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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Transfert de Polluants Organiques Persistants (POP) vers l’œuf de poule : influence des caracteristiques des polluants et du statut physiologique de l’animal / Transfer of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) to hen's egg : influence of characteristics of pollutants and the physiological status of the animal

Fournier, Agnès 31 May 2011 (has links)
Les poules pondeuses sont susceptibles d’être exposées à des polluants organiques persistants (POP) potentiellement présents dans leur environnement. Dans un contexte de sécurisation des systèmes d’élevage avicole vis-à-vis des POP, nous avons étudié les facteurs influençant le transfert des POP ingérés vers l’œuf. Ces facteurs sont liés à la nature de la matrice ingérée (sol ou aliment), aux caractéristiques de l’animal (taux de ponte, état d’engraissement) et aux caractéristiques de la molécule (lipophilicité, susceptibilité à la métabolisation). Pour cette étude, différentes approches scientifiques ont été mobilisées : l’expérimentation in vivo et la modélisation mathématique. Les expérimentations in vivo ont permis d’étudier la biodisponibilité relative des PCB d’un sol naturellement contaminé, et de renseigner les paramètres de la cinétique de transfert vers l’œuf de molécules non encore étudiées chez la poule pondeuse telles que des molécules émergentes (exemple d’un retardateur de flammes bromé, HBCD) ou les HAP. Nos résultats montrent en particulier l’importance de l’impact du degré de métabolisation de la molécule sur l’allure de la cinétique et le niveau du transfert. L’élaboration d’un modèle mathématique dynamique a permis d’explorer l’influence des caractéristiques de l’animal sur le transfert de POP vers l’œuf. Le niveau de ponte influence directement, et de façon proportionnelle, le niveau de contamination des tissus de la poule à l’état d’équilibre. Le niveau d’engraissement a un rôle de dilution en cas de période de non ponte et influence de façon marquée la vitesse de décontamination des tissus lors d’une période d’épuration suivant une exposition / Laying hens are likely to be exposed to a wide range of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) potentially present in their environment. In the context of securing poultry farming systems regarding POPs, our research has focused on identifying and grading factors likely to influence the transfer of ingested POPs to eggs. These factors are related to the nature of the ingested matrix (soil or feed), to the characteristics of the animal (laying rate, fatness) and to the properties of the molecule (lipophilicity, sensitivity to metabolism). Different scientific approaches have been implemented: in vivo experimentation and mathematical modeling. In the frame of in vivo experiments we have assessed the relative bioavailability of PCBs from one naturally contaminated soil. In addition, we have calculated parameters of the kinetics of transfer to eggs of molecules that had never been studied in laying hens, such as emerging molecules (for example a brominated flame retardant, HBCD), or PAHs. Our results point out the dominant impact of the molecule metabolism on the shape of its kinetics and on its rate of transfer to eggs.The developed dynamic mathematical model makes it possible to pilot variations with time of the size of the lipid compartments in the animal and of the frequency of laying. It was used to assess the influence of these animal characteristics on the transfer of POPs to eggs. Laying rate proportionally influences the contamination level of eggs and of animal tissues at steady state. Body fat dilutes absorbed POPs in absence of laying and significantly influences the rate of decontamination of tissues during depuration subsequent to an exposure period
12

Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Ertapenem

Forbes, Whitney 01 May 2014 (has links)
Ertapenem is a carbapenem used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections. What sets ertapenem apart from other carbapenems is its longer half-life which implies it need only be administered once daily. We developed a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for the distribution of ertapenem within the body. In the model, parameters such as human body weight and height, age, organ volumes, blood flow rates, and partition coefficients of particular tissues are used to examine the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of ertapenem. The total and free blood concentrations found were then compared to experimental data. We then examined the sensitivity of the total concentration in the blood to body weight, body height, and age. This analysis allows the possibility of the model being used as a basis for understanding how differing health conditions might alter the concentration of ertapenem in the body and hence dosage may need to be adjusted.
13

COMMERCIALIZATION OF A QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP TOOL - SARCHITECT

Reddy, Badinehal Asrith 15 March 2011 (has links)
No description available.
14

Estudos computacionais e experimentais da permeabilidade celular de candidatos a fármacos / Computational and experimental studies of the cellular permeability of drug candidates

