京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第25329号 / 農博第2595号 / 新制||農||1105(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 渡邊 隆司, 教授 阪井 康能, 教授 飛松 裕基 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

<p>This thesis represents the ontological model for the Time Aspects for a Healthcare Organization. It provides information about activities which take place at different interval of time at Ryhov Hospital. These activities are series of actions which may be happen in predefined sequence and at predefined times or may be happen at any time in a General ward or in Emergency ward of a Ryhov Hospital.</p><p>For achieving above mentioned objective, our supervisor conducts a workshop at the start of thesis. In this workshop, the domain experts explain the main idea of ward activities. From this workshop; the author got a lot of knowledge about activities and time aspects. After this, the author start literature review for achieving valuable knowledge about ward activities, time aspects and also methodology steps which are essentials for ontological model. After developing ontological model for Time Aspects, our supervisor also conducts a second workshop. In this workshop, the author presents the model for evaluation purpose.</p>

?rea de concentra??o: Ci?ncias farmac?uticas. / Data de aprova??o ausente. / Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-08-01T18:51:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 leticia_figueiredo_cunha.pdf: 6440587 bytes, checksum: 74ac0e7008e3cbee954ff6c0815803c4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-08-14T16:34:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) leticia_figueiredo_cunha.pdf: 6440587 bytes, checksum: 74ac0e7008e3cbee954ff6c0815803c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-14T16:34:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) leticia_figueiredo_cunha.pdf: 6440587 bytes, checksum: 74ac0e7008e3cbee954ff6c0815803c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / As plantas, por serem fonte de subst?ncias biologicamente ativas, s?o utilizadas com a finalidade terap?utica desde o in?cio da civiliza??o humana. O Brasil, por sua vez, ? detentor de uma vasta diversidade biol?gica e possui uma grande quantidade de esp?cies vegetais com potencial medicinal. Dentre os diversos biomas do territ?rio brasileiro, o Cerrado representa o segundo maior, registrando-se muitas esp?cies medicinais. Apesar de sua rica biodiversidade muitas plantas end?micas deste bioma foram pouco estudadas do ponto de vista qu?mico e biol?gico. Consequentemente, ? necess?rio maior investimento em pesquisas com plantas medicinais para tratamento de doen?as, principalmente, as cr?nicas degenerativas e parasit?rias, como Doen?a de Chagas, Leishmanioses, C?ncer e as infec??es causadas por bact?rias e fungos, cujo o tratamento apresenta importantes limita??es. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a triagem fitoqu?mica e de atividades biol?gicas de extratos etan?licos de 12 esp?cies de plantas oriundas do Cerrado, coletadas no mun?cipio de Diamantina, Vale do Jequitinhonha/MG. Para a triagem fitoqu?mica preliminar destes extratos foram realizadas rea??es cromog?nicas, de precipita??es e an?lises em cromatografia em camada delgada comparativa (CCDC). A citotoxicidade para c?lulas normais de mam?feros foi avaliada em fibroblastos de camundongos (L929). A linhagem celular de c?ncer de mama MDA-MB-231 foi a utilizada para a avalia??o da atividade antitumoral dos extratos. A avalia??o da atividade antitripanossomat?deo foi realizada sobre formas epimastigotas da cepa Colombiana de Trypanossoma cruzi e, sobre as formas promastigotas das cepas BH46 de Leishmania (leishmania) infantum e cepa M2269 de Leishmania (leishmania) amazonensis. Para a avalia??o destas atividades foi empregada a t?cnica colorim?trica de MTT. A avalia??o das atividades antibacteriana e antif?ngica foi realizada por meio da determina??o da Concentra??o Inibit?ria M?nima (CIM), empregando a t?cnica colorim?trica da Resazurina. As esp?cies de bact?rias utilizadas foram Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Staphylococcus aureus. Na atividade antif?ngica foram utilizadas quatro esp?cies de leveduras (Candida albicans, Candida famata, Candida krusei e Candida tropicalis) e duas esp?cies de fungos filamentosos (Aspergillus niger e Penicillium expansum). Dos 13 extratos avaliados com rela??o a citotoxicidade sobre fibroblastos de camundongos da linhagem L929, todos apresentaram algum grau de citotoxicidade. Alguns destes extratos apresentaram elevada toxicidade sobre esta linhagem celular, sendo que o extrato etan?lico das folhas de E. erythropappus foi o mais t?xico. Na avalia??o da atividade antitumoral, com exce??o do extrato etan?lico das folhas de P. rigida, todos os outros extratos avaliados apresentaram atividade. Destes o mais promissor tamb?m foi o extrato etan?lico das folhas de E. erythropappus. Na avalia??o da atividade tripanocida sobre formas epimastigotas da cepa Colombiana de T. cruzi, nove extratos foram ativos contra este parasito. Destes os mais promissores foram os extratos das folhas de A. aculeata e das folhas de E. erythropappus. Na avalia??o da atividade leishmanicida para a cepa M2269 os extratos etan?licos das folhas de E. erythropappus e das folhas de B. oxyclada apresentaram como os mais promissores e, para a cepa BH46 o extrato etan?lico de toda esp?cie T. catahartica foi o mais promissor, seguido tamb?m do