Hälsa och fysisk aktivitet är ett omdiskuterat ämne i dagens samhälle. Den tekniska utvecklingen har lett till att människor är mer stillasittande än någonsin. Under vår utbildning i idrottsvetenskap väcktes nyfikenheten kring barn och ungas rörelse och det är bakgrunden till vårt val av ämne. Syftet med studien är att jämföra elevers rastaktiviteter på två skolor med olika geografiska förutsättningar för att diskutera vad som påverkar elever till deras valda aktiviteter. De frågor vi ämnar besvara är ”Hur arbetar ledning och personal för att främja rörelse på rasterna?” och ”Vilka aktiviteter ägnar sig eleverna åt på rasterna?”I studien används genusteori och Bronfenbrenners ekologiska systemteori för att analysera studiens resultat. Empirin har samlats in via kvalitativa observationer och intervjuer på två grundskolor varav en stadsskola och en landsbygdsskola. Tre intervjuer och sex observationer gjordes på respektive skola. Analysen har gjorts utifrån studiens resultat.Resultatet visar att det finns både likheter och skillnader på elevernas rastaktivitet mellan de undersökta skolorna. Likt övriga samhället så ser vi skillnad på flickor och pojkars beteende och uppförande i olika situationer, exempelvis på fotbollsplanen. Det var tydligt på båda skolor. Vi noterade även uppenbara skillnader i rådande skolkultur och miljö på skolorna vilket resulterade i att vi såg skillnader i barnens val av aktiviteter. Stadsskolans skolgård var mindre än landsbygdsskolans och hade färre grönområden. Stadsskolan hade även en mer genomtänkt idé för aktiviteter inomhus vilket resulterade i mer sysselsättning där.Slutsatsen är att planerade rastaktiviteter är en viktig del i arbetet för att öka elevernas aktivitetsnivå under rasterna. Många elever är stillasittande då det inte finns en tillräcklig bredd i rastaktiviteterna på skolgårdarna som passar alla. Det krävs därför bra planering och struktur från ledningen för att motivera dessa elever. Vår studie visade på att landsbygdsskolan hade en större gemenskap och lekte mer på rasterna till skillnad från stadsskolan som inte lekte på samma sätt. Det tror vi bland annat berodde på att stadsskolans miljö uppmuntrade till skärmaktiviteter medan landsbygdsskolan förbjödskärmar under skoltid. En viktig process är att analysera skolans inomhus- och utomhusmiljöer för att kunna utveckla elevernas rastaktiviteter.

Infectious disease has always been and will continue to be a heavy burden on human society worldwide. Terrestrial actinobacteria, notable as a source of antibiotics, have been well investigated in the past. In constrast, marine actinobacteria, especially sponge-associated species, have received much less attention and isolates are sparse. With the aim of studying and discovering novel marine actinobacteria, 11 different species of sponges were collected from the Central Red Sea in Saudi Arabia and cultured with three different types of media. 16S rRNA gene-sequencing revealed that among all 75 isolated bacterial strains 13 belonged to the order actinomycetales. These 13 actinomycetes fall into four different families and can be assigned to six different genera. Antibiotic activity tests using disc diffusion assay were performed against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus sp.), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), fungi (Fusarium sp.) and West Nile virus NS3 protease. Nine strains presented different level of bioactivity against these pathogens. These findings provide evidence that actinomycetes are presented in marine sponges and that they have the potential to be good candidates in the search for new effective antibiotic, antifungal, and antiviral compounds.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The ability of virtual reality (VR) active games to elicit moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) has yet to be fully understood. Also, whether VR combined with physical activity could have a greater pain reducing effect compared to non-active VR distraction remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of commercial VR active games on physical activity intensity levels, enjoyment, and pain sensitivity in young health adults. Thirty-six (18 males, 18 females) participants completed four study sessions, with each devoted to playing one VR game for fifteen minutes. The games included Beat Saber, Holopoint, Hot Squat, and Relax Walk VR. Levels of physical activity reached during VR gameplay were measured with percentage of heart rate reserve (%HRR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and accelerometry. Enjoyment was measured with a visual analog scale and the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale following each gaming session. Pressure pain thresholds (PPT’s) of the dominant forearm and ipsilateral thigh were conducted before and after VR gameplay. The primary outcome measures were analyzed with mixed model ANOVAs. The %HRR and RPE results showed that only Hot Squat consistently elicited moderate intensity activity. Accelerometry data showed that Hot Squat and Holopoint elicited higher whole body and lower body intensity levels than Beat Saber and Relax Walk VR. For enjoyment, Beat Saber and Holopoint were rated higher than Hot Squat and Relax Walk VR. Results for pressure pain thresholds (PPT’s) showed 1) an overall acute hypoalgesic effect on the forearm and thigh following all VR games, and 2) an enhanced hypoalgesic effect (combining MVPA and VR distraction) on the thigh following Hot Squat. Overall, results from this study suggest that active VR games can elicit varying degrees of physical activity intensity levels in young healthy adults, with Hot Squat eliciting moderate intensity activity. Thus, active VR games could be an alternative and enjoyable mode of obtaining physical activity. This study also showed that active VR games can elicit an acute hypoalgesic effect, with the effect potentially exacerbated with greater movement during gameplay.