Matos, Karina Silvia 09 March 2017 (has links)
A absorção intestinal de fármacos (HIA, na sigla em inglês para human intestinal absorption) é um dos processos farmacocinéticos mais críticos para a ação de medicamentos administrados por via oral. Modelos in vitro baseados em células que mimetizam os enterócitos do intestino humano (células Caco-2), ou aqueles que utilizam membranas articifiais são muito utilizados no estudo da permeabilidade celular de moléculas bioativas. No processo de planejamento de fármacos, estas técnicas são frequentemente empregadas em paralelo com estratégias computacionais na avaliação de propriedades físico-químicas e farmacocinéticas. Nessa tese de doutorado foram desenvolvidos modelos computacionais para a predição da permeabilidade celular de compostos bioativos em células Caco-2 e em membrana artificial paralela (PAMPA, na sigla em inglês para Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay). Os modelos foram gerados através do método baseado em fragmentos moleculares holograma QSAR (HQSAR). Os indicadores estatísticos obtidos indicam a boa capacidade de correlação dos modelos Caco-2 e PAMPA para os dados utilizados na modelagem e o alto poder de predição destes modelos para a permeabilidade de um conjunto teste de compostos. Adicionalmente, os modelos foram avaliados quanto a sua capacidade preditiva frente a dois conjuntos de validação, constituídos por novas moléculas que foram planejadas e testadas experimentalmente durante o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Para estes conjuntos, os modelos demonstraram alta capacidade de predição da permebildade tanto em células Caco-2 quanto em ensaios PAMPA. O processo de validação experimental foi essencial para a confirmação da robustez dos modelos desenvolvidos, que serão incorporados à base de dados de propriedades farmacocinéticas PK/DB (http://www.pkdb.ifsc.usp.br/), contribuindo desta forma para o seu aprimoramento. Os métodos computacionais e experimentais utilizados neste projeto permitiram o desenvolvimento de ferramentas úteis para a avaliação da absorção de fármacos administrados por via oral e para o planejamento de moléculas bioativas com propriedades farmacocinéticas otimizadas. / Human intestinal absorption is a critical pharmacokinetics-related parameter for orally given drugs. In vitro models based on Caco-2 cells, which mimetize enterocytes, or those based on the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) are broadly used in permeability studies of bioactive molecules. In drug discovery projects, these techniques are simultaneously used with computational methods to evaluate physico-chemical and pharmacokinetics properties. In this study, computational models to predict the cellular permeability of bioactive compounds in Caco-2 cells and in PAMPA assays were developed. The models were constructed by using the fragment-based method Hologram Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (HQSAR). The obtained statistical indexes indicated the suitable correlation ability of the Caco-2 and PAMPA models for the employed data set, and the high predictive power for selected test set compounds. In addition, the HQSAR models were evaluated regarding their predictive ability against two validation sets, which are comprised by novel molecules that were designed and experimentally tested during this study. For these compounds, both the Caco-2 and PAMPA models demonstrated high predictive power. The process of experimental validation was an essential step for confirming the robustness of the developed models, which will be incorporated into the database of pharmacokinetic properties PK/DB (http://www.pkdb.ifsc.usp.br/), thus contributing to its improvement. The developed HQSAR models will be incorporated to the PK/DB pharmacokinetics database (http://www.pkdb.ifsc.usp.br/), thus contributing to its improvement. The molecular modeling and experimental methods employed in this study allowed for the development o robust tools for evaluating intestinal drug absorption and for the design of bioactive molecules with improved pharmacokinetics profiles.
15

Estudos computacionais e experimentais da permeabilidade celular de candidatos a fármacos / Computational and experimental studies of the cellular permeability of drug candidates