extrato etan?lico das folhas de E. erythropappus. Na avalia??o da atividade antibacteriana somente os extratos etan?licos das folhas de B. oxyclada, de P. tomentosa e S. rugosa foram ativos e, as ?nicas bact?rias sens?veis foram P. aeruginosa e S. aureus. Destes o extrato etan?lico de P. tomentosa inibiu um maior n?mero de bact?rias com a??o bactericida. Os fungos filamentosos, A. niger e P. expansum, se mostraram resistentes a todos os extratos avaliados e C. krusei foi a levedura mais sens?vel. Os extratos das folhas de B. oxyclada e das folhas de P. tomentosa foram os extratos que inibiram o maior n?mero de esp?cies f?ngicas com os menores valores de CIM. Atrav?s destes resultados, sugere-se que os extratos etan?licos das folhas de Eremanthus erythropappus, de Peixotoa tomentosa e de Banisteriopsis oxyclada apresentaram o maior n?mero de atividades biol?gicas e com os melhores resultados, o que torna estas esp?cies as mais promissoras como fontes potenciais de mol?culas bioativas para o tratamento de C?ncer, Doen?a de Chagas, Leishmanioses e infe??es bacterianas e f?ngicas, necessitando de mais estudos a fim de identificar as subst?ncias respons?veis por tais atividades e pela citotoxicidade e, valid?-las atrav?s de outros modelos in vitro e in vivo. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Ci?ncias Farmac?uticas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, [2016]. / Plants are a potencial source of biologically active substances and they are used for therapeutic purposes since the beginning of human civilization. Brazil, in turn, holds a vast biological diversity and has a lot of plant species with medicinal potential. Among the various biomes of Brazil, the Cerrado is the second largest, registering many medicinal species. Consequently, it is necessary to invest more in research of medicinal plants as possible new treatments, especially for the degenerative and chronic disease such as Chagas, Leishmaniasis, cancer and infections caused by bacteria and fungi, whereof treatment has big limitations. The objective of this study was the phytochemical screening and biological activities studies of ethanolic extracts of 12 plants species from the Cerrado, collected in the municipality of Diamantina, Vale do Jequitinhonha / MG.For the preliminary phytochemical screening were made chromogenic and precipitation reactions and analysis in thin-layer chromatography. Cytotoxicity for normal mammalian cells was evaluated in mouse fibroblasts (L929) and the cell line of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 was used to analyze the antitumor activity of the extracts. The evaluation of antitripanossomatideo activity was performed using epimastigotas of Colombiana Trypanosoma cruzi strain and promastigotes of BH46 Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum strain and M2269 Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis strain. The analyze of these activities were based at the colorimetric MTT technique. The evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activities was performed by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) employing the colorimetric Resazurin technique. Species of bacteria used were Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. In the antifungal activity were used four species of yeast (Candida albicans, Candida famata, Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis) and two species of filamentous fungi (Aspergillus niger and Penicillium expansum). Of the 13 extracts evaluated for cytotoxicity using the L929 strain mouse fibroblasts, all they had some cytotoxicity level. Some of these extractsthen showed a high toxicity in this assay cell line, wherein the ethanolic extract of E. erythropappus leaves was the most toxic. In the evaluation of antitumor activity all extracts showed activity, exception for the extract of P. rigida leaves. Among these the most promising was either the ethanolic extract of the leaves of E. erythropappus. Evaluation of trypanocidal activity using Colombian strain of T. cruzi epimastigotas, present active for nine extracts against this parasite, been the A. aculeata and leaves E. erythropappus leaf extract the most promising. Leishmanicidal activity for the M2269 strain of E. erythropappus B. oxyclada leaf extract presented as the most promising and, for the BH46 strain the T. catahartica role plant extract shows the best results, followed by the E. erythropappus leaf extract. In the antibacterial activity assay only the B. oxyclada, P. tomentosa and S. rugosa leaf extracts were active, and the only for P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Among these the P. tomentosa extract inhibited a greater number of bacteria with bactericidal action. Filamentous fungus A. niger and P. expansum were resistant to all extracts evaluated and C. krusei was the most sensitive yeast. P. tomentosa and B. oxyclada leaf extracts inhibited more yeast species but with the lowest MIC values. Due these results, it is suggested that the E. erythropappus of P. tomentosa and B. oxyclada leaf ethanolic extracts showed the greatest of biological activities, making these the most promising species as potential sources of bioactive molecules for the treatment of cancer, Chagas disease, Leishmaniasis and bacterial and fungal infections, yet requiring further studies to identify the substances responsible for such activities and cytotoxicity and validate them through other models in vitro and in vivo.

