Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:53:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 queiroz_rb_me_bauru_prot.pdf: 531825 bytes, checksum: 7825e3eda35ba42f0d3ac258e4899ffb (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Um dos processos mais comuns na indústria é a agitação (ou mistura). Nos dias de hoje, conhecer o comportamento das diversas variáveis envolvidas no processo é essencial para tornar a operação cada vez mais eficiente. Determinar de forma precisa o número de potência é fundamental para o correto dimensionamento do sistema de agitação e, consequentemente, um melhor aproveitamento de energia. Uma variável pouco analisada diz respeito à rugosidade da superfície interna do tanque onde é realizada a agitação. Essa característica também tem influência no consumo de potência. Além disso, cada produto requer formas diferentes de agitação e também a utilização de diferentes geometrias de impelidores. Por isso, foram propostas, estudadas e ensaiadas agitaçõs que empregaram dois impelidores com três pás retas a 120º, dotadas de 3 e 8 furos cada, em fluidos de viscosidades distintas, como água e óleo, além do impelidor de quatro pás retas a 45º - referência já conhecida na literatura. Todos os testes foram realizados em tanques cilíndricos dotados de 4 defletores de costado removíveis. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios demostraram que tanques com menor rugosidade intrna demandam menor potência, especialmente quando processam fluidos mais viscosos. Além disso, foi possível determinar a variação do número de potência com o número de Reynolds para os impelidores propostos. / One of the most used process on the industry is the agitation (or mixing). Nowadays, to know the behavior of the several variables presents on the process is essential to become the operation most efficient. To determine accurately the power number is necessary to correctly design of the mixing system and, consequently, a better energy exploitation. A variable no often analized, relates to internal suface roughness of the equipment where the mixing is done. This characteristic also has influence on the power consumption. Besides, each product needs differents forms of mixing and also needs differents impeller geometries. Because of this, it was proposed, studied and tested mixers that were used with two impellers with 3 blades (120º) with 3 or 8 holes in each one, in fluids with distinct viscosity, water and oil, besides the four pitch blades, reference already known on the literary. The results obtained on the tests show that the tanks with better internal roughness need lower potency, specially when is used fluids with higher viscosity. Besides, it was possible to determine the power number and the Reynolds' number for the proposed impellers.

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, 2008. / Submitted by Caroline Silva (krol_bilhar@hotmail.com) on 2012-09-16T23:58:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 diss2008fernandagermanoalves.pdf: 800800 bytes, checksum: 497362ef874efddd275ccc67dcdf0d1e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-09-22T15:51:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 diss2008fernandagermanoalves.pdf: 800800 bytes, checksum: 497362ef874efddd275ccc67dcdf0d1e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-22T15:51:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 diss2008fernandagermanoalves.pdf: 800800 bytes, checksum: 497362ef874efddd275ccc67dcdf0d1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / A β-galactosidase é amplamente distribuída na natureza, podendo ser encontrada em plantas, órgãos de animais e microrganismos. A hidrólise da lactose via enzimática vem sendo uma alternativa para as indústrias alimentícias, visto que os açúcares resultantes deste processo, glicose e galactose, são mais solúveis e doces, o que proporciona melhorias nas características sensoriais de produtos lácteos e, desenvolvimento de alimentos com baixo teor desse carboidrato, tornando-os ideais a consumidores intolerantes a este açúcar. O aumento da demanda industrial da β-galactosidase resulta na necessidade do estudo da agitação e da aeração, visando obter um produto de elevada atividade. A utilização de enzimas na indústria alimentícia é muitas vezes limitada devido a sua baixa estabilidade. Uma das alternativas é o emprego de enzimas imobilizadas para reduzir os problemas causados pela utilização de enzimas solúveis em aplicações industriais. A presente dissertação teve por objetivo geral o estudo das condições de produção da β-galactosidase de Kluyveromyces marxianus CCT 7082 e caracterização parcial da enzima livre e imobilizada. No primeiro estudo foi avaliada a influência da agitação e da aeração na produção da enzima por fermentação submersa em fermentador Biostat B de 2 L, utilizando a técnica de planejamento experimental, através de um planejamento experimental 22 (4 ensaios