Orientador: Fabio Augusto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T17:02:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_AnaMariade_D.pdf: 4464249 bytes, checksum: e1dcc40236e7dd94aa43a41c09928e8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Ciências

The number of out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCAs) that occur in Sweden every year is really high and there are very few survivors. When a cardiac arrest happens the heart loses its original rhythm and to find it again the heart needs to be shocked within minutes. There is on going research to see what can be done to improve the survival rate. Publicly accessible defibrillators are one thing that is being implemented. Another solution being considered right now is the possibility of delivering a defibrillator by a drone, especially to places that are difficult to be reached by the ambulance. A test flight with this kind of drone will take place in Stockholm, Sweden in June 2015 and the purpose of this thesis was to analyze where the most suitable place would be to start the drone from for a test flight. The area studied was Stockholm County and the data used contained Out of Hospital Cardiac arrest occurrences between the years of 2006 and 2013 including the time it took for the ambulance to arrive at the scene. The analysis was done with Multi Criteria Evaluation. Multi Criteria Evaluation is a power spatial analysis tool that considers multiple criteria in decision-making environments. With Multi Criteria Evaluation suitable places can be found by adding different data and weighing them according to their importance. In this study a raster with interpolated values was produced from ambulance arrival times and this was weighed against a raster created from the density of previous OHCA cases. Results showed that the best place for a drone like this would be the city center since that is where most OHCAs occur but also the northern parts of the archipelago because of the time it takes for the ambulance to get there.

Varje år drabbas ca 10 000 människor av hjärtstopp utanför sjukhus och av dem är det endast 500 som överlever. Sannolikheten för överlevnad ökar upp mot 75% vid användning av hjärtstartare.   Kandidatexamensarbetet gjordes i uppdrag av Servicia Medical, där målet var att analysera den nordiska marknaden för AED, utifrån att undersöka största återförsäljarna, attraktiva platser för placering av AED, prisutveckling och tillväxt. Marknadsundersökningen omfattar enbart Sverige, Finland och Danmark. För att ta reda på vilka återförsäljare som är störst utfördes en webbaserad informationssökning, samt telefonsamtal och mejlväxling med generalagenter. Data för attraktiva platser och tillväxt erhölls från olika verksamheter. Intervjuer, mejl och telefonsamtal utnyttjades för att få fram prisutvecklingen.   Återförsäljarna delades in i två kategorier, där den ena avsåg företag som har fokus på första hjälpen och den andra företag med ospecifik fokusering.  Information som krävdes för att undersöka vilka platser som är mest attraktiva, samt tillväxten i Finland och Danmark saknades. Gator och torg, tåg, buss, båt och spårtrafik är de mest attraktiva platserna för placering av AED i Sverige. Under de senaste fem åren har priset sjunkit i Sverige och Danmark. Tillväxten i dessa länder är olika där Sverige har en växande trend, medan Danmark har en ojämn och otydlig. Ingen slutsats kan dras för tillväxten i Finland. / Each year about 10 000 people get a cardiac arrest outside hospital and only 500 of them survives. Defibrillators are an efficient treatment for cardiac arrest, where the probability of survival increases up to 75%.   This Bachelor project is done on behalf of Servicia Medical, where the goal is to analyze the Nordic market of AED by investigating the greatest retailers, the most attractive locations to place AED, price development and growth. The market research covers only Sweden, Finland and Denmark. To discover the greatest retailers, web-based research was performed as well as phone-calls and e-mail exchanges with general agents. Data for analyzing attractive locations and growth were obtained from various businesses. Interviews, e-mails and phone calls were used to derive price development.   The found retailers were divided into two categories. The first category was companies that focus on first aid and the second one had a non-specific focus. Some Finnish and Danish businesses had a lack of required information to examine the most attractive locations and growth. Streets and squares, trains, busses, boats and rail traffic are the most attractive locations in Sweden to place AED. During the past five years prices have decreased in Sweden and Denmark. The growth in these countries is different. Whilst Sweden has a growing trend, Denmark has an uneven and unclear trend. No conclusion can be drawn for the growth in Finland.