This thesis represents the ontological model for the Time Aspects for a Healthcare Organization. It provides information about activities which take place at different interval of time at Ryhov Hospital. These activities are series of actions which may be happen in predefined sequence and at predefined times or may be happen at any time in a General ward or in Emergency ward of a Ryhov Hospital. For achieving above mentioned objective, our supervisor conducts a workshop at the start of thesis. In this workshop, the domain experts explain the main idea of ward activities. From this workshop; the author got a lot of knowledge about activities and time aspects. After this, the author start literature review for achieving valuable knowledge about ward activities, time aspects and also methodology steps which are essentials for ontological model. After developing ontological model for Time Aspects, our supervisor also conducts a second workshop. In this workshop, the author presents the model for evaluation purpose.

Colonial intellectual is a good point of entry for making sense of anti-colonial movement because in many cases they constituted the pioneer of the movement. Moreover, in some cases, they became the founding father of new nations. However, such an important social category received inadequate attentions. / The main concern of this research is: how to make sense of the fact that in some colonies, anti-colonial movement were stronger while in others, the subjects were silent. The present writer would use colonial intellectuals from three areas (Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore) as cases to illustrate the development of anti-colonial movements in above three areas in late nineteenth Century and Early Twenty Century. / Using the theory of institutionalization as theoretical framework, the present writer argued that the level of institutionalized of the society is the prime mover of the event. To view colonial society as a social group, it is argued that only in those societies reaching a high level of institutionalization, then members of the society would develop a kind of locally oriented vision of the society. That kind of vision is the necessary condition of anti-colonial movement. In the following thesis, the present writer would discuss in what way colonial governance, migration, and the conditions of pre-colonial society shaped the level of institutionalization of the discussed cases. / 劉紹麟. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-10, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Liu Shaolin.

Thesis (PhD (Science) (Viticulture and Oenology. Wine Biotechnology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Wine fermentation with a yeast strain able to degrade grape cell polysaccharides can result in improved processability and an increase in wine quality by improving extraction of essential compounds from the grapes during the maceration stage. Pectin is the only important cell wall polysaccharide that can be degraded by wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Pectin is degraded by a polygalacturonase (PG) encoded by the PGU1 gene (ORF YJR153W). Only certain S. cerevisiae strains can degrade pectin and PG activity is thus strain specific. The lack of activity in certain strains has been attributed to a number of factors: (1) the complete absence of the PGU1 gene, (2) the PGU1 gene is present but the allele is dysfunctional and (3) the PGU1 gene is present but not transcribed. The lack in transcription has been shown to be due to the gene having a dysfunctional promoter or to regulatory differences between strains. Results published in the literature are contradictory. The primary aim of this investigation was to clarify the regulation of PG activity in S. cerevisiae and to determine why there are differences in PG activity between different strains. Regulation of PG activity between several wine and laboratory strains with varying PG activities was compared by looking at the sequence of the PGU1 gene and its promoter as well as transcription levels of this gene and its main transcription factors, TEC1 and STE12. In order to identify regulatory factors influencing PG activity, the S. cerevisiae genome was screened for activators and inhibitors of PG activity. Fourteen inhibitors and two activators of PG activity were identified during this screen. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the PG activity is regulated by transcription of the PGU1 gene. A linear relationship was demonstrated between PGU1 and its two transcription factors TEC1 and STE12. Some of the genes identified as inhibitors of PGU1 transcription are involved in gene silencing by Telomere Position Effect (TPE) indicating that PGU1 is possibly silenced due to its subtelomeric location within 25 kb from the right telomere of chromosome X. Moving the PGU1 gene with its native regulatory machinery to a different position away from its telomere resulted in an increase in PGU1 transcription and PG activity, demonstrating the epigenetic influence on PGU1 regulation. Results from this study suggested that the strain related difference in PGU1 expression occurs at an epigenetic level, with steric hindrance preventing RNA polymerase access to the PGU1 promoter and thus inhibiting transcription of this gene in some strains. Understanding regulation of PG activity can potentially lead to the development of more effective strategies to improve PG degradation by S. cerevisiae. The genetic model describing regulation of PGU1 transcription was extended by this study and a novel mechanism of regulation of PG activity was identified. The secondary aim of this study written as an addendum to this thesis, focussed on degradation of another grape cell wall polysaccharide xylan by recombinant strains of S. cerevisiae. These strains were enabled to degrade this polysaccharide through heterologous expression of novel xylanase encoding genes from various origins. Xylanase activity of the recombinant strains generated was compared. Overexpressing the complete gene xynA of Ruminococcus flavefaciens, the functional domain xynAa or the functional domain xynAc within optimal conditions for these enzymes all conferred very low xylanase activity to S. cerevisiae, with xynAc resulting in the highest xylanase activity. Since overexpression of the R. flavefaciens xynA gene yielded very low activity under optimal conditions activity in wine making conditions would be negligible. The genes XYN2 and XYN4 from Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger respectively yielded higher levels of activity. According to these results, only the expression of XYN2 and XYN4 could have a potential effect on wine An effective strategy for improving pectin degradation can in future potentially be combined with heterologous expression of a xylanase encoding gene in S. cerevisiae in order to engineer a wine yeast strain with improved polysaccharase abilities. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gisting van druiwe met polisakkaried-afbrekende gisrasse kan lei tot ‘n verbetering in wyn prosessering en tot die produksie van hoër kwaliteit wyne deur die ekstraksie van belangrike wynkomponente uit druifselle te verbeter. Pektien is die hoof komponent van die druifselwand wat deur wilde tipe Saccharomyces cerevisiae giste afgebreek kan word en word afgebreek deur ‘n poligalaktoronase (PG) wat deur die PGU1 (YJR153W) geen gekodeer word. Slegs spesifieke gisrasse kan pektien afbreek en die ensiem aktiwiteit is dus ras-spesifiek. Die gebrek aan PG aktiwiteit in sekere rasse is al omskryf as gevolg van die afwesigheid van die geen, die teenwoordigheid van ‘n nie-funksionele alleel of dat die geen wat teenwoordig is nie uitgedruk word nie. Transkripsie is al bewys om nie plaas te vind nie a.g.v. die teenwoordigheid van ‘n nie-funksionele promotor of a.g.v. ‘n verskil in regulering van transkripsie tussen rasse. Sommige studies wat PG regulering ondersoek het, het teenstrydige resultate verkry. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was om PG regulering te ondersoek en te bepaal waarom daar verskille in PG aktiwiteit tussen verskillende gisrasse voorkom. Regulering van PG aktiwiteit is ondersoek tussen wyn en laboratorium gisrasse met wisselende vlakke van PG aktiwiteit deur die DNS volgorde van die PGU1 geen en sy promotor, so wel as die DNS volgorde van die geen se hoof transkripsie faktore TEC1 en STE12 te bepaal. Om reguleerders van PG aktiwiteit te identifiseer is die genoom van die gis S. cerevisiae ondersoek om faktore te identifiseer wat PG aktiwiteit aktiveer of inhibeer. “Real-time PCR” het bewys dat PG aktiwiteit gereguleer word deur transkripsie van die PGU1 geen en dat daar ‘n lineêre verhouding tussen die transkripsie van die PGU1 geen en sy twee hoof transkripsie faktore TEC1 en STE12 bestaan. Sommige van die gene wat geïdentifiseer is as inhibeerders van PG aktiwiteit is voorheen bewys om betrokke te wees by die inhibering van transkripsie deur middel van die telomeer posisie effek, dit dui daarop dat transkripsie van die PGU1 geen moontlik geïnhibeer word as gevolg van die geen se subtelomeriese posisie binne 25 kb vanaf die regter telomeer van chromosoom X. Die PGU1 geen is met sy natuurlike regulerings elemente na ‘n ander posisie in die genoom, weg van sy naaste telomeer geskuif, die verandering in posisie van die geen het gelei tot ‘n toename in PG aktiwiteit en transkripsie van die PGU1 geen en het dus bewys regulering word beïnvloed deur ‘n epigenetiese effek. Die resultate van hierdie studie het daarop gedui dat die verskil in transkripsie van die PGU1 geen plaasvind op ‘n epigenetiese vlak waartydens die chromatien struktuur toegang van die RNA polimerase tot die PGU1 geen voorkom en dus word transkripsie van die geen sodoende in sommige rasse voorkom. Die tweede doelwit van hierdie studie het gefokus op die afbraak van ‘n ander komponent van die druif selwand, xilaan, deur S. cerevisiae. Hierdie navorsing vorm ‘n addendum aan die