The building industry makes up a considerable fraction of world&amp / #8217 / s energy consumption. The adverse effects of a growing energy demand such as depletion in fossil fuel reserves and natural resources hassled the building industry to a search for new technologies that result in less energy consumption together with the maximum utilization of natural resources. Energy- and ecology-conscious European countries incorporated the well-being of occupants while conducting research on innovative technologies. In view of the fact that double-skin fa&ccedil / ades offer a healthy and comfortable milieu for the occupants and use natural resources hence consume less energy they became a promising invention for all concerns. The analysis of the performance of the double-skin fa&ccedil / ades and energy consumption is inconclusive at this time. However, based upon thermal performance analysis have been done so far, a double-skin fa&ccedil / ade perform better and provide some energy reduction, particularly on the heating side cycle, from a standard double glazed unit wall. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between double-skin fa&ccedil / ades and building management systems in intelligent office buildings as they relate to energy efficiency issues thus to find out whether or not the integration of these systems into intelligent buildings provides optimization in energy performance and comfort conditions. The building for the case study, which is an intelligent office building incorporating a double-skin fa&ccedil / ade was selected as one that promises high comfort conditions for the occupants with low energy consumption. The working principles of integrated fa&ccedil / ade systems, together with their advantages and disadvantages were investigated by means of the case study. It was concluded that due to their high initial costs, these systems offer no real advantages for today. However with the inevitable exhaustion of fossil fuels that is foreseen for the future, these systems would become an innovative solution in terms of energy conservation.

The resolution of CMOS image sensor is becoming higher and higher, while for identifying its performance, designers need to do a series of simulations, and this work consumes large CPU time in classical design environment. This thesis titled "Fast Scalable and Variability Aware CMOS Image Sensor Simulation Methodology" is dedicated to explore a new simulation methodology for improving the simulation capability. This simulation methodology is used to study the image sensor performance versus low level design parameter, such as transistor size and process variability. The simulation methodology achieves error less than 0.4% on 3T-APS architecture. The methodology is tested in various pixel architectures, and it is used in simulating image sensor with 15 million pixels, the simulation capability is improved 64 times and time consumption is reduced from days to minutes. The potential application includes simulating array-based circuit, such as memory circuit matrix simulation.

Os disruptores endócrinos são frequentemente relatados na literatura como contaminantes de ambientes aquáticos. Por isso, os processos oxidativos avançados (POAs) têm sido estudados como alternativa para o tratamento em meio aquoso. Os POAs consistem na oxidação de compostos orgânicos por radicais hidroxilas com alto poder oxidante. Diante desses aspectos, o presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo o estudo da degradação do metil parabeno (MeP) por processos Fenton, utilizando planejamento experimental e a análise dos modelos matemáticos, possibilitando a avaliação da influência das variáveis e determinando as melhores condições. As degradações de 300 mL de 100 mg L-1 de MeP com o processo Fenton foram realizadas em um reator de vidro onde as concentrações ótimas foram: 16 mg L-1 de Fe2+, 62 mg L-1 de H2O2, pH = 3, agitação constante e 30°C chegando a 100% de degradação em 20 minutos. Para o foto-Fenton, as degradações foram de 500 mL de 100 mg L-1 de MeP em um reator com lâmpada de mercúrio de 4 W , utilizando-se uma concentração de 4 mg L-1 de Fe2+ e 52 mg L-1 de H2O2, pH = 3, 30°C e agitação constante chegando a 100% de degradação em 16 minutos. Finalmente a degradação de 300 mL de 100 mg L-1 de MeP por eletro- Fenton foi realizada em um reator, com 4 mg L-1 de Fe2+, com densidade de corrente (j = 25 mA cm-2) para a produção de H2O2 com eletrodos ADE(cátodo), platina(ânodo), 0,05 mol L-1 de Na2SO4 como eletrólito suporte, pH = 3, sob agitação constante e 30°C chegando a 100% de degradação em 11 minutos. A eficiência da degradação de MeP foi monitorada por espectroscopia