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Les recherches effectuées au cours de ce travail de thèse sont centrées sur les dérivés cycliques de type 2-azahetaryl-3-énaminonitrile qui représentent une structure d'intérêt du fait de son nombre élevé de sites réactifs potentiels. La fonctionnalisation régiosélective de chaque site donne en effet accès à des une grande diversité structurelle de composés azoté et substitué par un azahétérocycle. Un atout majeur des 2-azahetaryl-2-(1-R-pyrrolidin-2-ylidene)acétonitriles est leur grande accessibilité à partir de matières premières simples et bon marché. Nous avons pu étudier leur emploi dans la synthèse des pyrazoles (isoxazoles). Ils jouent alors le rôle de diélectrophiles 1,3. L'action d'hydrazine (hydroxylamine) conduit à des 5-amino-4- azahetaryl-3-(ω-aminopropyl)-1H-pyrazole (isoxazole) formés avec une régiosélectivité complète et de bons rendements 50-85%. Ceci établit une approche en deux étapes efficace et facilement reproductible à des amino-pyrazoles substitués par des hétérocycles à partir d'acétonitriles hétérocycliques. Des transformations subséquentes ont été réalisées donnant accès à des polyamino-azoles dérivatisés régiosélectivement, à des composés tétracycliques jusqu'à un rendement global de 45% et à des pyrazoles arylés jusqu'à 71% de rendement par diazotation suivie d'une arylation par couplage croisé Suzuki-Miyaura ou C-H activation. Nous avons illustré une protection de l'azote efficace sous forme de nitrosamine pendant le couplage croisé catalysé par Pd. Nous avons également effectué la quaternarisation de l'azote de l'hétérocycle pour étudier l'effet d'une moitié cationique sur la régiosélectivité de la réaction de tels dérivés 2-azahetaryl-3-énaminonitrile avec des 1,2-binucléophiles. L'augmentation de la demande en électrons sur l'hétérocycle a induit un changement de chemin réactionnel qui a conduit à un produit issu de l'ouverture du cycle azole. Une différence de réactivité entre les dérivés du benzoxazole et du benzimidazole d'une part et du benzothiazole d'autre part a été observée. Alors que les premiers suivent la voie d'ouverture de cycle, le second suit une transformation "classique" puis une substitution nucléophile au centre C-2 du benzothiazole conduisant à la formation du cycle de l'azépine. Dans le cas des énaminonitriles substitués par un benzoxazolyle dans les mêmes conditions, les deux régioisomères sont formés. La réaction de formylation du 2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-2-ylidène) acétonitrile avec le N,N-diméthylformamide diméthylacétal (DMF DMA), suivie d'une amination et d'une cyclisation dans des conditions basiques a engendré à la pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine-6-imine, un composé qui présente un rendement quantique fluorescent élevé (Φ = 61%) et s'est révélé très sensible à la protonation. Les deux caractéristiques devraient être utiles pour développer un test de détection d'eau originaux pour les solvants aprotiques. Nous avons démontré qu'une telle méthode fluorométrique pour déterminer la teneur en eau dans le DMSO présente une limite de détection de 0,068%. / The research carried out in the course of this PhD work is centered on cyclic 2-azahetaryl-3-enaminonitrile derivatives which represent an attractive scaffold due to its high number of potential reactive sites. Regioselective functionalization of each site may give access to various structurally different Nitrogen-containing moieties featuring an azaheterocycle substituent. One first application in heterocyclic synthesis of 2-azahetaryl-2-(1-R-pyrrolidin-2-ylidene)acetonitriles, readily accessed from available and cheap starting materials, is their involvement in Knorr-type synthesis of pyrazoles (isoxazoles) where they play the role of the 1,3-dielectrophiles. Thus 4-azahetaryl-3-(ω-aminopropyl)-1H-pyrazole (isoxazole)-5-amines are formed with complete regioselectivity in good yields 50-85%. This establishes an efficient and easily reproducible two-step approach to heterocycle- substituted amino-pyrazoles from heterocyclic acetonitriles. Unprecedented subsequent transformations were carried out providing an access to regioselectively derivatized polyamino azoles, tetracyclic compounds in up to 45% overall yield and arylated pyrazoles in up to 71% yield through diazotization, followed by arylation through Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling or C-H activation. We illustrated the unprecedented but efficient nitrogen protection as a nitrosamine during the Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling. Also