tesis en Xylanase aktiwiteit van verskeie rekombinante rasse is in hierdie studie vergelyk. Baie lae xylanase aktiwiteit is verleen aan rekombinante giste wat die volledige xynA geen gekloneer van die bakteriee Ruminococcus flavefaciens, asook twee aktiewe domeins van die geen, domein xynAa en domein xynAc uitdruk. Van die voorafgenoemde giste het die uitdrukking van die domein xynAc die rekombinante gis ras met die hoogste aktiwiteit tot gevolg gehad. Ooruitdrukking van die gene XYN2 en XYN4 wat gekloneer is van die fungi Trichoderma reesei en Aspergillus niger onderskeidelik, het beide gisrasse wat oor hoë vlakke van xylanase aktiwiteit beskik tot gevolg gehad. Hierdie resultate dui dus daarop dat van die gene ondersoek in die studie, slegs XYN2 en XYN4 potensiaal het om xylanase aktiwiteit van wyngiste te verbeter. Deur die regulering van PG aktiwiteit te bestudeer kan meer effektiewe strategieë potensieel ontwikkel word om PG aktiwiteit in S. cerevisiae te verbeter. Hierdie studie het die genetiese model wat PG regulering omskryf uitgebrei deur ‘n nuwe meganisme van regulering van toepassing op PGU1 te identifiseer. As ons die regulering van die PGU1 goed verstaan kan dit in die toekoms gekombineer word met ‘n effektiewe strategie om ‘n gis aan te pas om xylaan af te breek, om sodoende ‘n wyngis geneties te verbeter om beide xylaan en pektien te kan afbreek.

Although research has linked the central nervous system with changes in immunoresponsivity, research on the possible role of the central nervous system in altering reticuloendothelial activity is lacking. This study investigated the possible relationship between hypothalamic structures and changes in responsivity of the reticuloendothelial system. Eight male albino rats received bilateral electrode implants in the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus and, following brain stimulation, reticuloendothelial activity was assessed 3, 6, 12, 24, and 96 hours after stimulation. Brain stimulation decreased phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system. These findings may increase our understanding of a possible neural mechanism underlying relationships between stress and resistance to disease states.

Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva relationen mellan smärta och vardagsaktiviteter hos vuxna personer med RA. Frågeställningarna fokuserar på att besvara hur smärta påverkar vardags­aktiviteter samt hur vardagsaktiviteter påverkar smärta hos vuxna personer med RA. Metod: Metoden scoping review har använts för att besvara syftet genom att kartlägga och sammanfatta aktuella artiklar inom området. Resultat: Resultatet av studien är att smärta påverkar vardagsaktiviteter såväl som att vardags­aktiviteter påverkar smärta. Smärta påverkar olika typer av vardagsaktiviteter, men i störst grad sociala aktiviteter och fritidsaktiviteter. Aktiviteter kunde leda till ökad smärta. Personer med RA använde aktiviteter som distraktion från smärta. Olika strategier kunde användas för utfö­rande av aktiviteter trots smärta.  Slutsats: Smärta påverkar mängden och typen av aktiviteter som finns i aktivitetsmönstret hos personer med RA på ett negativt sätt, vilket kan leda till dålig aktivitetsbalans, som i sin tur leder till försämrad hälsa och välbefinnande. Aktiviteter kunde också påverkar smärta negativt, exempelvis utfördes ofta för stor mäng av aktiviteter under symptomfria perioder, vilket ledde till ökad smärta, men även försämrad aktivitetsbalans. Strategier som personerna med RA använde var att utföra aktiviteter som distraktion från och/eller trots smärta. Dessa aktiviteter hade ett personligt värde enligt ValMOs värdedimensioner. / Aim: The aim of the study is to describe the relationship between pain and everyday activities in adults with RA. The two issues focus on answering how pain affect everyday activities and how everyday activities affect pain in adults with RA. Method: The method scoping review, was applied to answer the aim and the issues through charting and summarizing current articles within the subject. Result: The result of the study was that pain affect everyday activities as well as everyday activi­ties affect pain. Pain affect different types of activities, but above all social activities and leisure activities. Activities could lead to increased pain. Different strategies were used to perform activities despite pain. Conslusion: Pain affect the amount and type of activities in the activity pattern in adults with RA in a negative way, which can lead to poor activity balance, which in turn leads to worsened health and wellbeing. Activities could affect pain negatively as well, for example a big amount of activities were performed during symptom free periods, which in turn could lead to both increased pain but also poor activity balance. Strategies that were used were to perform activi­ties as a distraction to and/or despite pain. These activities had a personal value and had a personal value according to the value dimensions of ValMO.