UV-VIS e cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) e, a mineralização, pelo monitoramento do carbono orgânico total (COT). / Endocrine disruptors are frequently reported in the literature as contaminants of aquatic environments. Therefore, the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been studied as an alternative to aqueous media treatments. AOPs involve the oxidation of organic compounds by hydroxyl radicals with high oxidation power. Considering these aspects, the aim of the present work is to study the methyl paraben (MeP) degradation by Fenton processes using experimental design and analysis of mathematical models, allowing the evaluation of the influence of variables and determining the best conditions. The degradation of 300 mL of 100 mg L-1 of MeP with Fenton process was performed in a glass reactor where the optimal concentrations were 16 mg L-1 of Fe2+, 62 mg L-1 of H2O2, pH = 3, constant stirring and T = 30°C, reaching 100 % degradation in 20 minutes . For the photo-Fenton degradations were 500 mL of 100 mg L-1 of MeP in a reactor with a mercury lamp with 4 W, using concentration of 4 mg L-1 of Fe2+, 52 mg L-1 of H2O2, pH = 3 , T = 30°C and constant stirring, reaching 100 % biodegradation in 16 minutes. Finally, the degradation of 300 mL of 100 mg L-1 of MeP by electro-Fenton was carried out in a reactor with 4 mg L-1 of Fe2+ with current density (j = 25 mA cm-2) for the production of H2O2 with ADE electrodes (cathode), platinum (anode), 0.05 mol L-1 Na2SO4 as supporting electrolyte, pH = 3, T = 30°C and constant stirring, to reaching 100 % degradation in 11 minutes. The degradation efficiency of MeP was monitored by UV- VIS spectroscopy and liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mineralization, by monitoring the total organic carbon (TOC).

A presença de defensivos agrícolas no meio ambiente, mesmo que em baixas concentrações (ng L-1/ μg L-1), representa uma potencial fonte de perturbação endócrina para os seres vivos. Neste cenário, destacam-se os herbicidas alaclor e atrazina, que são amplamente utilizados no combate a ervas daninhas. Entretanto, a Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos (EPA) classifica como carcinogênicos, desreguladores endócrinos e seu limite, em água, não pode ultrapassar 2 e 3 μg L-1, respectivamente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a degradação eletroquímica do alaclor e atrazina, utilizando uma célula do tipo filtro-prensa, e um ânodo dimensionalmente estável (ADE) de composição nominal Ti/Ru0,3Ti0,7O2, pH inicial fixo em 3 e a temperatura em 25 ºC, uma vez que, os métodos convencionais de tratamento não são totalmente eficientes na remoção destes compostos orgânicos nos sistemas aquosos. Inicialmente realizou-se apenas a degradação eletroquímica do herbicida alaclor (100 mg L-1) via planejamento fatorial de ponto central do tipo 32, tendo como variáveis, a concentração do eletrólito suporte cloreto de sódio (0,05, 01 e 0,15 g L-1) e a densidade de corrente (10, 30 e 50 mA cm-2), obtendo como melhor resposta, 93,45 % de remoção e 71,6 % de mineralização, ao usar CNaCl de 0,15 g L-1 e 50 mA cm-2. Porém, a CNaCl de 0,15 g L-1 e densidade de 30 mA cm-2 foi escolhida como a melhor condição estudada, em virtude do seu menor valor de consumo energético e por apresentar a taxa de remoção (93,6%) e mineralização (71,24%) próximas ao uso da maior densidade de corrente. Só então, na melhor condição, obtida previamente a partir dos experimentos de degradação do alaclor, que realizou-se a oxidação de 100 mg L-1 de atrazina e da mistura dos herbicidas. Também foi observado uma cinética de pseudo primeira ordem na oxidação dos herbicidas, e, além disso, foi realizada a identificação dos intermediários e/ou produtos de degradação do alaclor e atrazina através da técnica de CLAE acoplada a um espectrômetro de massas. / The pesticides presence in environment represents a potential endocrine disturbance source for the living beings, even in low concentrations (ng L-1/ μg L-1). The herbicides alachlor and atrazine are important to highlight, these herbicides are widely used to combat weeds herbs. However, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classifies alachlor and atrazine as carcinogens, endocrine disruptors and their water limit may not exceed 2 and 3 μg L-1, respectively. The aim of this work was to study the electrochemical degradation of alachlor and atrazine, using a filter-press cell, and a dimensionally stable anode (DSA) with a nominal composition Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2, fixed initial pH of 3 and temperature of 25ºC. The conventional treatment methods are not