Karina Silvia Matos 09 March 2017 (has links)
A absorção intestinal de fármacos (HIA, na sigla em inglês para human intestinal absorption) é um dos processos farmacocinéticos mais críticos para a ação de medicamentos administrados por via oral. Modelos in vitro baseados em células que mimetizam os enterócitos do intestino humano (células Caco-2), ou aqueles que utilizam membranas articifiais são muito utilizados no estudo da permeabilidade celular de moléculas bioativas. No processo de planejamento de fármacos, estas técnicas são frequentemente empregadas em paralelo com estratégias computacionais na avaliação de propriedades físico-químicas e farmacocinéticas. Nessa tese de doutorado foram desenvolvidos modelos computacionais para a predição da permeabilidade celular de compostos bioativos em células Caco-2 e em membrana artificial paralela (PAMPA, na sigla em inglês para Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay). Os modelos foram gerados através do método baseado em fragmentos moleculares holograma QSAR (HQSAR). Os indicadores estatísticos obtidos indicam a boa capacidade de correlação dos modelos Caco-2 e PAMPA para os dados utilizados na modelagem e o alto poder de predição destes modelos para a permeabilidade de um conjunto teste de compostos. Adicionalmente, os modelos foram avaliados quanto a sua capacidade preditiva frente a dois conjuntos de validação, constituídos por novas moléculas que foram planejadas e testadas experimentalmente durante o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Para estes conjuntos, os modelos demonstraram alta capacidade de predição da permebildade tanto em células Caco-2 quanto em ensaios PAMPA. O processo de validação experimental foi essencial para a confirmação da robustez dos modelos desenvolvidos, que serão incorporados à base de dados de propriedades farmacocinéticas PK/DB (http://www.pkdb.ifsc.usp.br/), contribuindo desta forma para o seu aprimoramento. Os métodos computacionais e experimentais utilizados neste projeto permitiram o desenvolvimento de ferramentas úteis para a avaliação da absorção de fármacos administrados por via oral e para o planejamento de moléculas bioativas com propriedades farmacocinéticas otimizadas. / Human intestinal absorption is a critical pharmacokinetics-related parameter for orally given drugs. In vitro models based on Caco-2 cells, which mimetize enterocytes, or those based on the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) are broadly used in permeability studies of bioactive molecules. In drug discovery projects, these techniques are simultaneously used with computational methods to evaluate physico-chemical and pharmacokinetics properties. In this study, computational models to predict the cellular permeability of bioactive compounds in Caco-2 cells and in PAMPA assays were developed. The models were constructed by using the fragment-based method Hologram Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (HQSAR). The obtained statistical indexes indicated the suitable correlation ability of the Caco-2 and PAMPA models for the employed data set, and the high predictive power for selected test set compounds. In addition, the HQSAR models were evaluated regarding their predictive ability against two validation sets, which are comprised by novel molecules that were designed and experimentally tested during this study. For these compounds, both the Caco-2 and PAMPA models demonstrated high predictive power. The process of experimental validation was an essential step for confirming the robustness of the developed models, which will be incorporated into the database of pharmacokinetic properties PK/DB (http://www.pkdb.ifsc.usp.br/), thus contributing to its improvement. The developed HQSAR models will be incorporated to the PK/DB pharmacokinetics database (http://www.pkdb.ifsc.usp.br/), thus contributing to its improvement. The molecular modeling and experimental methods employed in this study allowed for the development o robust tools for evaluating intestinal drug absorption and for the design of bioactive molecules with improved pharmacokinetics profiles.
16

Exploring Inhibitors of HIV-1 Protease : Interaction Studies with Applications for Drug Discovery

Lindgren, Maria T. January 2004 (has links)
A variety of HIV-1 protease inhibitors and their interactions with the enzyme have been characterized in order to identify novel and improved drugs against AIDS. The investigated inhibitors were represented by clinical and non-clinical inhibitors, active site and allosteric inhibitors, transition-state analogues and metal-ions. In addition, different enzyme variants were used to investigate the contribution of different amino acid residues to the interaction with different ligands. The problem of resistance has been addressed by exploring novel types of inhibitors, and resistant mutants of HIV-1 protease. A study resolving the inhibition of HIV-1 protease by Cu2+ showed that the enzyme can be allosterically inhibited and that copper inhibition is a result of an interaction with His-69 and a subsequent conformational change. Several types of transition-state analogues were analyzed with respect to their inhibition of wild-type and resistant mutants of HIV-1 protease. Unfortunately cyclic compounds were not found to be better than linear compounds. Moreover, it was not possible to identify structure-activity relationships that clearly correlated with efficacy towards mutants and a biosensor based method for more detailed kinetic studies was therefore adopted. By cross-linking the immobilized enzyme on the biosensor matrix, a stable surface was obtained and kinetic rate constants could be determined for the interaction between the enzyme and inhibitors. Additional improvements in the methodology involved identification of a more representative interaction model, allowing more detailed studies of interactions with resistant mutants and varying conditions. Finally, absorption to lipid membranes and interaction with human serum albumin and α1-glycoprotein by clinical drugs were studied in a simplified ADME model system for improvement of the earlier stages of drug development. These studies have revealed important characteristics of these drugs that can potentially be modeled into new compounds that have improved efficacy of both wild-type and resistant mutants of HIV-1 protease.
17