Nos últimos anos, os metabólitos isolados de fungos marinhos vêm ganhando considerável atenção em razão de possuírem estruturas químicas únicas com diversas atividades biológicas já descritas, incentivando novas pesquisas na área. A tricomoníase é a doença sexualmente transmissível (DST) de origem não viral mais comum no mundo, estando associada a sérias consequências à saúde, sendo relatado um aumento no número de isolados clínicos resistentes ao tratamento de escolha. Infecções causadas por bactérias com diferentes mecanismos de resistência, representam um grande desafio para a saúde pública atual, acarretando em altas taxas de mortalidade e morbidade. As bactérias patogênicas dispõem de fatores de virulência, como a formação de biofilme, que agravam infecções tornando-as persistentes. Devido ao potencial biológico dos produtos de origem marinha e a importância dessas infecções, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade anti-T. vaginalis, antimicrobiana e antibiofilme de moléculas obtidas da fermentação de fungos associados a organismos marinhos. As 14 cepas fúngicas foram isoladas de esponjas e corais marinhos, obtidos da costa do estado de Alagoas, Brasil. Após produção do metabólito, o micélio foi separado do meio. O micélio foi extraído com metanol e o meio com acetato de etila. As frações foram submetidas aos ensaios de atividade anti-T.vaginalis, antimicrobiana e antibiofilme (inibição da formação e erradicação). As frações que demonstraram atividade foram submetidas ao ensaio de hemólise, avaliação da citotoxicidade (HMVII e Vero) e toxicidade em modelo de Galleria mellonella. A fração que demonstrou os melhores resultados nos ensaios de atividade foi submetida ao fracionamento bioguiado. As frações orgânicas dos fungos Aspergillus niger (FMPV 03) e complexo Trichoderma harzianum/Hypocrea lixii (FMPV 09) foram ativas frente ao T. vaginalis ATCC 30236, com valores de MIC de 2 mg/mL e 1 mg/mL, respectivamente. Quando investigadas, essas frações mantiveram a atividade frente ao isolado clínico resistente ao metronidazol (TV-LACM2R), apresentado os mesmo valores de MIC encontrados para o isolado ATCC. Para a atividade antimicrobiana, as frações orgânicas do Aspergillus niger (FMPV 03), Aspergillus tubingensis (FMPV 06), complexo Trichoderma harzianu/Hypocrea lixii (FMPV 09) e Aspergillus sydowii (FMPV 10) foram ativas contra S. epidermidis ATCC 35984. Ainda, frente a P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 somente as frações orgânicas do Aspergillus niger (FMPV 03) e Aspergillus tubingensis (FMPV 06) demonstraram atividade. Neste ensaio, para ambas as bactérias, os valores de MIC não ultrapassaram 1,5 mg/mL. A atividade destas frações também foi observada frente às mesmas bactérias no ensaio de antiformação de biofilme, já que ocorreu a morte das células. A habilidade de erradicar biofilmes foi detectada somente para a fração orgânica do fungo Aspergillus flavus (FMPV 01), o qual foi capaz de remover 52% do biofilme já formado de S. epidermidis ATCC 35984. A ausência de hemólise dos eritrócitos foi observada em todas as frações ativas estudadas. Na avaliação da citotoxicidade in vitro frente às linhagens celulares HMVII e Vero, apenas a fração orgânica do Aspergillus niger (FMPV 03), não apresentou efeito citotóxico. No entanto, no ensaio de avaliação da toxicidade in vivo, nenhuma das amostras testadas causou redução na sobrevivência das larvas de Galleria mellonella. Então, a fração orgânica do fungo Aspergillus niger (FMPV 03) foi submetida ao fracionamento bioguiado utilizando coluna RP-18. Sete frações foram obtidas, sendo que a primeira (100% água), foi ativa contra T. vaginalis, S. epidermidis e P. aeruginosa. Quando submetida à Cromatografia em Camada Delgada (CCD), demonstrou quatro bandas que foram coradas com anisaldeído-ácido sulfúrico e ninhidrina. Além disso, a fração 100% água não demonstrou redução da sobrevivência das larvas de Galleria mellonella, nas três concentrações testadas. Portanto, a gama de atividades relatadas corrobora o potencial dos fungos marinhos na produção de moléculas bioativas. / In recent years, the isolated metabolites from marine fungi have been attracted considerable attention due to unique chemical structures with diverse biological activities, encouraging further research in the area. Trichomoniasis is the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted disease (STD) worldwide. This has been linked to serious health consequences and an increase in the number of clinical isolates resistant to the treatment of choice has been reported. Infections caused by bacteria with different resistance mechanisms represent a major challenge to the current public health, resulting in high rates of mortality and morbidity. Pathogenic bacteria present virulence factors, such as biofilm formation, which migth enhance the persistence of infections. Due to the biological potential of marine products and the importance of these infections, the aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-T. vaginalis, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of the