completely effective to remove these organic compounds in aqueous systems. Initially, only an electrochemical degradation of alachlor (100 mg L-1) was made by factorial design center point type 32, considering as variables: the supporting electrolyte sodium chloride concentration (0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 g L-1) and current density (10, 30 and 50 mA cm-2). In this initial degradation was obtained as better result: 93.45% of removal and 71.6% of mineralization of alachlor, using CNaCl of 0.15 g L-1 and 50 mA cm-2. However, CNaCl of 0.15 g L-1 and a density of 30 mA cm-2 was chosen as the best condition studied, in the reason of its lower energy consumption value and presents a removal rate (93.6%) and the mineralization (71.24%) closer to the use of higher current density. The electrolyses of 100 mg L-1 of atrazine and the herbicides mixture were performed only in the best condition, previously obtained with alachlor degradation experiments. In addition, a kinetic of pseudo first order for both herbicides and their mixture oxidation was observed, and besides, the identification of intermediates and/or degradation products of alachlor and atrazine was performed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

Os disruptores endócrinos são frequentemente relatados na literatura como contaminantes de ambientes aquáticos. Por isso, os processos oxidativos avançados (POAs) têm sido estudados como alternativa para o tratamento em meio aquoso. Os POAs consistem na oxidação de compostos orgânicos por radicais hidroxilas com alto poder oxidante. Diante desses aspectos, o presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo o estudo da degradação do metil parabeno (MeP) por processos Fenton, utilizando planejamento experimental e a análise dos modelos matemáticos, possibilitando a avaliação da influência das variáveis e determinando as melhores condições. As degradações de 300 mL de 100 mg L-1 de MeP com o processo Fenton foram realizadas em um reator de vidro onde as concentrações ótimas foram: 16 mg L-1 de Fe2+, 62 mg L-1 de H2O2, pH = 3, agitação constante e 30°C chegando a 100% de degradação em 20 minutos. Para o foto-Fenton, as degradações foram de 500 mL de 100 mg L-1 de MeP em um reator com lâmpada de mercúrio de 4 W , utilizando-se uma concentração de 4 mg L-1 de Fe2+ e 52 mg L-1 de H2O2, pH = 3, 30°C e agitação constante chegando a 100% de degradação em 16 minutos. Finalmente a degradação de 300 mL de 100 mg L-1 de MeP por eletro- Fenton foi realizada em um reator, com 4 mg L-1 de Fe2+, com densidade de corrente (j = 25 mA cm-2) para a produção de H2O2 com eletrodos ADE(cátodo), platina(ânodo), 0,05 mol L-1 de Na2SO4 como eletrólito suporte, pH = 3, sob agitação constante e 30°C chegando a 100% de degradação em 11 minutos. A eficiência da degradação de MeP foi monitorada por espectroscopia UV-VIS e cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) e, a mineralização, pelo monitoramento do carbono orgânico total (COT). / Endocrine disruptors are frequently reported in the literature as contaminants of aquatic environments. Therefore, the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been studied as an alternative to aqueous media treatments. AOPs involve the oxidation of organic compounds by hydroxyl radicals with high oxidation power. Considering these aspects, the aim of the present work is to study the methyl paraben (MeP) degradation by Fenton processes using experimental design and analysis of mathematical models, allowing the evaluation of the influence of variables and determining the best conditions. The degradation of 300 mL of 100 mg L-1 of MeP with Fenton process was performed in a glass reactor where the optimal concentrations were 16 mg L-1 of Fe2+, 62 mg L-1 of H2O2, pH = 3, constant stirring and T = 30°C, reaching 100 % degradation in 20 minutes . For the photo-Fenton degradations were 500 mL of 100 mg L-1 of MeP in a reactor with a mercury lamp with 4 W, using concentration of 4 mg L-1 of Fe2+, 52 mg L-1 of H2O2, pH = 3 , T = 30°C and constant stirring, reaching 100 % biodegradation in 16 minutes. Finally, the degradation of 300 mL of 100 mg L-1 of MeP by electro-Fenton was carried out in a reactor with 4 mg L-1 of Fe2+ with current density (j = 25 mA cm-2) for the production of H2O2 with ADE electrodes (cathode), platinum (anode), 0.05 mol L-1 Na2SO4 as supporting electrolyte, pH = 3, T = 30°C and constant stirring, to reaching 100 % degradation in 11 minutes. The degradation efficiency of MeP was monitored by UV- VIS spectroscopy and liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mineralization, by monitoring the total organic carbon (TOC).