Cyanotoxines et barrière intestinale humaine: Étude comparée de l'absorption et de la toxicité de deux variants de microcystine sur le modèle cellulaire Caco-2

Perrine, Zeller 18 October 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Les microcystines (MCs), hépatotoxines produites par des cyanobactéries d'eau douce, sont incriminées dans des intoxications humaines et animales. L'ingestion est leur principale voie d'exposition chez l'homme. Parmi les quelques 90 variants décrits, la MC-LR constitue le variant le plus toxique et le mieux connu sur lequel est fondé l'évaluation du risque associé aux MCs. Afin de mieux caractériser le danger pour l'homme par ingestion, nous avons choisi d'étudier et de comparer l'absorption et la toxicité de deux variants, la MC-LR et la MC-RR, sur un modèle cellulaire intestinal humain, les Caco-2. Ces deux variants, de structure quasi identique, sont connus pour leur différence de toxicité aiguë. Nous avons montré que, contrairement aux cellules hépatiques, les Caco-2 absorbent les deux variants de manière similaire. De plus, nos travaux suggèrent l'existence d'un efflux actif de la MC-LR et de la MC-RR par les Caco-2. Enfin, une étude à l'échelle pangénomique a permis de mettre en évidence des différences de réponses cellulaires, avec des atteintes plus marquées de la MC-LR sur la réponse au stress oxydant, la régulation du cycle cellulaire, le stress du réticulum endoplasmique et la dégradation des protéines. Ainsi, les mécanismes de toxicité mis en jeu par les deux variants semblent diverger. Nos travaux soulignent donc la nécessité d'obtenir de données complémentaires sur d'autres variants que la MC-LR pour affiner l'évaluation du risque associé aux MCs.
18

The Development, Validation and Implementation of a Broad-Based ADME Genotyping Assay into Research and Clinical Trials