obtained molecule from the fermentation of fungi associated with marine organism. The 14 fungal strains were isolated from sponges and corals marine obtained from the coast of Alagoas, Brazil. After production of the metabolite the mycelium was separated from the medium. The mycelium was extracted with methanol and the medium with ethyl acetate. The fractions were subjected to the assays anti-T. vaginalis, antimicrobial and antibiofilm (inhibition of the formation and eradication) activities. The fractions that showed activity were subjected to the assays of hemolysis, cytotoxicity evaluation (HMVII and Vero) and toxicity Galleria mellonella model. The fraction which showed the best results in activity assays was subjected to fractionation bioguided. The organic fraction of Aspergillus niger (FMPV 03) and Trichoderma harzianum/Hypocrea lixii complex (FMPV 09) were active against T. vaginalis ATCC 30236 with MIC values of 2 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL, respectively. When investigated, these fractions maintained activity against resistant clinical isolate to metronidazole (TV-LACM2R), presented the same MIC values found to isolate ATCC. For the antimicrobial activity, the organic fractions of Aspergillus niger (FMPV 03), Aspergillus tubingensis (FMPV 06), Trichoderma harzianum/Hypocrea lixii complex (FMPV 09) and Aspergillus sydowii (FMPV 10) were active against S. epidermidis ATCC 35984. Even, against P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 only the organic fractions of Aspergillus niger (FMPV 03) and Aspergillus tubingensis (FMPV 06) demonstrated activity. In this test, for both bacteria, MIC values did not exceed 1.5 mg/mL. The activity of these fractions was also observed across the same bacteria in the antibiofilm formation assay, since cell death occurred. The ability to eradicate biofilms was detected only for the organic fraction of the fungus Aspergillus flavus (FMPV 01) which was able to remove 52% of the already formed biofilm of S. epidermidis ATCC 35984. The absence of hemolysis of red cells was observed in all active fractions studied. In the assessment of cytotoxicity in vitro against the cell lines HMVII and Vero, only the organic fraction of Aspergillus niger (FMPV 03), showed no cytotoxic effect. However, in the test evaluation of in vivo toxicity, none of the samples tested caused a reduction in the survival of the larvae of Galleria mellonella. Then, the organic fraction of the fungus Aspergillus niger (FMPV 03) was submitted to bioguided fractionation using RP-18 column. Seven fractions were obtained, of which the first (100% water), was active against T. vaginalis, S. epidermidis e P. aruginosa. When subjected to thin layer chromatography (TLC) showed four bands were stained with ninhydrin and anisaldehyde-sulfuric acid. In addition, 100% water fraction showed no reduction of the survival of larvae of Galleria mellonella at the three concentrations tested. Therefore, the range of activities reported corroborates the potential of marine fungi to produce bioactive molecules.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-04-14T15:20:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Renata de Alencar Falcão.pdf: 1893205 bytes, checksum: a1f04b7df117733c150f043d899dcf07 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-07-22T15:04:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Renata de Alencar Falcão.pdf: 1893205 bytes, checksum: a1f04b7df117733c150f043d899dcf07 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-07-22T15:04:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Renata de Alencar Falcão.pdf: 1893205 bytes, checksum: a1f04b7df117733c150f043d899dcf07 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-22T15:04:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Renata de Alencar Falcão.pdf: 1893205 bytes, checksum: a1f04b7df117733c150f043d899dcf07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-27 / Spondia tuberosa Arruda (Anacardiaceae), popularly known as umbu, is found in the northeastern Brazilian semiarid region and is endemic to the caatinga. Presents a source of vitamins (B1, B2, A, C and niacin), minerals (calcium, phosphorus and iron) and a high antioxidant power, which reduces damage caused by reactive species such as the appearance of premature aging and degenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective the ethanol extract of the leaves of S. tuberosa (EEtOH-St) at doses 125 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg. The survey was conducted in pharmacological testing laboratories and the development and testing of medicines (LABDEM) both located at the State University of Paraíba (UEPB). 