Sammanfattning Efter utförd praktik på fartyg ansåg vi att det övades för lite på HLR, hjärt- och lungräddning, och D-HLR, hjärt- och lungräddning med hjärtstartare, samt att det inte fanns hjärtstartare ombord på alla fartyg. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka de riktlinjer som finns för utrustningskrav på hjärtstartare ombord på svenska, norska och danska fartyg med fokus på Sverige och svenska rederier. Metoden genomfördes genom en kvantitativ metod där ett frågeformulär skickades ut via e-mail till samtliga rederier registrerade som medlemmar i Sveriges Redareförening.  Ett annat frågeformulär skickades till de skandinaviska sjöfartsverken, innehållande kvalitativa frågeställningar. I studien utfördes även kvalitativa intervjuer.   Av resultatet framgår att 17 av de 22 rederier som vi fick svar av hade hjärtstartare ombord i sina fartyg, och ungefär hälften hade haft en incident ombord. Det framgår även i vår studie att det inte finns några krav gällande hjärtstartare och utbildning nationellt, såväl som internationellt. / Abstract   Whilst the on- board training was carried out, we considered the amount of training onboard on the behalf of CPR and AED to be unsatisfying.   The purpose of this study is to examine the guidelines for the equipment that should be held onboard, with regard to AED, onboard Swedish, Norwegian and Danish ships with focus on Sweden and Swedish companies.   The method used for this essay was carried out by sending out a question form by e-mail to all companies registered as members of “Sveriges Redareförening”. We sent different questions to the Scandinavian maritime administrations, and also performed interviews.   As shown in the result, 17 of the 22 companies that filled in the form answered that they have at least one AED onboard each of their ships and about half of the companies have had an incident onboard. It is apparent in our studies that no national or international requirements exist which are mandatory.

Much of our current understanding regarding trauma, mechanisms of healing, and treatment strategies have evolved as a result of injuries suffered during armed conflict. While our understanding of these processes has advanced during and since these conflicts, treatment methods of traumatic wound healing have failed to progress significantly in the last forty years. The overall objective of this research was to test the hypothesis that the immune regulating hormone Androstenediol (AED) modulates the host’s immune system to promote wound healing under conditions where it has been inhibited by stress and infection. In an effort to characterize the effects of Androstenediol on healing following trauma, this research focused on strategies to evaluate which levels of trauma, immunosuppressive agents, and Androstenediol are required to reverse inhibition of healing. Sprague-Dawley rats were assessed for their response to trauma and intervention through assessment of white blood cell levels, cytokine and chemokine expression, and quantification of wound closure. While these studies did provide some trends reflecting modulation of cell counts and protein expression following AED treatment in immune-suppressed animals, measurement of wound closure failed to reveal a significant response.

This report provides an overview of the adverse effects of the antiepileptic drug topiramate. Specifically, it evaluates the negative cognitive-communication effects of topiramate on individuals with epilepsy and postulates that treating these deficits is within the scope of practice of speech-language pathologists. It begins with a discussion on epilepsy, description of seizures, and the mechanism of action for antiepileptic drugs. It then provides an overview of cognitive communication deficits caused by antiepileptic drugs, including: memory problems, impairments in attention, and executive dysfunction. The final section provides an outline of potentially beneficial treatments a speech-language pathologist may provide to patients experiencing adverse effects from topiramate and how continued research can expand this area of practice. / text