Brown, Andrew M.K. 12 1900 (has links)
Afin d’adresser la variabilité interindividuelle observée dans la réponse pharmacocinétique à de nombreux médicaments, nous avons créé un panel de génotypage personnalisée en utilisant des méthodes de conception et d’élaboration d’essais uniques. Celles-ci ont pour but premier de capturer les variations génétiques présentent dans les gènes clés impliqués dans les processus d'absorption, de distribution, de métabolisme et d’excrétion (ADME) de nombreux agents thérapeutiques. Bien que ces gènes et voies de signalement sont impliqués dans plusieurs mécanismes pharmacocinétiques qui sont bien connues, il y a eu jusqu’à présent peu d'efforts envers l’évaluation simultanée d’un grand nombre de ces gènes moyennant un seul outil expérimental. La recherche pharmacogénomique peut être réalisée en utilisant deux approches: 1) les marqueurs fonctionnels peuvent être utilisés pour présélectionner ou stratifier les populations de patients en se basant sur des états métaboliques connus; 2) les marqueurs Tag peuvent être utilisés pour découvrir de nouvelles corrélations génotype-phénotype. Présentement, il existe un besoin pour un outil de recherche qui englobe un grand nombre de gènes ADME et variantes et dont le contenu est applicable à ces deux modèles d'étude. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons développé un panel d’essais de génotypage de 3,000 marqueurs génétiques ADME qui peuvent satisfaire ce besoin. Dans le cadre de ce projet, les gènes et marqueurs associés avec la famille ADME ont été sélectionnés en collaboration avec plusieurs groupes du milieu universitaire et de l'industrie pharmaceutique. Pendant trois phases de développement de cet essai de génotypage, le taux de conversion pour 3,000 marqueurs a été amélioré de 83% à 97,4% grâce à l'incorporation de nouvelles stratégies ayant pour but de surmonter les zones d'interférence génomiques comprenant entre autres les régions homologues et les polymorphismes sous-jacent les régions d’intérêt. La précision du panel de génotypage a été validée par l’évaluation de plus de 200 échantillons pour lesquelles les génotypes sont connus pour lesquels nous avons obtenu une concordance > 98%. De plus, une comparaison croisée entre nos données provenant de cet essai et des données obtenues par différentes plateformes technologiques déjà disponibles sur le marché a révélé une concordance globale de > 99,5%. L'efficacité de notre stratégie de conception ont été démontrées par l'utilisation réussie de cet essai dans le cadre de plusieurs projets de recherche où plus de 1,000 échantillons ont été testés. Nous avons entre autre évalué avec succès 150 échantillons hépatiques qui ont été largement caractérisés pour plusieurs phénotypes. Dans ces échantillons, nous avons pu valider 13 gènes ADME avec cis-eQTL précédemment rapportés et de découvrir et de 13 autres gènes ADME avec cis eQTLs qui n'avaient pas été observés en utilisant des méthodes standard. Enfin, à l'appui de ce travail, un outil logiciel a été développé, Opitimus Primer, pour aider pour aider au développement du test. Le logiciel a également été utilisé pour aider à l'enrichissement de cibles génomiques pour d'expériences séquençage. Le contenu ainsi que la conception, l’optimisation et la validation de notre panel le distingue largement de l’ensemble des essais commerciaux couramment disponibles sur le marché qui comprennent soit des marqueurs fonctionnels pour seulement un petit nombre de gènes, ou alors n’offre pas une couverture adéquate pour les gènes connus d’ADME. Nous pouvons ainsi conclure que l’essai que nous avons développé est et continuera certainement d’être un outil d’une grande utilité pour les futures études et essais cliniques dans le domaine de la pharmacocinétique, qui bénéficieraient de l'évaluation d'une longue liste complète de gènes d’ADME. / In order to better assess the inter-individual variability observed in a patient’s pharmacokinetic response to many medications, we have created a custom genotyping panel that uses unique assay designs to analyze variation present in key genes involved in the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of many therapeutic agents. These genes and pathways involved in most pharmacokinetic mechanisms are well known. However, as yet, there has been little effort to develop tools that can interrogate a large number of variations in most known drug metabolizing genes simultaneously within a single experimental tool. Pharmacogenomic research has historically been conducted using two approaches: targeted studies that screen a small number of specific functional markers to identify known metabolic status phenotypes, and genome-wide studies that identify novel genetic correlations with drug response phenotypes. Thus, a gap currently exists for a targeted ADME research tool that can evaluate a large number of key ADME genes and variants in a format that can be applicable to both types of study designs. As part of this thesis, we have developed a 3000 SNP broad based ADME genotyping panel that can address this need. Genes and markers for the genotyping panel were selected in collaboration with many groups from both academia and the pharmaceutical industry in an effort to capture all pertinent genes and metabolic pathways that have been implicated in drug metabolism. The final assay design was composed of over 3000 markers in 181 genes. Over three phases of iterative development, the assay conversion rate for the 3000 markers was improved from 83.0% to 97.4% through the incorporation of novel design strategies to overcome areas of genomic interference such as regions of homology and underlying polymorphisms. Accuracy of the assay was validated by screening more than 200 samples of known genotype with a concordance of 99%. Additionally, data from the assay has also been compared to data from different technological platforms and has an overall concordance of 99.5%. The effectiveness of the design strategy was demonstrated in the successful utilization of the assay in the screening of over 1000 samples which identified several novel pharmacogenetic associations between ADME variations and adverse drug reactions in children. Another goal of this thesis was to demonstrate what added benefit/utility the 3000 SNP ADME panel would have when compared to currently available genotyping assays. Using 150 extensively investigated liver samples, the broad based assay was not only able to detect and validate 13 previously reported cis eQTLs in ADME genes but further identified an additional 13 novel ADME cis eQTLs that had never been observed before, doubling the number previously identified using standard methods on the same samples. Finally, in support of this work, a number of bioinformatic tools had to be developed to help expedite this research. These tools have been further refined and are currently being used to assist with enrichment of genomic targets for next generation sequencing experiments. In conclusion, this work has led to a better understanding of ADME genetics and the nuances of assaying ADME genes. The content and designs of the developed assay sets it apart from currently available commercial assays that contain only functional markers in a small number of genes or do not have adequate coverage across ADME genes. The assay has the ability to play a significant role in pharmacogenomic studies to identify known and novel pharmacogenomic biomarkers. These will lead to improved biomarkers that will help better stratify pharmaceutical clinical trial populations or assist physicians to select better, more personalized, efficacious and safer therapies for their patients.
19

The Development, Validation and Implementation of a Broad-Based ADME Genotyping Assay into Research and Clinical Trials