A presença de defensivos agrícolas no meio ambiente, mesmo que em baixas concentrações (ng L-1/ μg L-1), representa uma potencial fonte de perturbação endócrina para os seres vivos. Neste cenário, destacam-se os herbicidas alaclor e atrazina, que são amplamente utilizados no combate a ervas daninhas. Entretanto, a Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos (EPA) classifica como carcinogênicos, desreguladores endócrinos e seu limite, em água, não pode ultrapassar 2 e 3 μg L-1, respectivamente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a degradação eletroquímica do alaclor e atrazina, utilizando uma célula do tipo filtro-prensa, e um ânodo dimensionalmente estável (ADE) de composição nominal Ti/Ru0,3Ti0,7O2, pH inicial fixo em 3 e a temperatura em 25 ºC, uma vez que, os métodos convencionais de tratamento não são totalmente eficientes na remoção destes compostos orgânicos nos sistemas aquosos. Inicialmente realizou-se apenas a degradação eletroquímica do herbicida alaclor (100 mg L-1) via planejamento fatorial de ponto central do tipo 32, tendo como variáveis, a concentração do eletrólito suporte cloreto de sódio (0,05, 01 e 0,15 g L-1) e a densidade de corrente (10, 30 e 50 mA cm-2), obtendo como melhor resposta, 93,45 % de remoção e 71,6 % de mineralização, ao usar CNaCl de 0,15 g L-1 e 50 mA cm-2. Porém, a CNaCl de 0,15 g L-1 e densidade de 30 mA cm-2 foi escolhida como a melhor condição estudada, em virtude do seu menor valor de consumo energético e por apresentar a taxa de remoção (93,6%) e mineralização (71,24%) próximas ao uso da maior densidade de corrente. Só então, na melhor condição, obtida previamente a partir dos experimentos de degradação do alaclor, que realizou-se a oxidação de 100 mg L-1 de atrazina e da mistura dos herbicidas. Também foi observado uma cinética de pseudo primeira ordem na oxidação dos herbicidas, e, além disso, foi realizada a identificação dos intermediários e/ou produtos de degradação do alaclor e atrazina através da técnica de CLAE acoplada a um espectrômetro de massas. / The pesticides presence in environment represents a potential endocrine disturbance source for the living beings, even in low concentrations (ng L-1/ μg L-1). The herbicides alachlor and atrazine are important to highlight, these herbicides are widely used to combat weeds herbs. However, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classifies alachlor and atrazine as carcinogens, endocrine disruptors and their water limit may not exceed 2 and 3 μg L-1, respectively. The aim of this work was to study the electrochemical degradation of alachlor and atrazine, using a filter-press cell, and a dimensionally stable anode (DSA) with a nominal composition Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2, fixed initial pH of 3 and temperature of 25ºC. The conventional treatment methods are not completely effective to remove these organic compounds in aqueous systems. Initially, only an electrochemical degradation of alachlor (100 mg L-1) was made by factorial design center point type 32, considering as variables: the supporting electrolyte sodium chloride concentration (0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 g L-1) and current density (10, 30 and 50 mA cm-2). In this initial degradation was obtained as better result: 93.45% of removal and 71.6% of mineralization of alachlor, using CNaCl of 0.15 g L-1 and 50 mA cm-2. However, CNaCl of 0.15 g L-1 and a density of 30 mA cm-2 was chosen as the best condition studied, in the reason of its lower energy consumption value and presents a removal rate (93.6%) and the mineralization (71.24%) closer to the use of higher current density. The electrolyses of 100 mg L-1 of atrazine and the herbicides mixture were performed only in the best condition, previously obtained with alachlor degradation experiments. In addition, a kinetic of pseudo first order for both herbicides and their mixture oxidation was observed, and besides, the identification of intermediates and/or degradation products of alachlor and atrazine was performed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