The purpose of our research study was to examine if there was a relationship between PA and functioning in adults with DS. Our research study had 17 adults with Down syndrome participate. The functional performance of participants were measured with the Timed Up-and-Go test (TUG) and the 6-minute walk test (6MWT). After the testing session was completed, the physical activity of participants over seven days was measured. The main findings were that adults with DS had low levels of physical functioning and PA, and that physical functioning was associated with PA levels. Improving the functional profiles of adults with DS may aid these individuals in accumulating the amount of PA required for improving their health.

IN BETWEEN GOTTSUNDA SQUARE AND A NATURE AREA IS THE NEW DISTRICT CENTER INTENDED TO BE PLACED.THE PLACE IS A POSSIBILITY THAT CREATES CONDITIONS FOR A BUILDING WHICH EXPANDS PRIDE, JOY AND OPENITY. ONE OF THE AMBITIONS IS TO CREATE A VIVID BUILDING OPENING UP TO THE SQUARE, AT THE SAME TIME THAT IT RELATES AND ENHANCES THE NEARBY BUILDING. THE BUILDING ACTIVITIES AT THE ENTRY PLAN IS OPEN, AND PLAY VISUALLY FROM THE SQUARE WITH ITSOPENNESS. OUTDOORS AT THE BUILDING BODIES WITH ITS VARIETY OF CULTURE AND SPORTS ACTIVITIES WILL BE APPLIED FOR PEOPLE IN ALL AGES. THE OUTDOOR AREAS SHOULD WORK AS A PART OF THE BUILDING PROGRAM DURING OPENING TIME, SUCH AS AFTER CLOSING TIME. WITH ITS CHARACTERISTIC MATERIAL CHOICE IN WOOD, THE CONSTRUCTION CONNECTES WITH THE ENVIRONMENTAL NATURE, AND AT THE SAME TIME GIVES THE OPPORTUNITY TO BUILD IN A SUSTAINABLE MATERIAL TAKING ACCOUNT OF CLIMATE IMPACT. THE BENEFIT IN ENERGY USE, CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS AND WASTE ARE IMPORTANT QUESTIONS TODAY AND FEEL IMPORTANT TO WORK WITH IN GOTTSUNDA AS A NEW WAY TO THINK IN MATERIAL AFTER A GREAT USE OF CONCRETE HOUSE FROM THE MILLION PROGRAMME. / MITT EMELLAN GOTTSUNDA TORG OCH ETT VILTVUXET NATUROMRÅDE INFOGAS DET NYA STADSDELCENTRET. PLATSEN UTGÖR EN MÖJLIGHET SOM SKAPAR FÖRUTSÄTTNINGAR FÖR EN BYGGNAD SOM UTSTRÅLAR STOLTHET, GLÄDJE OCH ÖPPENHET. EN AV AMBITIONERNA ÄR ATT SKAPA EN LEVANDE BYGGNAD SOM ÖPPNAR UPP SIG MOT TORGET, SAMTIDIGT SOM DET KNYTER SAMMAN OCH FÖRSTÄRKER GATULIVET MED DEN NÄRLIGGANDE BYGGNADEN. BYGGNADENS VERKSAMHETER VID ENTRÉPLAN ÄR ÖPPNA, OCH SPILLER VISUELLT UT FRÅN TORGET MED SIN ÖPPENHET. UTOMHUSYTORNA VID BYGGNADSKROPPARNA MED SITT VARIERANDE UTBUD AV KULTUR OCH SPORTAKTIVITETER SKA VÄCKA INTRESSE FÖR FOLK I ALLA ÅLDRAR. YTORNA SKA FUNGERA SOM EN DEL UTAV BYGGNADENS PROGRAM UNDER ÖPPNINGSTID, SÅVÄL SOM STÄNGNINGSTID. MED SITT KARAKTERISTISKA MATERIALVAL I TRÄ KOPPLAR BYGGNADEN SAMMAN MED DET OMKRINGLIGGANDE NATUROMRÅDET SAMTIDIGT SOM DET GER MÖJLIGHETEN ATT BYGGA I ETT HÅLLBART MATERIAL SOM TAR HÄNSYN TILL KLIMATPÅVERKAN. FÖRDELEN VAD GÄLLER RESURSHÅLLNING, ENERGIANVÄNDNING, KOLDIOXIDUTSLÄPP OCH AVFALL ÄR VIKTIGA FRÅGOR IDAG OCH KÄNNS SJÄLVKLART ATT LYFTA FRAM I GOTTSUNDA SOM EN NY FRISK FLÄKT EFTER EN STOR ANDEL BETONGHUS FRÅN MILJONPROGRAMMET.