Low-energy electron scattering was used as a tool to study electron-stimulated processes at complex interfaces. The electron diffraction in each complex interface is theoretically treated by a multiple scattering formalism for quantitative analysis. Mathematical descriptions of electron-stimulated processes and a multiple scattering expansion extended from the single-scattering case are presented. This analysis method was applied in three research topics: These are 1) electron-stimulated desorption of Cl+ from Si surfaces, 2) characterization of epitaxial graphene on Si-terminated SiC(0001), and 3) low-energy electron induced DNA damage. Zone-specific desorption of Cl+ from Si(111)- 7X7:Cl surfaces was demonstrated. Graphene epitaxially grown on SiC(0001) surfaces was analyzed using Auger electron diffraction and Raman scattering spectroscopy. Finally, the roles of interfacial water and dissociative electron attachment resonances in low-energy electron-induced DNA damage were revealed. Electron scattering calculations using the "path approach" were applied in all of the above mentioned studies. The combination of theory and experiment has lead to insight regarding electron scattering with complex targets.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGTMP.pdf: 783372 bytes, checksum: b0ab18549a317b6fba3493e834cfd0ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-01-01 / The need to access public or private institutions has long existed. Of our interest, is the measure of efficiency among different departments of a public university. Unlike most private universities; a public university does not focus on teaching, as it is only output. Together with this, public universities produce knowledge as a whole, in the form of research (with the development of new technologies) and extension activities. The diverse character of production demands mathematical methods to quantify efficiency, point out deficiencies related to specific output (or input) measures and provide targets. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is proposed to access the efficiency of the departments of the Universidade Federal de São Carlos UFSCar . To apply DEA, many production indicators were generated from data available from the year 2001. A general efficiency classification of all thirteen departments of UFSCar in relation to seven measures of production in the fields of teaching, research and extension activities, and two measures of resources was obtained. In addition, individual classifications were obtained by considering a field at a time or considering related sets of departments belonging to a given center. The incompleteness of precise data was a limiting factor in this analysis, hampering, in some cases, the obtainment of a realistic image of efficiency. In this way, the results showed here, must be seem with caution, a must be used only as a reference on the understanding of the difficulties associated with the complex task of efficiency assessment and target establishment. / Há muito tempo existe uma necessidade em avaliar o desempenho nas instituições públicas ou privadas. O objetivo deste trabalho, é a avaliação de eficiência de departamentos de uma universidade pública. Ao contrário da maioria das universidades privadas, a universidade pública não foca apenas no ensino como única produção. Somado a isto, a universidade produz conhecimento como um todo, na forma de pesquisa (com o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias) e atividades de extensão. A diversidade de produção destas universidades exigem o uso de ferramentas matemáticas, capazes de quantificar a eficiência produtiva dos departamentos que a constituem, de forma a auxiliar na detecção de deficiências específicas para o estabelecimento de metas. A Análise de Envoltória de Dados (AED) é uma ferramenta proposta neste trabalho, para avaliar a eficiência dos departamentos da Universidade Federal de São Carlos UFSCar. Para a aplicação da AED, vários indicadores de produção foram gerados a partir de dados referentes ao ano de 2001. Uma classificação geral de todos os trinta departamentos da UFSCar, em relação a sete indicadores de produção nas áreas de ensino, pesquisa e extensão, e dois indicadores de recursos foi obtido. Somado a isto, classificações individuais foram obtidas considerando uma área por vez, ou considerando conjuntos de departamentos relacionados pertencendo a um mesmo centro. A ausência de dados completos e precisos foi um fator limitante na análise, impedindo em alguns casos, a obtenção de um panorama realista a respeito da eficiência. Desta forma, os resultados apresentados aqui, devem ser vistos com cautela, devendo ser utilizado apenas como referência no entendimento das dificuldades associadas à complexa tarefa de avaliação de eficiência e determinação de metas.