Orientador: Fernando Masarin / Banca: Michel Brienzo / Banca: Guilherme Peixoto / Resumo: A madeira de Eucalyptus é aplicada principalmente na cogeração de energia, na alimentação animal, na produção de carvão vegetal e na produção de celulose. Um subproduto de Eucalyptus gerado em fábricas de celulose é utilizado principalmente para cogeração de energia, porém o mesmo apresenta um grande potencial a ser estudado, pois tem um elevado teor de celulose e hemicelulose. Uma alternativa é a produção de xilooligossacaródeos (XOS) a partir do subproduto de Eucalyptus. Os XOS são responsáveis por diversos efeitos benéficos como a prevenção de cáries, a diminuição de níveis séricos de colesterol e o estímulo do crescimento de bifidobactérias no trato gastrointestinal. Objetivo: O presente trabalho propôs avaliar a produção de XOS via hidrólise enzimática de um subproduto de Eucalyptus oriundo de uma empresa de celulose. Métodos: A parte experimental envolveu a obtenção de um subproduto de Eucalyptus oriundo do processamento de toras de madeira. O subproduto foi moído e extraído com etanol e posteriormente pré-tratado com clorito de sódio. Os subprodutos, extraído (SE) e extraído e pré tratado (SEP), foram submetidos a um processo de extração de hemicelulose. As hemiceluloses, hemicelulose extraído do subproduto extraído-moido (HSE) e hemicelulose extraído do subproduto extraído e pré-tratado (HSEP) e os subprodutos (SE e SEP) foram caracterizados quimicamente em relação aos teores de celulose, hemicelulose e lignina. Além disso, as hemiceluloses obtidas (HSE e HSEP) e os s... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Eucalyptus wood is mainly applied to energy cogeneration production, animal feed, charcoal production and pulp production. A byproduct of Eucalyptus generated in pulp mills is mainly used for energy cogeneration, but it has a great potential to be studied because it has a high content of cellulose and hemicellulose. An alternative is the production of XOS from the Eucalyptus byproduct. The XOS are responsible for several beneficial effects such as caries prevention, decreased serum cholesterol levels and stimulation of the growth of bifidobacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Objective: The present work proposed to evaluate the XOS production through enzymatic hydrolysis of a by-product of Eucalyptus from a cellulose company. Methods: The experimental part involved the obtaining of a by-product of Eucalyptus from the processing of wood logs. The by-product was ground and extracted with ethanol and then pretreated with sodium chlorite. The by-products, extracted (SE) and extracted and pre-treated (SEP), were submitted to a hemicellulose extraction process. Hemicelluloses, hemicellulose extracted from the groundextracted by-product (HSE) and hemicellulose extracted from the pre-treated by-product (HSEP) and by-products (SE and SEP) were chemically characterized in relation to the contents of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignina. In addition, the obtained hemicelluloses (HSE and HSEP) and by-products (SE and SEP) were enzymatically hydrolyzed using the commercial extracts Cellulase (Sigma), Celluclast (Novozymes) and Xilanases (Verdartis) to evaluate to evaluate the production of XOS.Results: SE and SEP presented cellulose... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The thesis aims to examine how the formation of fa&ccedil / ades, that is, the interface with a dual response both to interior functioning and exterior urban fabric, is separated from the totality of architectural design by new technological developments and design intentions. This aim is accomplished in three sections, respectively: analysis of the fa&ccedil / ade, the properties and formation process in time / examining the fa&ccedil / ade formation of the high-rise office buildings in Levent-Maslak area in respect to the analysis and examining the working principles and marketing attitudes of fa&ccedil / ade manufacturing firms in terms of their role in fa&ccedil / ade formation. The focus is on the description of a fa&ccedil / ade and the process that generated the autonomy in time is examined. In this sense, the thesis analyzes that the &amp / #8216 / free-fa&ccedil / ade&amp / #8217 / application, by which physical autonomy is totally gained, transforms the fa&ccedil / ade to a production element by using the technological developments and specifications of curtain-wall system in the Turkish context, in particular in Levent-Maslak area. Besides the technical availability, the representational qualities of the new materials transform this production based character of the free-fa&ccedil / ade to a more representational character as an object-fa&ccedil / ade. Finally, the study investigates how the technical knowledge inherent in the new fa&ccedil / ade systems gives the authority,in formation process of fa&ccedil / ades, to the manufacturing firms instead of the architect. It is therefore stressed that the changing role of the architect in the formation process of fa&ccedil / ades is often based on the working principles and marketing attitudes of fa&ccedil / ade manufacturing firms at present.

