The master’s thesis is focusing on electronization of worldwide known game geocaching. It contains introduction to classic geocashing, analysis of current status and outline of possible solution. The design of electronization is based on smart card Gemalto. Very important part of the thesis is cryptographic security, therefore there is explanation of symetric and asymetric cryptography. The digital signature of transmitted message is realized by RSA algorithm, which is supported by the Gemalto smart card. Due to future expandability, it is appropriate to use general protocol. For this reason was chosen the ACP protocol which the supervisor of thesis adviced. In the following part, there is introduction to smart cards, their types and detailed description of Gemalto smart card. In the chapter 7 starts the solution of this issue and there are described the programmed apps.

The core of the diploma thesis "EU Development Cooperation with ACP Countries in Terms of the Regionalism Theory" lies in the case study analysing historical evolution of mutual relations and development cooperation between ECC / EU and the ACP group of countries from the Rome treaty to the present day. Analysis is focused on the external features of development cooperation, which was developing together with international treaties defining the priciples of collaboration. The research is based on concepts of the New Regionalism theory and focuses on searching connections between developing development cooperation and applied european regionalism. The basic assumption of the hypothesis is, that the development collaboration EEC / EU with ACP countries contains inter alia the fact of regionalism. In the end of case study is the hypothesis verified, but revealed regionalism is not a stable and anchored phenomenon, but a very dynamic one internally. With the application of development cooperation comes an evolution of the shape of european regionalism. That is visible mostly in shifting of priorities of international treaties. EEC / EU puts an increasing emphasis on socio - political requirements which are becoming conditional for the continuing development cooperation, when the economic dimension is...

Background: Globally, cancers are the second leading cause of death. When the cancer can no longer be cured, the care can be re-focused to palliative care. It is then important for patients to be able to participate and influence their care, and the quality of life for patients improves. Advance care planning is a person-centered process, through for example conversations, that supports patients at different stages of health to understand and share their values, life goals and preferences about their future care. Aim: The purpose of this literature review is to describe views on advance care planning in patients with a cancer diagnosis.Method: Literature review based on 16 peer-reviewed qualitative articles that … via specific criteria, these have been quality reviewed, analyzed with thematic analysis, and compiled into a result. Searches were conducted in CINAHL, PubMed and PsycInfo. Results: Advance care planning (ACP) is associated with both positive and negative emotions linked to conducting the conversation, how the conversation is structured, and involving others in the conversation. Three main themes and 7 sub-themes emerged: (1) Views on participating in conversation - Positive to conversation; Negative to conversation. (2) Views on content and execution - The importance of information and how it is presented; The decision-making process. (3) Views on the role of others in the process - Family and other close relatives or friends; Healthcare staff; Spiritual support. Conclusion: Our conclusion is that patients believe that this is an important topic that needs to be addressed more, not only in palliative care but also before patients are in need of palliative care. It is important for the nurse to find out if the patient is ready for conversations, to contribute with the information the patient needs, to support the patient in the decisions they make, and to include relatives in the conversations if the patient so wishes.

Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar a progressão e a inibição de lesões artificiais de cárie comparando-se substrato humano e bovino, e também avaliar potenciais agentes remineralizantes no controle da progressão destas lesões. Este trabalho foi divido em duas partes. Inicialmente, para validar o modelo de indução das lesões e comparar o substrato humano ao bovino, sessenta fragmentos de esmalte (30 humanos e 30 bovinos) e 60 fragmentos de dentina (30 humanos e 30 bovinos) medindo 4x4x2 foram embutidos, planificados e polidos e avaliados quanto à microdureza superficial (MDS, Knoop) utilizando-se carga estática e tempo de aplicação de 25g, por 5s para esmalte e 10 g por 10 segundos para dentina. Lesões incipientes de cárie foram induzidas através de um modelo de ciclos de pH. Os espécimes foram imersos por 1 hora em solução desmineralizante e por 22 horas em solução remineralizante, o que correspondia a um ciclo de pH. Novas medidas de MDS foram realizadas ao final de cada ciclo de pH, sendo que para dentina foram realizados 3 ciclos e para esmalte 8 ciclos. A Análise de Variância (ANOVA) foi conduzida seguindo-se o delineamento fatorial, 2x9, para esmalte; e 2x4 para dentina. Análises de Regressão foram utilizadas para determinar a equação do modelo que rege a perda de conteúdo mineral ao longo do tempo de indução das lesões de cárie. A Análise de Variância (ANOVA) demonstrou diferenças altamente significativas para o fator substrato (p<0,01) e para o fator ciclo (p<0,01) para ambos os substratos testados. Para o fator ciclo, a Análise de Regressão revelou que as funções que regem o comportamento da KHN ao longo do desafio cariogênico apresentaram como melhor ajuste, funções exponenciais, para todos os substratos testados. A segunda etapa deste trabalho objetivou avaliar a progressão de lesões artificiais de cárie em esmalte bovino, na presença ou ausência de agentes potencialmente remineralizantes. Fragmentos de esmalte bovino foram preparados e selecionados quanto a sua microdureza inicial. Lesões incipientes de cárie foram induzidas através de um modelo de ciclos de pH. Novas medidas de MDS foram realizadas (MDSpós-lesão). Instituíram-se, então, os seguintes tratamentos com: 1) dentifrício regular (RE, 1.100 ppm F, Sensodyne, GSK); 2) dentifrício contendo um vidro bioativo (VB, Oravive); 3) pasta à base de fosfato de cálcio amorfo, estabilizado por fosfopeptídeo de caseína (CPP-ACP, MI Paste, GC America) 4) CPP-ACP contendo 900 ppm F (MI Plus Paste, GC America). O grupo controle não foi exposto a qualquer agente potencialmente remineralizante (n=15). Aplicaram-se os tratamentos cinco vezes, sendo estes intercalados por um novo desafio cariogênico. Mensurou-se a MDSfinal. A ANOVA revelou diferença significativa entre os tratamentos (p = 0,0161). O Teste de Tukey foi aplicado e a diferença percentual na perda de conteúdo mineral calculada através da seguinte sentença [(MDSfinal MDSpós-lesão)/ MDSpós-lesão]/100. Os espécimes expostos ao VB (+7,1%), RE (+6,7%) e CPP-ACP+F (+3,8%) apresentaram menor perda mineral em relação àqueles que serviram como controle (-11,0%). O grupo CPP-ACP (+3,2%) diferiu do grupo controle e dos grupos VB e RE, apresentando resultado semelhante ao grupo CPP-ACP+F. Conclui-se que, o substrato bovino apresentou comportamento semelhante ao humano quanto à progressão de lesões artificiais de cárie, podendo ser considerado como uma opção viável em estudos sobre cárie dental e que na dependência do agente utilizado, pode haver efeito remineralizante, que se reflete no controle da progressão de lesões de cárie. / The aim of the study was to compare caries-like lesions progression in human and bovine substrate, and also investigate pastes containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and calcium sodium phosphosilicate (VB) as remineralising agents to control caries lesion progression. This work was divided into two parts. Initially, the model for caries lesions induction was tested and human and bovine substrates were compared. Sixty specimens of enamel (30 bovine and 30 human) and sixty dentin specimens (30 bovine and 30 human) were submitted to a pH cycle protocol to induce artificial caries lesions. Human and bovine specimens were pretested for Knoop microhardness under 25 g load applied for 5 s for enamel and 10 g load applied for 10 s for dentin. Each pH cycle consisted of immersion of the specimens for 1 hour in demineralizing solution and 22 hours in remineralising solution, for eight days for enamel and for three days for dentin. Surface Knoop microhardness (SMH) was daily measured at each pH cycle conduced. Data were analyzed by ANOVA as a factorial design (2x9) for enamel, and (2x4) for dentin substrate. Regression analyses were used to model the SMH values of human and bovine (enamel and dentin) over the time. Regression analyses of the data showed that the SMH values for both human and bovine (enamel and dentin) decreased in an exponential model with the number of pH cycles. The second stage of this work aimed to evaluate the progression of artificial caries lesions in bovine enamel in the presence or absence of potentially remineralising agents. Enamel slabs of bovine teeth were embedded in polyester resin and had their enamel surfaces