the possibility of pyrazoles C-H activation in order to get densely substituted pyrazoles was shown for the first time. We also performed the quaternarization of the nitrogen of the heterocycle to investigate the effect of a cationic moiety on the regioselectivity of the reaction of such azahetaryl-3-enaminonitrile derivatives with 1,2-binucleophiles. The increased electron demand on the heterocycle induced a reaction path shift that produced the azole ring- opened product. Derivatives of benzoxazole and benzimidazole form second way products straight away, while the one of benzothiazole undergoes the "classical" transformation pathway and subsequent nucleophilic substitution at C-2 center of benzothiazole leading to azepine cycle formation. In the case of benzoxazolyl substituted enaminonitriles under the same conditions both regioisomers are formed. Formylation reaction of 2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-2-ylidene) acetonitrile with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMF DMA), followed by further reamination and cyclization under basic conditions gave rise to pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine-6-imine, a compound that exhibits a high fluorescent quantum yield (Φ = 61%) and proved to be very sensitive to protonation. Both characteristics are expected to be useful to develop an unprecedented water detection test for aprotic solvents. We have demonstrated that such a fluorometric method for determining water content in DMSO presents a limit of detection of 0.068%. From other enaminonitriles reactions with DMF DMA provided either a mixture of methylated and formylated products, or only methylated products (few adducts also shown non reactivity). These observations prompted us to assume that the presence of easily accessible NH group is essential in formylation of the C-3 center of pyrrolidine allowing to propose a mechanism for this uncommon reaction. 2-Azahetaryl-2-(pyrrolidin-2-ylidene)acetonitriles and their 3-oxo-benzo- analogues were also used to create: a) visible spectrophotometric probes for Zn(II) b) water stable BF2-rigidified complexes that overcome the limitations of BODIPY-dyes and have Stokes shifts up to 9000 cm-1, emission at violet-blue range, fluorescence both in solution (Φ up to 90%) and crystalline state; c) films of polymeric composites exhibiting photovoltaic effect.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KesiaKVC_TESE.pdf: 1888403 bytes, checksum: 628d99fa0e77dc19c5054fa5d201217e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-17 / In this work were synthesized and characterized the materials mesoporous SBA-15 and Al- SBA-15, Si / Al = 25, 50 and 75, discovered by researchers at the University of California- Santa Barbara, USA, with pore diameters ranging from 2 to 30 nm and wall thickness from 3.1 to 6.4 nm, making these promising materials in the field of catalysis, particularly for petroleum refining (catalytic cracking), as their mesopores facilitate access of the molecules constituting the oil to active sites, thereby increasing the production of hydrocarbons in the range of light and medium. To verify that the materials used as catalysts were successfully synthesized, they were characterized using techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared Fourier transform (FT-IR) and adsorption nitrogen (BET). Aiming to check the catalytic activity thereof, a sample of atmospheric residue oil (ATR) from the pole Guamar?-RN was performed the process by means of thermogravimetry and thermal degradation of catalytic residue. Upon the curves, it was observed a reduction in the onset temperature of the decomposition process of catalytic ATR. For the kinetic model proposed by Flynn-Wall yielded some parameters to determine the apparent activation energy of decomposition, being shown the efficiency of mesoporous materials, since there was a decrease in the activation energy for the reactions using catalysts. The ATR was also subjected to pyrolysis process using a pyrolyzer with gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. Through the chromatograms obtained, there was an increase in the yield of the compounds in the range of gasoline and diesel from the catalytic pyrolysis, with emphasis on Al-SBA-15 (Si / Al = 25), which showed a percentage higher than the other catalysts. These results are due to the fact that the synthesized materials exhibit specific properties for application in the process of pyrolysis of complex molecules and high molecular weight as constituents of the ATR / No presente trabalho foram sintetizados e caracterizados