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When an out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) occurs, time is of the utmost importance. For every minute that the arrest goes untreated, the chance of survival decreases rapidly. The most common treatment, that is also the most known, is Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR). Thanks to new technology, the defibrillator is no longer a tool only available to hospital personnel but to anyone who knows where they are located. The objective of this thesis is partly to visualize OHCA occurrences as well as visualize the differences in OHCA occurrences between locations and years. The thesis will analyze where the optimal locations of AEDs are based on a number of variables such as location and year, which is referred to as risk analysis. The analysis was performed by using daytime and nighttime population data from Statistics Sweden (SCB) in combination with heart disease statistics from the national patient register of Socialstyrelsen as well as socio-economic data from SCB. Along with that data, AED locations at the end of 2013 and OHCA data from 2006 up until 2013 was used in visualizations and risk analysis. In order to determine the final optimal placement through the risk analysis, a Geographical Information System (GIS) tool named Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) was used. This tool enabled the weighting of the different parameters against each other, which was integral for the final result. In order to visualize differences, e.g. between two years, a raster was created which consisted of a density difference between the two years. This analysis method shows the spots where there is a majority of either case, e.g. if one area had a larger number of OHCA cases one year compared to previous year. Simple plots were included to show an overview of the problem e.g. where OHCA occurred between the years 2006 and 2013. The results implied that the recommended locations of AEDs while using daytime population data were located in commercial areas. Recommended AEDs from using the nighttime population data was located differently but was located as well as clusters in residential areas. A large source of error in the analysis was the prior heart disease data. The chosen method, an assignment of a percentage chance of heart disease per age group, is a rough and inexact approximation of the actual heart disease statistics. Had there been data about exactly where patients with prior heart disease live and work, the results would most likely be even better. / När ett hjärtstopp utanför sjukhus (OHCA) inträffar, är tiden av yttersta vikt. För varje minut som hjärtstoppet går obehandlat minskar snabbt chansen för överlevnad. Den vanligaste behandlingen, som även är den mest kända, är hjärt- och lungräddning. Tack vare ny teknik är defibrillatorn inte längre ett verktyg som endast är tillgänglig för sjukvårdspersonal utan för alla som vet var de finns. Syftet med denna uppsats är att delvis visualisera förekomsten av OHCA men även att åskådliggöra skillnaderna mellan platser och år. I studien analyseras även, baserat på ett antal variabler, var de optimala platserna för Automatiska Externa Defibrillatorer (AED) är. Denna del av analysen är benämnd som riskanalys. Analysen genomfördes med hjälp av att använda dag- och nattidsbefolkningsdata från Statistiska Centralbyrån (SCB) i kombination med hjärtsjuksdomsstatistik från Socialstyrelsens nationella patientsregister och även socioekonomiska data från SCB. Dessa data, samt AED data från slutet av 2013 och OHCA data daterat från 2006 till 2013 användes både till visualiseringen och till riskanalysen. För att bestämma de slutgiltiga optimala platserna genom riskanalysen användes ett Geografiskt Information System (GIS) verktyg som heter multikriterieanalys (MCE). Detta verktyg gör det möjligt att vikta de olika parametrarna mot varandra, vilket var väsentligt för det slutgiltiga resultatet. För att kunna visualisera skillnader, till exempel mellan två år, skapades ett raster som bestod av en densitetskillnad mellan de två åren. Denna analysmetod kunde sedan visualisera var det finns en majoritet av det ena fallet, till exempel om ett område hade fler hjärtstopp ett år jämfört med tidigare år. Enklare kartor användes för att ge en översikt, till exempel var OHCA har skett mellan åren 2006 och 2013. Resultatet tyder på att de rekommenderade platserna för AED då dagtidsbefolkningsdata användes hamnade i områden med många arbetsplatser. De optimala platserna för AED med nattidsbefolkningsdata var annorlunda utplacerade men hamnade även dem i kluster i befolkningstäta områden med mycket bostäder. En av de större felkällorna i analysen tros vara hjärtsjuksdomsstatistiken. Den metod som användes var att extrahera ålder- och könsgrupper från ett patientregister vilket är en grov och inexakt approximation av den faktiska hjärtsjuksdomsstatistiken. Hade tillgång till data om var befolkning med hjärtsjukdomar faktiskt bor och arbetar funnits, kunde resultatet blivit mer pålitligt.