Brown, Andrew M.K. 12 1900 (has links)
Afin d’adresser la variabilité interindividuelle observée dans la réponse pharmacocinétique à de nombreux médicaments, nous avons créé un panel de génotypage personnalisée en utilisant des méthodes de conception et d’élaboration d’essais uniques. Celles-ci ont pour but premier de capturer les variations génétiques présentent dans les gènes clés impliqués dans les processus d'absorption, de distribution, de métabolisme et d’excrétion (ADME) de nombreux agents thérapeutiques. Bien que ces gènes et voies de signalement sont impliqués dans plusieurs mécanismes pharmacocinétiques qui sont bien connues, il y a eu jusqu’à présent peu d'efforts envers l’évaluation simultanée d’un grand nombre de ces gènes moyennant un seul outil expérimental. La recherche pharmacogénomique peut être réalisée en utilisant deux approches: 1) les marqueurs fonctionnels peuvent être utilisés pour présélectionner ou stratifier les populations de patients en se basant sur des états métaboliques connus; 2) les marqueurs Tag peuvent être utilisés pour découvrir de nouvelles corrélations génotype-phénotype. Présentement, il existe un besoin pour un outil de recherche qui englobe un grand nombre de gènes ADME et variantes et dont le contenu est applicable à ces deux modèles d'étude. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons développé un panel d’essais de génotypage de 3,000 marqueurs génétiques ADME qui peuvent satisfaire ce besoin. Dans le cadre de ce projet, les gènes et marqueurs associés avec la famille ADME ont été sélectionnés en collaboration avec plusieurs groupes du milieu universitaire et de l'industrie pharmaceutique. Pendant trois phases de développement de cet essai de génotypage, le taux de conversion pour 3,000 marqueurs a été amélioré de 83% à 97,4% grâce à l'incorporation de nouvelles stratégies ayant pour but de surmonter les zones d'interférence génomiques comprenant entre autres les régions homologues et les polymorphismes sous-jacent les régions d’intérêt. La précision du panel de génotypage a été validée par l’évaluation de plus de 200 échantillons pour lesquelles les génotypes sont connus pour lesquels nous avons obtenu une concordance > 98%. De plus, une comparaison croisée entre nos données provenant de cet essai et des données obtenues par différentes plateformes technologiques déjà disponibles sur le marché a révélé une concordance globale de > 99,5%. L'efficacité de notre stratégie de conception ont été démontrées par l'utilisation réussie de cet essai dans le cadre de plusieurs projets de recherche où plus de 1,000 échantillons ont été testés. Nous avons entre autre évalué avec succès 150 échantillons hépatiques qui ont été largement caractérisés pour plusieurs phénotypes. Dans ces échantillons, nous avons pu valider 13 gènes ADME avec cis-eQTL précédemment rapportés et de découvrir et de 13 autres gènes ADME avec cis eQTLs qui n'avaient pas été observés en utilisant des méthodes standard. Enfin, à l'appui de ce travail, un outil logiciel a été développé, Opitimus Primer, pour aider pour aider au développement du test. Le logiciel a également été utilisé pour aider à l'enrichissement de cibles génomiques pour d'expériences séquençage. Le contenu ainsi que la conception, l’optimisation et la validation de notre panel le distingue largement de l’ensemble des essais commerciaux couramment disponibles sur le marché qui comprennent soit des marqueurs fonctionnels pour seulement un petit nombre de gènes, ou alors n’offre pas une couverture adéquate pour les gènes connus d’ADME. Nous pouvons ainsi conclure que l’essai que nous avons développé est et continuera certainement d’être un outil d’une grande utilité pour les futures études et essais cliniques dans le domaine de la pharmacocinétique, qui bénéficieraient de l'évaluation d'une longue liste complète de gènes d’ADME. / In order to better assess the inter-individual variability observed in a patient’s pharmacokinetic response to many medications, we have created a custom genotyping panel that uses unique assay designs to analyze variation present in key genes involved in the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of many therapeutic agents. These genes and pathways involved in most pharmacokinetic mechanisms are well known. However, as yet, there has been little effort to develop tools that can interrogate a large number of variations in most known drug metabolizing genes simultaneously within a single experimental tool. Pharmacogenomic research has historically been conducted using two approaches: targeted studies that screen a small number of specific functional markers to identify known metabolic status phenotypes, and genome-wide studies that identify novel genetic correlations with drug response phenotypes. Thus, a gap currently exists for a targeted ADME research tool that can evaluate a large number of key ADME genes and variants in a format that can be applicable to both types of study designs. As part of this thesis, we have developed a 3000 SNP broad based ADME genotyping panel that can address this need. Genes and markers for the genotyping panel were selected in collaboration with many groups from both academia and the pharmaceutical industry in an effort to capture all pertinent genes and metabolic pathways that have been implicated in drug metabolism. The final assay design was composed of over 3000 markers in 181 genes. Over three phases of iterative development, the assay conversion rate for the 3000 markers was improved from 83.0% to 97.4% through the incorporation of novel design strategies to overcome areas of genomic interference such as regions of homology and underlying polymorphisms. Accuracy of the assay was validated by screening more than 200 samples of known genotype with a concordance of 99%. Additionally, data from the assay has also been compared to data from different technological platforms and has an overall concordance of 99.5%. The effectiveness of the design strategy was demonstrated in the successful utilization of the assay in the screening of over 1000 samples which identified several novel pharmacogenetic associations between ADME variations and adverse drug reactions in children. Another goal of this thesis was to demonstrate what added benefit/utility the 3000 SNP ADME panel would have when compared to currently available genotyping assays. Using 150 extensively investigated liver samples, the broad based assay was not only able to detect and validate 13 previously reported cis eQTLs in ADME genes but further identified an additional 13 novel ADME cis eQTLs that had never been observed before, doubling the number previously identified using standard methods on the same samples. Finally, in support of this work, a number of bioinformatic tools had to be developed to help expedite this research. These tools have been further refined and are currently being used to assist with enrichment of genomic targets for next generation sequencing experiments. In conclusion, this work has led to a better understanding of ADME genetics and the nuances of assaying ADME genes. The content and designs of the developed assay sets it apart from currently available commercial assays that contain only functional markers in a small number of genes or do not have adequate coverage across ADME genes. The assay has the ability to play a significant role in pharmacogenomic studies to identify known and novel pharmacogenomic biomarkers. These will lead to improved biomarkers that will help better stratify pharmaceutical clinical trial populations or assist physicians to select better, more personalized, efficacious and safer therapies for their patients.
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Conception, synthèse et évaluation d'antagonistes des récepteurs A2A / Design, synthesis and evaluation of A2A receptor antagonists