os materiais mesoporosos SBA-15 e Al-SBA-15, Si/Al= 25, 50 e 75, descobertos por pesquisadores da Universidade da Calif?rnia- Santa B?rbara- EUA, tendo di?metro de poros variando entre 2 a 30 nm e espessura das paredes de 3,1 - 6,4 nm, tornando estes materiais promissores na ?rea da cat?lise, especificamente para o refino do petr?leo (craqueamento catal?tico), j? que seus mesoporos facilitam o acesso das mol?culas constituintes do petr?leo aos s?tios ativos, aumentando assim a produ??o de produtos na faixa dos hidrocarbonetos leves e m?dios. Para verificar se os materiais utilizados como catalisadores haviam sido sintetizados com sucesso, os mesmos foram caracterizados atrav?s das t?cnicas de difra??o de raios-X (DRX), espectroscopia de absor??o na regi?o do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e adsor??o de nitrog?nio (BET). Com o intuito de verificar a atividade catal?tica dos mesmos, utilizou-se uma amostra de Res?duo Atmosf?rico de petr?leo (RAT), proveniente do P?lo de Guamar?- RN, realizando-se atrav?s da termogravimetria o processo de degrada??o t?rmica e catal?tica do res?duo. Mediante as curvas obtidas, observou-se uma redu??o na temperatura de in?cio do processo de decomposi??o catal?tica do RAT. Pelo modelo cin?tico proposto por Flynn- Wall obtiveram-se alguns par?metros para determina??o da energia de ativa??o aparente das decomposi??es, ficando evidenciada a efici?ncia dos materiais mesoporosos, j? que houve uma diminui??o da energia de ativa??o para as rea??es utilizando os catalisadores. O RAT tamb?m foi submetido ao processo de pir?lise utilizando-se um pirolisador com cromatografia gasosa, acoplado a um espectr?metro de massa. Mediante os cromatogramas obtidos, observou-se um aumento no rendimento dos compostos na faixa da gasolina e diesel oriundos da pir?lise catal?tica, com ?nfase para o Al-SBA-15 (Si/Al= 25), que apresentou um percentual superior aos demais catalisadores. Esses resultados se devem ao fato dos materiais sintetizados exibirem propriedades espec?ficas, para aplica??o no processo de pir?lise de mol?culas complexas e com alto peso molecular, como os constituintes do RAT

Orientador: Leandro Cardoso de Morais / Resumo: O Brasil se destaca na produção do ferro e aço, e principalmente na utilização de fontes renováveis como insumos energéticos para sua produção. O biocoque possui potencial para utilização de biomassas como insumos energéticos em alto fornos, em substituição aos tradicionais combustíveis fósseis, carvão e coque, porém, ainda é um material pouco conhecido cientificamente. O objetivo foi encontrar os parâmetros adequados para a produção, em escala laboratorial, do biocoque de casca e serragem da madeira de eucalipto. Também verificar suas principais características térmicas e físico-químicas, antes e após a produção do biocoque. Foi usado a casca e serragem de eucalipto para a produção do biocoque. Os materiais passaram por analises de umidade, analise imediata, analise elementar, poder calorífico, densidades, resistência mecânica, estabilidade dimensional, termogravimetria, microscopia MEV, espectroscopia FTIR e EDS, difratometria de raio-x e análises cinética. O biocoque para ambos os materiais foram prensados com força de 10 toneladas sob 180 °C de temperatura por 10 minutos, apresentando características físico-químicas adequadas para o uso. Os biocoques tiveram caracteristicas físicas adequadas a necessidade de uso com alta resistência mecânica, com aproximadamente 10 MPa para ambos os materiais e durabilidade acima de 99 %. A densidade aparente (1.350 kg.m-3) foi aumentada aproximadamente cinco vezes comparado ao valor inicial para o material particulado. Os materiais apres... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Messtechniken zur Charakterisierung organischer Flüssigkeiten geringer Leitfähigkeit mittels Impedanzspektroskopie erprobt. Es wurden verschiedene kapazitive Elektrodenanordnungen mit dem zu untersuchenden Öl als Dielektrikum entwickelt und auf ihre Eignung zur Impedanzmessung an Schmierölen untersucht. Ausgehend von der empirischen Erfahrung, dass die Impedanzwerte in Ölen stark temperaturabhängig sind, wurde in Anlehnung an die Arrheniussche Theorie der chemischen Reaktionskinetik ein Auswerteverfahren für impedanzspektroskopische Messdaten entwickelt und getestet. So wurden die Voraussetzungen dafür geschaffen, dass für einen, in einem bestimmten Frequenzbereich relevanten Leitungsprozess, der zugehörige, auf molekularer Ebene ablaufende Vorgang mit bekannter Aktivierungsenergie angegeben werden kann.

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