serially polished, and tested for surface microhardness (SMH) with a static load of 25 g applied for 5 s. After preformed incipient caries-like lesions they were evaluated by microhardness (SMHpost-lesion) and randomly assigned to five treatment groups(n=15): 1) regular dentifrice (RE, 1.100 ppm F, Sensodyne, GSK); 2) dentifrice with bio glass (VB, Oravive); 3) amorphous calcium phosphate stabilized by casein phosphopeptide (CPP-ACP, MI Paste, GC America); 4) CPP-ACP with 900 ppm F (MI Plus Paste, GC America) and 5) Control group not exposed to any remineralising agent (n=15). Treatments were applied five times, after the demineralization period in the cariogenic challenges. Post-treatments SMH measurements were conduced (SMHpost-tratment). The ANOVA applied to the percentage difference between SMH post-treatment/SMHpost-lesion, reveals a significant difference among the treatments (p=0.0161). The specimens exposed to VB (7.1%), RE (6.7%) and CPP-ACP+F (3.8%), showed lower mineral loss content in relation to those that was used as a control group (-11.0%). The group CPP-ACP (3.2%) did not differed from the other groups. In conclusion, since the bovine substrate presents some advantageous characteristics over the human substrate and the similar behavior observed between both substrates for enamel and dentin. The use of bovine tooth can be considered a viable and practical alternative to human tooth in dental caries research and for the second stage the remineralizing effect seems to be dependent of the remineralizing agent used, which reflects over the control of caries lesions progression.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T20:30:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GabrielaLL_DISSERT.pdf: 3154281 bytes, checksum: e51e3f107ffe738761818a96584d12a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / It were done the estimative of the follicular population of the collared peccaries ovaries and the short term preservation of it using PBS or ACP. Pair of ovaries from 6 females were collected. A half of one ovary was designated to the estimative and characterization of the follicle population, and it was immediately submitted to histology and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The other ovary was divided into 9 fragments and one of it was immediately submitted to histology procedures, the other fragments were stored either in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; control group) or ACP medium in isothermal Styrofoam boxes containing biological ice packs. The boxes were sealed and opened only after 12, 24, or 36 h. After opening each box, the ovarian fragments were submitted to histological analysis and TEM. The temperature into the boxes and pH of the medium were checked. A total of 33273.45 ± 3019.30 preantral follicles (PF) were estimated for each ovary. Most of them was morphologically normal (94.4%) and just a few was atretic (5.6%). At histological analysis, a lot of lipids droplets was observed at oocyte cytoplasm, which was confirmed by TEM. About short term storage, it was observed that the follicular integrity was kept until 4 h, using ACP medium. The medium pH was kept constant. This work shows, for the first time, the estimative of the PF population of the ovary, totally and in each follicle category, and it´s characterization in collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu). It could be concluded that the ACP medium may be used as an alternative medium for the short term preservation of PF in that specie. / Foram realizados a estimativa da população folicular ovariana de catetos, e ainda a refrigeração dos mesmos utilizando PBS ou ACP por curtos períodos. Os pares de ovários de 6 catetos foram coletados. Metade de um dos ovários foi destinada a estimativa e caracterização da população folicular, sendo imediatamente submetida ao processamento para histologia clássica e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). O outro ovário foi dividido em 9 fragmentos e um deles foi imediatamente destinado à histologia, os demais foram colocados em tubos com solução salina fosfatada tamponada (PBS) ou em solução à base de água de coco em pó (ACP) e acondicionados em caixas isotérmicas de 5L. As caixas foram lacradas e abertas 4h,12h, 24h e 36h após, e os fragmentos ovarianos foram submetidos à histologia e processamento para MET. A temperatura das caixas e o pH do meio foram aferidos. Um total de 33273.45 ± 3019.30 folículos pré antrais (FOPA) foram estimados para a população em cada ovário. A maioria dos FOPA apresentava-se como morfologicamente normal (94.4%) e apenas poucos deles eram atrésicos (5.6%). Na análise histológica, uma grande quantidade de gotas de lipídios foi observada no citoplasma oocitário, os quais foram confirmados através da análise ultraestrutural. Quanto à refrigeração, verificou-se que a integridade folicular foi mantida até as 4 h utilizando-se ACP. O pH dos meios de conservação permaneceu constante. Este trabalho mostra pela primeira vez a estimativa da população de FOPA do ovário, total e por categoria, e também a caracterização destes folículos em catetos (Tayassu tajacu). E pôde-se concluir que a ACP® pode ser utilizada como um meio alternativo para conservação de folículos pré-antrais.

Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar a progressão e a inibição de lesões artificiais de cárie comparando-se substrato humano e bovino, e também avaliar potenciais agentes remineralizantes no controle da progressão destas lesões. Este trabalho foi divido em duas partes. Inicialmente, para validar o modelo de indução das lesões e comparar o substrato humano ao bovino, sessenta fragmentos de esmalte (30 humanos e 30 bovinos) e 60 fragmentos de dentina (30 humanos e 30 bovinos) medindo 4x4x2 foram embutidos, planificados e polidos e avaliados quanto à microdureza superficial (MDS, Knoop) utilizando-se carga estática e tempo de aplicação de 25g, por 5s para esmalte e 10 g por 10 segundos para dentina. Lesões incipientes de cárie foram induzidas através de um modelo de ciclos de pH. Os espécimes foram imersos por 1 hora em solução desmineralizante e por 22 horas em solução remineralizante, o que correspondia a um ciclo de pH. Novas medidas de MDS foram realizadas ao final de cada ciclo de pH, sendo que para dentina foram realizados 3 ciclos e para esmalte 8 ciclos. A Análise de Variância (ANOVA) foi conduzida seguindo-se o delineamento fatorial, 2x9, para esmalte; e 2x4 para dentina. Análises de Regressão foram utilizadas para determinar a equação do modelo que rege a perda de conteúdo mineral ao longo do tempo de indução das lesões de cárie. A Análise de Variância (ANOVA) demonstrou diferenças altamente significativas para o fator substrato (p<0,01) e para o fator ciclo (p<0,01) para ambos os substratos testados. Para o fator ciclo, a Análise de Regressão revelou que as funções que regem o comportamento da KHN ao longo do desafio cariogênico apresentaram como melhor ajuste, funções exponenciais, para todos os substratos testados. A segunda etapa deste trabalho objetivou avaliar a progressão de lesões artificiais de cárie em esmalte bovino, na presença ou ausência de agentes potencialmente remineralizantes. Fragmentos de esmalte bovino foram preparados e selecionados quanto a sua microdureza inicial. Lesões incipientes de cárie foram induzidas através de um modelo de ciclos de pH. Novas medidas de MDS foram realizadas (MDSpós-lesão). Instituíram-se, então, os seguintes tratamentos com: 1) dentifrício regular (RE, 1.100 ppm F, Sensodyne, GSK); 2) dentifrício contendo um vidro bioativo (VB, Oravive); 3) pasta à base de fosfato de cálcio amorfo, estabilizado por fosfopeptídeo de caseína (CPP-ACP, MI Paste, GC America) 4) CPP-ACP contendo 900 ppm F (MI Plus Paste, GC America). O grupo controle não foi exposto a qualquer agente potencialmente remineralizante (n=15). Aplicaram-se os tratamentos cinco vezes, sendo estes intercalados por um novo desafio cariogênico. Mensurou-se a MDSfinal. A ANOVA revelou diferença significativa entre os tratamentos (p = 0,0161). O Teste de Tukey foi aplicado e a diferença percentual na perda de conteúdo mineral calculada através da seguinte sentença [(MDSfinal MDSpós-lesão)/ MDSpós-lesão]/100. Os espécimes expostos ao VB (+7,1%), RE (+6,7%) e CPP-ACP+F (+3,8%) apresentaram menor perda mineral em relação àqueles que serviram como controle (-11,0%). O grupo CPP-ACP (+3,2%) diferiu do grupo controle e dos grupos VB e RE, apresentando resultado semelhante ao grupo CPP-ACP+F. Conclui-se que, o substrato bovino apresentou comportamento semelhante ao humano quanto à progressão de lesões artificiais de cárie, podendo ser considerado como uma opção viável em estudos