routes that respond to the high oxidizing potential. However, according to the results of in vivo analysis, the concentration for use as an antioxidant against oxidative stress ranges from 150 to 300mg/kg. Therefore, the Brazilian red propolis has high in vitro antioxidant potential as well as beneficial in vivo antioxidant potential