There is a growing trend to design buildings with colourful and dynamic outer skins through the integration of digital media tools, particularly Led Emitting Diode (LED) systems, and the use of innovative technology. This integration has been discussed in recent conferences under the term &ldquo / media fa&ccedil / ade&rdquo / as a new research field. Discussing the intersection of media, technology, art, and architecture, this field introduces a new form of communication platform, urban space and public perception, which can be viewed through the perspective of Guy Debord&rsquo / s &ldquo / The Society of the Spectacle&rdquo / and Jean Baudrillard&rsquo / s &ldquo / sign value&rdquo / concept. Proceeding from the idea that a fa&ccedil / ade is a communication tool, the thesis compares what Adolf Behne in the early 20th century termed as Reklamearchitektur (advertising architecture) with the current &ldquo / media fa&ccedil / ade&rdquo / . Venturi&rsquo / s comparison of Gothic cathedrals to billboards of the Las Vegas Strip in the 1970s applies today to the &ldquo / Media Building&rdquo / in Paul Virilio&rsquo / s discussion of the digital age, where the information is active and interactive. This study considers the fa&ccedil / ades with attached signs, signboards and billboards as a continuation of advertising architecture, in contrast to the media fa&ccedil / ade examples with integrated digital media tools that are inbuilt to the design. Among the cases presented, three are selected (BIX, GreenPix and Digital Water Pavilion) for discussing the advantages and disadvantages of media fa&ccedil / ades, under the following titles: communication, ornamentation, flexibility, ephemerality, sustainability, and location. It is observed that the new relation between digital media and architecture not only initiates a new kind of communication platform, but also indicates the emergence and proliferation of a potential propaganda tool. To this end, the guidance of a social control mechanism for the applications of media fa&ccedil / ades is suggested.

When human constructs the physical surrounding, a psychological environment of meanings is being created, accompanying the world of shapes and masses. Interventions into built environment affect the meanings extracted from the composition of the physical setting and the response of people to design strategies reveals the importance of them. The entrance spine of a city is important in creating an image of the city in the minds of the observers, and the protocol highway of Ankara introduces the city to other countries&amp / #8217 / leaders and visitors. So any intervention into this highway will affect the symbolic image formed. As such, attaching claddings onto visible fa&ccedil / ades of buildings in terms of beautification changes the appearance of the streetscape, and Municipality&amp / #8217 / s approach to fa&ccedil / ade improvement does not heed the prestige of this corridor / being an application rather than a well-advised project. This thesis aims to study the quality of the streetscape under the principles of design in terms of objective and subjective dimensions with respect to the physical characteristics of the setting and people&amp / #8217 / s interpretations from it, and the objective of this study is to question the success of this intervention with regard to solutions to improve the quality of the streetscape. To this end evaluative analyses are studied in the second chapter and the third chapter introduces a matrix of design principles. According to these evaluations, most design concerns are being underestimated, resulting in the monotony of the streetscape but the streetscape appears to be visually more ordered compared to the past.