Aerobic stability is a term which nutritionists use to define the length of time that forage remains stabil and don‘t degrade. Once fermentation is completed and the forage is exposed to air during feeding or during storage (leaky silos, poor packaging) increases the temperature of the forage initiated by yeasts or lesser extent by the action of some bacterias. This temperature is measured using temperature sensors and it is compared with the ambient temperature of the surroundings. Aerobic stability is given as the time, for which the forage temperature rises by 3°C above ambient temperature.

Title: Chosen Parameters of Condition Profile of Female Football Players. Objectives: The main objective of the thesis was to determine the levels of speed and agility abilities of elite football players in the summer preparatory period. The objective was to compare variability of the chosen group, and to find and determine the relation between speed and agility abilities. With the help of the gained results it can be confirmed what levels of speed and agility abilities the players gain, if there is a higher scope in the variety of speed and agility parameters of elite female football players, if there is a positive dependence between the chosen pairs of tests, and if the time in the test 505 Agility is dependent on the turning direction. Methods: The participants of the study were 20 female players of the First Female League(n=20; age 22,9±4,4 years; height 167,3±6,1 cm; weight 61,2±5,1 kg)). One test battery consisting of six individual tests was chosen for the study: tests measuring locomotive speed for short distance and acceleration (5m and 10m sprint), a test measuring absolute locomotive speed (20m flying sprint), and tests eliciting speed and agility (K-test, 505 Agility Test with right direction turning, 505 Agility Test with left direction turning). Results: The results have shown that...

Magister Artium (Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science) - MA(SRES) / Obesity is recognised as a risk factor for non-communicable diseases which has reached epidemic proportions globally. South Africa is one of the developing countries with significant statistical representation reported for these conditions. Obesity is associated with other conditions such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia which are all part of what is called metabolic syndrome. As a strategy to reduce the levels of obesity, physical activity has been introduced to compliment clients who are on medication for diabetes.

Bakgrund: Astma är en folksjukdom som drabbar alla åldrar och kön. Astman kan ha stor påverkan på individen och kan ha en effekt av både fysisk och psykisk karaktär. Fysioterapi vid astma kan ha en roll inom vården av astma, men mer forskning inom upplevelsen av aerob träning hos astmatiker krävs. Syfte: Studien syftade till att undersöka astmatikers erfarenheter och upplevelser av aerob träning i förhållande till sin astma. Metod: Studien var en kvalitativ intervjustudie som baserades på fem semistrukturerade intervjuer. Informanterna var astmatiker som var aktiva med aerob träning. Ett bekvämlighetsurval användes vid rekrytering av informanter. Data analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Fem kategorier och tretton underkategorier identifierades under analysen. De fem kategorierna var: Graden av symtom påverkas av omgivning och situation, Individuella faktorer avgör träningseffekt, Kunskap om sitt förhållande mellan astma och träning,Träningen är viktig för att vara delaktig och leva ett aktivt liv och Medicinen är en förutsättning för en tryggare träning. Konklusion: Astma är en multifaktoriell sjukdom som kan påverka individen ur ett biologiskt, psykologiskt och socialt perspektiv. Studien har identifierat några faktorer som kan påverka hur aerob träning uppfattas och erfars av astmatiker. Mer forskning krävs för att bedöma faktorernas signifikans för fysioterapeutiska åtgärder. / Background: Asthma is an endemic disease that affects all ages and genders. It can play a big role in affecting the individual on both a physical and psychological level. Physiotherapy for asthma can have a part in healthcare of asthma, but more research about experiences of aerobic exercise with asthma is necessary. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate asthmatics experiences of aerobicexercises in relation to their asthma. Method: The study was a qualitative interview study based on five semi structured interviews. The informants were asthmatics active in any kind of aerobic exercise. A convenience selection was used in the recruiting of informants. The data was analyzed usinga qualitative content analysis. Results: Five categories and thirteen subcategories were identified during analysis. The five categories were: Level of symptoms were affected by surroundings and situation,  individual factors determine effect of exercise, Knowledge about the relationship between asthma and exercise, Exercise is important for participation and lead an active life and Medication is a prerequisite for safer exercise. Conclusion: Asthma is a multifactorial disease that affects the individual out of a biological, psychological and social perspective. The study has identified some factors that can affect the experience of aerobic exercise in asthmatics. More research is necessary to evaluate the significance of the factors for implementation in physiotherapeutic measures.

This study describes the variation of an important greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O) at site-specific from the bio-lines unit at Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Halmstad. The sampling campaign at the WWTP was carried out for three consecutive days during the weekdays in March 2021 with total of 144 samples were taken in GHG sample vials (exetainers) and analysed for N2O measurements using gas chromatography. Other nitrogen parameters data (NO2-N, NO3-N, and total nitrogen) were also collected. Using statistical analysis, comparisons were focused on a year period (March 2020 and 2021). This study found that N2O concentration generated in March 2021 was significantly lower than March 2020. Results also showed significant differences of N2O concentration between the three different zones (anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic) among the bio-lines, where the highest N2O concentration was only found in aerobic zones. Correlation analysis showed only total nitrogen is negatively correlated with N2O-N in the aerobic zones. These findings will enable better understanding of processes along the bio-lines as a step for WWTP operators to improve N2O monitoring.