A selection of common children’s games were measured in a laboratory-based study to be enjoyable and to elicit sufficient physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) in 3rd grade children to combat the purported chronic energy surplus of childhood obesity (~100 kcal.day-1). PAEE during the games was similar for boys and girls, yet overweight children expended greater PAEE relative to body weight than healthy weight children. During a subsequent simulated recess program, the enjoyment declined over the 10-session program with no significant decline in PAEE. Using the enjoyable games of known energy cost in a structured recess program for 9 weeks successfully increased total daily PA compared to the control school who reported substantially greater amount of free-play time. The greater amount of acquired PA in the intervention school children did not affect the amount of time spent in sedentary pursuits but it did result in a smaller increase in body weight after 9 weeks. More research is needed to expand on this initial list of games that reduce the excessive weight gain in children when incorporated into a structured recess intervention.

Understanding of beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors toward health issues, such as physical inactivity, within certain populations are often studied to design programs and interventions specific to communities. A total of six elementary schools were chosen in the Mississippi Delta, two elementary schools within three school districts, to provide a deeper understanding of barriers to physical activity. Fortyour parents and guardians of elementary aged children participated in focus groups to discuss current physical activity levels and factors impacting and limiting local children’s physical activity levels. The most frequently reported barriers were environmental issues such as fear of children’s safety, lack of resources, and individual and social constraints such as time, parental influences, and television viewing. Concerns about safety and violence were the most frequently mentioned issues among participants. Collection through other methods of research is needed to further understand and assess the problems faced in this region.

No description available.

No description available.

<P> The limited strength model of self-regulation describes self-regulation as a limited, consumable, and renewable internal resource that is depleted when people attempt to control their emotions, thoughts or behaviours (Baumeister & colleagues 1994; 1996). Evidence indicates a consistent relationship across emotional, mental, and physical domains that task performance in all of these areas draws on the same limited resource and is governed by processes occurring within the central nervous system (Galliot, et al., 2007). The main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of self-regulation depletion on muscle activity (EMG) and physical stamina via an isometric task (ankle dorsiflexion). A secondary objective was to investigate trait self-control as an effect modifier of cognitive self-regulation depletion effects on physical stamina. It was hypothesized that individuals would show a greater decline in isometric endurance performance after undergoing a self-regulatory depletion manipulation compared to when they were exposed to· a non-depletion task of similar duration. It was also expected that participants would exhibit greater increases in EMG amplitude after being depleted compared to when not depleted. Additionally, it was hypothesized that people who scored lower on a measure of trait self-control would demonstrate greater depletion effects (i.e., greater pre-to-post performance differences) than those who scored higher on trait self-control. The study was a within-subjects cross-over design involving 31 informed and consenting sedentary university students (M^age= 21.72 ± 2.57 years). Participants were stratified by gender and randomized to experience either cognitive depletion (modified Stroop task) or non-depletion (colour word reading task) for their first trial. In each trial, they completed two isometric ankle dorsiflexion endurance trials at 50% of their MVC (predetermined by initial MVC) separated by the cognitive task. Due to an unexpected differential carryover effect of exposure order, analysis of the data was carried out for each testing session, with primary analysis focused on Time 1 as suggested by Grizzle (1965). Time 1 data indicated a trend towards significance (p = .13) for performance declines being greater in the depletion group compared to the non-depletion group, and a small effect size of .27 was detected, which is comparable to findings in other related studies (Bray et al., 2008; Muraven & Shmueli, 2006). No statistically significant differences emerged for muscle activity in the tibialis anterior for the depletion group compared to the non-depletion group. Those individuals who scored lower on trait self-regulation showed a non-significant trend towards greater depletion effects on muscular endurance performance than those who scored higher on trait self-regulation (p = .13; Cohen's d = .32). Results support the limited strength model of self-regulation and the trait self-control as an·individual difference factor affecting self-regulation, but raise questions regarding the role of central fatigue effects on muscular activation following self-regulatory depletion. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)