Duroux, Romain 22 September 2017 (has links)
La maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) est la maladie neurodégénérative touchant le plus de personnes dans le monde. Jusqu’à présent, aucun traitement curatif n’existe pour soigner cette maladie, d’où la nécessité d’identifier et d’étudier de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques.La découverte des effets bénéfiques de la caféine, antagoniste du récepteur à adénosine A2A (A2AR), conjuguée à une surexpression de ce dernier chez les patients atteints de la MA, font de ce récepteur une cible d’intérêt. En effet, des antagonistes des A2ARs ont montré leur capacité à améliorer les performances cognitives de par une diminution de la charge amyloïde associée à une diminution la phosphorylation de la protéine Tau.Bien que plusieurs antagonistes aient été développés pour le traitement de maladies neurodégénératives, ceux-ci présentent un manque d’efficacité corrélée à de faibles propriétés pharmacocinétiques. Ainsi, à partir d’études de modélisation moléculaire, deux nouvelles familles d’antagonistes présentant un noyau central benzoxazole ou quinazoline ont été conçus, synthétisés et évalués pharmacologiquement. Trois composés ont été sélectionnés et font actuellement l’objet d’études pharmacologiques complémentaires sur modèles animaux. / Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia in the aged population. So far, there is no way to halt or slow-down AD. Therefore, there is a constant need of developing novel therapeutic strategies.In recent years, adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) has attracted a growing interest since it has been proved that this receptor is over-expressed during AD. Also, epidemiological studies showed that people consuming regularly caffeine-based beverages over a lifetime are substantially less likely to develop this disease. Indeed, A2AR antagonists improve memory performance as it reduces β-amyloid deposits and Tau-phosphorylation.Though several antagonists have been developed for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, current research efforts are focus on developing new antagonists with relevant ADME properties and a better efficacy. Based on a molecular modeling-guided design, we synthesised new A2AR antagonists with benzoxazole and quinazoline as central scaffold. Three molecules were selected and will be subject to evaluation on animal’s model.

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