e 3 pontos centrais), onde as condições estudadas foram: 200; 350; 500 rpm e 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 vvm para a agitação e a aeração, respectivamente. Neste estudo verificou-se que a agitação e a aeração, exerceram influência na produção da enzima, sendo a condição mais favorável 500 rpm e 1,5 vvm, respectivamente, atingindo uma produtividade de 1,2 U.mL-1.h-1, uma atividade enzimática de 17 U.mL-1 e uma concentração celular de 11 mg.mL-1. Em um segundo estudo foi realizada a imobilização da β-galactosidase empregando a técnica de inclusão em gel de alginato de cálcio, seguida da caracterização das enzimas livre e imobilizada, quanto ao pH e temperatura ótimos, parâmetros cinéticos e estabilidade térmica. Para o estudo da influência do pH na atividade enzimática foram testados valores de pH entre 4,6 e 8,6. A influência da temperatura na reação enzimática foi determinada pela atividade de β-galactosidase nas temperaturas de 25 a 60ºC. Os parâmetros cinéticos foram determinados utilizando como substrato o-nitrofenil-b-D-galactopiranosídeo (ONPG) e lactose. A estabilidade térmica foi estudada determinando-se a constante cinética de desnaturação térmica, o tempo de meia vida e a energia de ativação da reação de desnaturação, incubando-se a enzima nas temperaturas de 30 a 45ºC. Os valores ótimo de pH e temperatura não foram alterados quando a enzima foi imobilizada, obtendo como resultados pH 6,6 e 37ºC, respectivamente, para ambas as formas enzimáticas. Os resultados dos parâmetros cinéticos, Km e Vmax, para a enzima livre foram 15,1 mM e 18,9 U.mL-1; 93,71 mM e 43,9 U.mL-1 para os substratos ONPG e lactose, respectivamente. Para a enzima na forma imobilizada os resultados para Km e Vmax foram 18,5 mM e 3,9 U.mL-1; 115,7 mM e 3,7 U.mL-1, respectivamente, utilizando ONPG e lactose. Com relação à estabilidade térmica enzimática, a equação de Arrhenius pôde ser aplicada para estabelecer uma relação entre a constante cinética de desnaturação térmica e a temperatura. Pela equação de Arrhenius determinou-se as energias da reação de ativação (9,4 e 2,1 Kcal.mol-1) e de ativação da reação de desnaturação (100 e 106 Kcal.mol-1), respectivamente, para b-galactosidase livre e imobilizada. / Production of b-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces marxianus CCT 7082 in fermenter and partial characterization of the soluble and immobilized enzyme β-galactosidase is widely distributed in nature and it can be found in plants, organs of animals and microorganisms. The enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose has been an alternative to the food industries, because the result sugars of this process, glucose and galactose, are more soluble and sweet, providing improvements in sensory characteristics of dairy products, and development of products without lactose, ideal to consumers intolerant to this sugar. The increased of the industrial demand of β-galactosidase results in the necessity to study the agitation and aeration, to obtain a product of high activity. The use of enzymes in the food industries is sometimes limited due to the low stability. One of the alternatives is the use of immobilized enzymes to reduce the problems caused by the use of soluble enzymes in industrial applications. The present dissertation had as main goal the study of the conditions of β-galactosidase production from Kluyveromyces marxianus CCT 7082 and the partial characterization of the free and immobilized enzyme. In the first study, the influence of the agitation and the aeration was evaluated in the enzyme production by submerged fermentation in Biostat B fermenter of 2 L, using experimental design 22 (4 assays with three replicates at the center point); the study conditions were: 200, 350, 500 rpm and 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 vvm for agitation and aeration, respectively. In this study the agitation and aeration, influenced in the β-galactosidase production, and the favorable condition was 500 rpm and 1.5 vvm, respectively, obtaining 1.2 U.mL-1.h-1 for productivity, 17 U.mL-1 for the enzymatic activity and a cellular concentration of 11 mg.mL-1. In a second study of β-galactosidase was immobilized employing the technique of calcium alginate gel inclusion, followed by the characterization of this enzyme, and comparison between free and immobilized enzymes, as for optimum pH and temperature, kinetic parameters and thermal stability. For the study of the influence of pH on the enzymatic activity, values of pH between 4.6 and 8.6 were tested. The influence of temperature on the enzyme reaction was determined at 25 to 60°C. The kinetic parameters were determined employing o-nitrophenyl-b-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) and lactose. The thermal stability was studied in order to determinate the deactivation rate constant, the half-life and the deactivation energy, incubating the suspension enzyme at 