40 Swiss albino mice, albino Wistar rats and 156 larvae of Artemia salina L. Given this, the toxicological evaluation was performed to determine the 50% lethal concentration (LC 50 ), acute toxicity and behavioral assessment were used, also observed the activity antinociceptive using the method of formalin. Although the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity induced by carrageenan was performed and evaluated the non-steroidal gastroprotective action in models of ulcers induced by ethanol and anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Bioassay with Artemia salina Leach, leaves extract showed low toxicity. A single dose of 2000 mg / kg of EEtOH-St in mice, did not cause behavioral changes in the evaluated parameters. Also did not cause changes in weight or the macroscopic structure of organs. Unable to determine the lethal dose 50 (LD 50 ) as there were no deaths at the end of the 14 days of observation. It was observed that the antinociceptive activity in the dose 125 mg / kg did not affect the response of the first phase of nociception and the dose 250 mg / kg EEtOH-St in the second stage had a greater inhibition (100%) than the anti-self inflammatory used as standard. In the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity among the doses tested the extract, only 500 mg/kg was able to inhibit cell migration. Gastroprotective activity with respect to the doses 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg against induction of ulcer models ethanol decreased significantly the ulcerative lesion index (ULI) in 13.69%, 38.69% and 69 , 64%, respectively, and were able to change the evaluated corresponding to gastric volume parameter. In the assessment of NSAID-induced gastric ulcers model, inhibition of lesions was 44.56% for the dose 125 mg/kg, 39.13% for the 250 mg/kg, and 45.65% at 500 mg/kg. As for the induction of ulcers ethanol and pretreated with indomethacin model, the salt-extract group compared to saline-saline could inhibit ILU at 43.05%, and indomethacin-extract group compared to saline-indomethacin inhibited 50.37% the amount of ULI. Given these results, it is important that other experimental models to be tested, so you can demonstrate participation in this plant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive mechanisms gastroprotective. / Spondia tuberosa Arruda (Anacardiaceae), conhecida popularmente como umbu, é encontrado na região Nordeste do semiárido brasileiro e é endêmica da caatinga. Apresenta uma fonte de vitaminas (B 1 , B 2 , A, C e niacina), minerais (cálcio, fósforo e ferro) e um alto poder antioxidante, que reduz os danos causados pelas espécies reativas, tais como envelhecimento prematuro e aparecimento de doenças degenerativas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade, atividade antinociceptiva, anti-inflamatória e gastroprotetora do extrato etanólico das folhas de S. tuberosa (EEtOH-St) nas doses 125 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg e 500 mg/kg. A pesquisa foi realizada nos laboratórios de ensaios farmacológicos e no de desenvolvimento e ensaios em medicamentos (LABDEM) ambos localizados na Universidade Estadual da Paraíba (UEPB). Foram utilizados 40 camundongos albinos Swiss, 156 ratos albinos Wistar e larvas de Artemia salina L. Diante disto, foi realizada a avaliação toxicológica para a determinação da concentração letal 50% (CL 50 ), toxicidade aguda e avaliação comportamental, também observou-se a atividade antinociceptiva utilizando o método da formalina. Ainda foi realizada a avaliação da atividade anti-inflamatória induzida por carragenina e avaliou-se a ação gastroprotetora em modelos de úlceras induzidas por etanol e anti-inflamatório não-esteroidal (AINE). No bioensaio com Artemia salina Leach, o extrato das folhas apresentou baixa toxicidade. A administração única de 2000 mg/kg do EEtOH-St em camundongos, não causou alterações comportamentais nos parâmetros avaliados. Também não provocou variações no peso nem na estrutura macroscópica dos órgãos. Não foi possível determinar a Dose letal 50 (DL 50 ,) visto que não houve mortes, ao final dos 14 dias de observação. Observou-se na atividade antinociceptiva que a dose 125mg/kg não influenciou na resposta da primeira fase de nocicepção e que a dose 250 mg/kg do EEtOH-St na segunda fase teve uma inibição maior (100%) do que o próprio antiinflamatório utilizado como padrão. Na avaliação da atividade anti-inflamatória dentre as doses do extrato testadas, apenas a 500 mg/kg foi capaz de inibir a migração celular. Com relação à atividade gastroprotetora, as doses 125, 250 e 500 mg/kg frente a modelos de indução de úlcera por etanol diminuíram de forma significativa o Índice de Lesão Ulcerativa (ILU), em 13,69%, 38,69% e 69,64%, respectivamente, bem como foram capazes de alterar o parâmetro avaliado correspondente ao volume gástrico. Na avaliação do modelo de úlceras gástricas induzidas por AINE, houve inibição das lesões em 44,56% para a dose 125 mg/kg, 39,13% para a de 250 mg/kg e 45,65% para 500 mg/kg. Quanto ao modelo de indução de úlcera por etanol e pré-tratado com indometacina, o grupo salina-extrato em relação a salinasalina conseguiu inibir os ILU em 43,05%, e o grupo indometacina-extrato em relação a indometacina-salina inibiu 50,37% a quantidade de ILU. Diante destes resultados, é importante que outros modelos experimentais sejam testados, para que possa evidenciar a participação desta planta nos mecanismos antinociceptivo, anti-inflamatório e gastroprotetora.