As the microbrewery industry expands, disposal of brewery wastewater is becoming more of a concern, both for brewery operators and for local municipal wastewater authorities. Brewery wastewater is characterized as containing high strength organics and high variability in both organic and hydraulic loading. This high variability increased the challenge of treating brewery wastewater properly. Therefore, it is significant for optimizing the operation condition for the small-scale wastewater treatment system. This study conducted a batch study and a field study for optimizing a craft brewery on-site wastewater treatment system, which is equipped with two moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR). In the batch study, a two-factor Box-Wilson central composite design (CCD) was adopted to find optimum biomethane production conditions for the digestion of brewery wastewater with a dairy manure inoculum. The effects of two major influencing factors of temperature (T) (25-49°C) and brewery wastewater concentration (BWC) (2-9 g VS/L) on biochemical methane potential (BMP) (CH₄ yield) and CH₄ maximum production rate (Rmax) were evaluated by applying response surface methodology (RSM). All of the trials presented a high organic removal efficiency with volatile solid (VS) 82-91%, soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) 77-88%, and total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD) between 47% -76%. The experiment result suggested that the first-order kinetic rate constant and biogas content (methane percentage in the biogas) can be affected by the temperature. The mesophilic regime had the highest average rate constant, and the psychrophilic regime rate constant was significantly lower than the mesophilic and thermophile regime. The conditions in the thermophile range present a high variability for the first-order rate constant. The methane ratio in the biogas increased and stabilized by the operation time. Mesophilic and thermophilic regimes obtained a stabile biogas content around 25 days, and the psychrophilic regime spent extra time to stabilized. At the end of the anaerobic digestion, the psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic regimes had an average methane percentage of 47%,65%, and 67% respectively. Optimum BMP and Rmax were achieved under conditions of 49 °C and BWC of 5g VS/L. Correspondingly, the BMP and Rmax were 141.40 mL CH₄/g VS added and 36.5 mL CH₄/ day, respectively. However, by pursuing stability the preferable operational condition T=35℃ and BWC=5 g/L is recommended, at this condition methane yield is 110.07 CH₄/g VS added and maximum methane daily production is 28.06 CH₄/ day, which is similar to the maximum result. In field study, an on-site brewery wastewater treatment system equipped with two MBBR reactors was evaluated from October 12th, 2018 to February 10th, 2020 in Beau`s All-Natural Brewing Company, Vankleek Hill, Ontario, Canada. The aim of the study was to characterize the wastewater production (flow and organic loading rate), evaluate the operating conditions and performance of the MBBR system, and recommend improvements. Discharge from the brewery is highly variable for both organic and hydraulic loading with flow balancing recommended. The MBBR full-scale reactors operated at relatively stable conditions at a surface area loading rate (SALR) of less than 25 g/m2.d and dissolved oxygen (DO) greater than 2mg/L. Kinetic rate constants for suspended growth and attached growth biomass in the reactors were found to be similar at 0.0764-0.0908 h-1, however, a much larger attached growth mass in the reactors suggests that only a fraction of the attached growth biofilm is active. Effluent recycle was shown to be effective at controlling filamentous bacteria (type-0041) sludge bulking, reducing suspended solid concentration, and sCOD concentration.

Opioid receptors have been a target of pharmacological manipulation in alcohol use disorder (AUD) recovery protocols for many years. Aerobic exercise, a common adjunct in AUD recovery, is known to modulate opioid receptors (ORs) both during both acute and long term exposure. The three subtypes of ORs: mu (MOR), delta (DOR), and kappa (KOR) are all expressed on neurons in the mesocorticolimbic circuitry. Kappa-opioid receptors are expressed directly on dopamine (DA) neuron terminals in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Mu and Delta ORs are expressed on cholinergic interneurons (CINs) and GABA neurons in the NAc. In alcohol dependent rodents, KORs are hypersensitized. It is theorized that this hypersensitization contributes to EtOH seeking behavior. In contrast, aerobic exercise desensitizes the KORs. Given the high degree of pharmacological overlap between opioid receptors, it is also hypothesized that EtOH and aerobic exercise may have effects on MORs and DORs as well. Here, it is investigated whether a routine of voluntary aerobic exercise decreases EtOH induced changes to KOR modulation of dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) along with possible mechanisms through which this might occur. The responsiveness of MORs and DORs in EtOH dependence, and how aerobic exercise modulates those effects is also investigated. Exercise attenuated EtOH induced hypersensitization of KORs in the NAc. Exercise decreases expression of KORs, which may account for the changes in KOR sensitization. The MOR agonist DAMGO decreased DA reuptake ex vivo, but not signal amplitude while DOR agonist DPDPE had no effect on either reuptake or signal amplitude. Overall, dependent animals that were allowed to exercise, consumed less EtOH in a drinking in the dark model. These data suggest that exercise is a useful adjunct to AUD recovery protocols, and that its effects are likely mediated by KORs. The findings related to MORs and DORs suggest that MORs, but not DORs, may act through acetyl choline receptors to modulate DA reuptake in the NAc, however much more work is needed to characterize this effect.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22427号 / 工博第4688号 / 新制||工||1732(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 高岡 昌輝, 教授 酒井 伸一, 准教授 大下 和徹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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