30 to 45°C. The optimum values for pH and temperature weren’t changed by the immobilization process, obtaining as results pH 6.6 and 37°C, respectively. The results for the Km and Vmax for soluble enzyme were 15.1 mM and 18.9 U.mL-1; 93.7 mM and 43.9 U.mL-1 for ONPG and lactose, respectively; and for immobilized enzyme the results for Km and Vmax were 18.5 mM and 3.9 U.mL-1; 115.7 mM and 3.7 U.mL-1, respectively, for ONPG and lactose. In relation to the enzymatic thermal stability, the Arrhenius equation could be applied to establish a relation between deactivation rate constant and temperature. By the Arrhenius equation were determinated the activation energy (9.4 e 2.1 Kcal.mol-1) e deactivation energy (100 e 106 Kcal.mol-1), respectively, for the soluble and immobilized enzyme.

Background and aims: It is known that smooth muscle possesses substantial mechanical plasticity in that it is able to adapt to large changes in length without compromising its ability to generate force. It is believed that structural malleability of the contractile apparatus underlies this plasticity. There is strong evidence suggesting that myosin thick filaments of the muscle are relatively labile and their length in vivo is determined by the equilibrium between monomeric and filamentous myosin. The equilibrium in turn is governed by the state of phosphorylation of the 20-kD regulatory myosin light chain (MLC20, or RLC). It is known that phosphorylation of the myosin light chain favors formation of the filaments; it is not known how the light chain phosphorylation affects the lability of the filaments. The major aim of this thesis was to measure the mechanical integrity of the filaments formed from purified myosin molecules from bovine airway smooth muscle, and to determine whether the integrity was influenced by phosphorylation of the myosin light chain. Methods: Myosin was purified from bovine trachealis to form filaments, in ATP containing zero-calcium solution during a slow dialysis that gradually reduced the ionic strength. Sufficient myosin light chain kinase and phosphatase, as well as calmodulin, were retained after the myosin purification and this enabled phosphorylation of RLC within 20-40 s after addition of calcium to the filament suspension. The phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated filaments were then partially disassembled by ultrasonification. The extent of filament disintegration was visualized and quantified by atomic force microscopy. Results: RLC phosphorylation reduced the diameter of the filaments and rendered the filaments more resistant to ultrasonic agitation. Electron microscopy revealed a similar reduction in filament diameter in intact smooth muscle when the cells were activated. Conclusion: Our results suggest that RLC phosphorylation is a key regulatory step in modifying the structural properties of myosin filaments in smooth muscle, where formation and dissolution of the filaments are required in the cells’ adaptation to different cell length. / Medicine, Faculty of / Medicine, Department of / Experimental Medicine, Division of / Graduate

Abstract Dementia is one of the degenerative conditions that present in old age with a decline in cognitive function resulting in changes in personality and the ability to carry out activities of daily living and social functions. Dementia is usually associated with behavioral disturbances that include anxiety and agitation that pose a challenge for family members or caregivers in an alternate home or care-related facility. The purpose of this project was to design and implement a quality improvement program to evaluate music therapy intervention for residents in a long-term care who have dementia. The aim was to evaluate if music therapy was effective in reducing anxiety and agitation in these residents. The Kolcaba theory of comfort was the framework that guided the approach, and the logic model was the tool used to guide the process of program implementation over the period of 1 month. The Rating of Anxiety in Dementia (RAID) and the Cohen Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI-short form) scales were the assessment tools utilized to analyze the collected data. The program was formatted using a cyclic twice-weekly group listening sessions that comprised of 6 participants. Each session lasted 30 minutes that included listening to vocal music of a past genre that should be familiar. A convenience sample of 4 caregivers who routinely cared for the residents used the instruments to document physical and behavioral assessments following the music sessions. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and the results suggest that music intervention produced changes in the RAID and CMAI scores for the 6 individuals. The results suggest that music interventions can positively affect the cognitive and functional status of mildly impaired elderly individual, thereby promoting social change.