sobre cárie dental e que na dependência do agente utilizado, pode haver efeito remineralizante, que se reflete no controle da progressão de lesões de cárie. / The aim of the study was to compare caries-like lesions progression in human and bovine substrate, and also investigate pastes containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and calcium sodium phosphosilicate (VB) as remineralising agents to control caries lesion progression. This work was divided into two parts. Initially, the model for caries lesions induction was tested and human and bovine substrates were compared. Sixty specimens of enamel (30 bovine and 30 human) and sixty dentin specimens (30 bovine and 30 human) were submitted to a pH cycle protocol to induce artificial caries lesions. Human and bovine specimens were pretested for Knoop microhardness under 25 g load applied for 5 s for enamel and 10 g load applied for 10 s for dentin. Each pH cycle consisted of immersion of the specimens for 1 hour in demineralizing solution and 22 hours in remineralising solution, for eight days for enamel and for three days for dentin. Surface Knoop microhardness (SMH) was daily measured at each pH cycle conduced. Data were analyzed by ANOVA as a factorial design (2x9) for enamel, and (2x4) for dentin substrate. Regression analyses were used to model the SMH values of human and bovine (enamel and dentin) over the time. Regression analyses of the data showed that the SMH values for both human and bovine (enamel and dentin) decreased in an exponential model with the number of pH cycles. The second stage of this work aimed to evaluate the progression of artificial caries lesions in bovine enamel in the presence or absence of potentially remineralising agents. Enamel slabs of bovine teeth were embedded in polyester resin and had their enamel surfaces serially polished, and tested for surface microhardness (SMH) with a static load of 25 g applied for 5 s. After preformed incipient caries-like lesions they were evaluated by microhardness (SMHpost-lesion) and randomly assigned to five treatment groups(n=15): 1) regular dentifrice (RE, 1.100 ppm F, Sensodyne, GSK); 2) dentifrice with bio glass (VB, Oravive); 3) amorphous calcium phosphate stabilized by casein phosphopeptide (CPP-ACP, MI Paste, GC America); 4) CPP-ACP with 900 ppm F (MI Plus Paste, GC America) and 5) Control group not exposed to any remineralising agent (n=15). Treatments were applied five times, after the demineralization period in the cariogenic challenges. Post-treatments SMH measurements were conduced (SMHpost-tratment). The ANOVA applied to the percentage difference between SMH post-treatment/SMHpost-lesion, reveals a significant difference among the treatments (p=0.0161). The specimens exposed to VB (7.1%), RE (6.7%) and CPP-ACP+F (3.8%), showed lower mineral loss content in relation to those that was used as a control group (-11.0%). The group CPP-ACP (3.2%) did not differed from the other groups. In conclusion, since the bovine substrate presents some advantageous characteristics over the human substrate and the similar behavior observed between both substrates for enamel and dentin. The use of bovine tooth can be considered a viable and practical alternative to human tooth in dental caries research and for the second stage the remineralizing effect seems to be dependent of the remineralizing agent used, which reflects over the control of caries lesions progression.

L’un des problèmes majeurs en analyse de formes est celui de l’analyse statistique en présence de formes aberrantes. On assiste avec l’évolution des moyens de collecte automatique des données, à la présence des valeurs aberrantes qui peuvent affecter énormément l’analyse descriptive des formes. En effet, les approches de l’état de l’art ne sont pas assez robustes à la présence de formes aberrantes. En particulier, la forme moyenne calculée penche vers les observations aberrantes et peut ainsi porter des déformations irrégulières. Aussi, l’analyse par ACP de la variabilité dans une classe de formes donnée conduit à des modes de variation qui décrivent plutôt la variabilité portée par ces formes aberrantes. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous proposons un schéma d’analyse robuste aux aberrations qui peuvent entacher une classe de formes donnée. Notre approche est une variante robuste de l’ACP qui consiste à détecter et à restaurer les formes aberrantes préalablement à une ACP menée dans l’espace tangent relatif à la forme moyenne. Au lieu de simplement éliminer les formes aberrantes, nous voulons bénéficier de la variabilité locale correcte qui y est présente en intégrant leur version restaurée dans l’analyse. Nous proposons également une approche variationnelle et une ACP élastique pour l’analyse de la variabilité d’un ensemble de formes en s’appuyant sur une métrique robuste basée géodésique. La troisième contribution de la thèse se situe au niveau des algorithmes de classification des formes basée sur les statistiques de formes : classification utilisant la moyenne intrinsèque, ou relaxée, par ACP tangente et par formes propres.Les approches proposées sont évaluées et comparées aux approches de l’état de l’art sur les bases de formes HAND et MPEG-7. Les résultats obtenus démontrent la capacité du schéma proposé à surpasser la présence de formes aberrantes et fournir des modes de variation qui caractérisent la variabilité des formes étudiées. / A major and complex problem in shape analysis is the statistical analysis of a set of shapes containing aberrant shapes. With the evolution of automatic data acquisition means, outliers can occur and their presence may greatly affect the descriptive analysis of shapes.Actually, state-of-the-art approaches are not robust enough to outliers. In particular, the calculated mean shape deviates towards the aberrant observations and thus carries irregular deformations.Similarly, the PCA analysis of the variability in a given class of shapes leads to variation modes which rather describe the variability carried by these aberrant shapes.In this thesis work, we propose a robust analysis scheme to handle the effects of aberrations that can occur in a given set. Our approach is a robust variant of PCA that consists in detecting and restoring aberrant shapes prior to a PCA in the tangent space relative to the means shape.Instead of simply rejecting outliers, we want to benefit from the present correct local variability by integrating their restored version into the analysis. We also propose a variational approach and an elastic PCA for the analysis of the variability of a set of shapes by using a robust geodesic-based metric. The third contribution of the thesis lies in the algorithms of shape classification based on shapes statistics: classification using the intrinsic mean shape, or relaxed one, by tangent PCA and by eigenshapes.The proposed schemes are evaluated and compared with existing schemes through two shape databases, HAND and MPEG-7. The results show the proposed scheme’s ability to overcome the presence of aberrant shapes and provide variation modes that characterize the variability of studied shapes.

Magister Legum - LLM / The EPA’s will have an impact on regional integration in Africa, especially in the SADC region. The region has been split between the SADC and ESA EPA configuration therefore impacting on regional integration objectives set out under the SADC Trade Protocol.The EPA’s will be concluded separately with six of the sub groupings under the ACP grouping. With the EU-SADC EPA negotiations has come a problem of overlapping of membership of the different regions which has created confusion and conflicts. Members of Southern African Development Cooperation (SADC) did not all enter into the EU-SADC EPA has one. The EU-SADC EPA configuration consists of Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland and Tanzania. The rest of the SADC member states are negotiating with the EU-ESA configuration. With South Africa having been allowed into the negotiations, its role should be examined and what it can contribute to the negotiations. Another conflict that has been created is the fact that South Africa has its own bilateral agreement with the EU thus putting stain on the trade relationship between South African and the rest of the SADC countries.

Master's thesis deals with the security risks of current authentication methods. There are described methods which are based on user's knowledge and ownership of authentication object and biometric authentication method. The practical part of this Master's thesis deals with a specific design of authentication system based on protocol ACP, when the user proves his identity by smart card on provider assets, which is represented by ACP portal on the user's computer.

The work looks at EU's development policy through the lens of one of integration theories, namely multi-level governance. The relationship between the EU and three countries from ACP group, Rwanda, Haiti and East Timor is being analysed. From current trends of multi-level governance the research is focusing on the process of strengthening of supranational level and on advancing regionalization, understood in terms of regional integration on one side and the transfer of powers to lower administrative units or local emancipation. The work is inspired by the idea of the author Martin Holland that integration theories are better observable on EU's development policy than on EU's integration itself. Using the comparison of official EU's declarations over development cooperation with ACP group and real agenda implemented in those countries, the work investigates EU's involvement during penetration of surveyed countries into transnational structures, into regional coalitions and the promotion of emancipation of lower administrative units in the country. The research aims to analyze bonds formed between the European Union and Rwanda, Haiti and East Timor, which, according to Martin Holland, the concept of multi-level governance should best describe.