Demenssjukdomar går inte att bota, men med stöd och olika insatser kan gynnsammare förutsättningar skapas för att kunna klara av vardagen, höja livskvaliteten för personen i fråga samt närstående. I vårt samhälle blir demenssjukdomar allt vanligare med den enkla anledningen till ökad livslängd. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att undersöka på vilka sätt agitation och aggression vid en demens sjukdom kan minskas. Med utgångspunkt i systematiskt tillvägagångssätt utifrån Goodmans (1993) sju steg utfördes en litteraturstudie. Tio utvalda vetenskapliga artiklar valdes utifrån sökningar i databaserna PubMed, Cinahl samt PsychInfo, där artiklar både utgick ifrån kvalitativa samt kvantitativa studier. Resultatet som sammanslogs utifrån de utvalda artiklarna resulterade i fyra kategorier: Beröring – massage, utbildning – kunskap, positiva och negativa attityder hos vårdpersonalen samt interaktion - samspel mellan vårdare och demenssjuk person. Fler studier och mer utbildning kring agitation samt aggressivitet är önskvärt, för att öka kunskapen, förståelse hos vårdpersonalen och förbättra vårdkvalitet inom demensvård. / Today there is no curative treatment for Dementia disease, with the support of different interventions more favorable conditions can be created to improve the daily life and increase the quality of life for patients and their kindred.In our society the incidence of dementia disease is rising more and more due to the fact that the lifespan of humanity is increasing. The purpose of this literature review was to investigate in what way agitation and aggression at a dementia disease can be decreased. Based on a systematic approach who worked on the basis of Goodmans (1993) seven step from a literature review was carried out.Ten Scientific articles was selected from literature search in the databases PubMed, Cinahl and PsychInfo, both articles were based from qualitative and quantitative studies. The final result was unitized from the selected articles and came out in four categories: Physical touch, massage, education and knowledge, positive and negative attitudes among the staff and interaction between staff and the dementia patients. Several more studies and more education about agitation and aggression is desirable to increase knowledge, understanding and to improve quality of care within the care of dementia.

Vårdtagare med demenssjukdom uppvisar ofta beteendemässiga och psykiska symptom vid demens, (BPSD).Syftet med denna studie var att utforska litteratur om sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsåtgärder vid BPSD. Vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder kan sjuksköterskan använda sig av och vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder har mest effekt vid BPSD? Det material som användes var elva vetenskapligt granskade studier som var inriktade på vårdtagare med olika beteendemässiga och psykiska symptom vid demens (BPSD). Kvalitetsgranskning gjordes med hjälp av kvantitativ och kvalitativ granskningsmall. Resultatet delades in i Sociala åtgärder, Musik som åtgärd, Aromaterapi och Beröring som åtgärder, samt Hygienåtgärder. Alla dessa omvårdnadsåtgärder var mer eller mindre effektiva vid BPSD. / Residents with dementia often exhibit behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). The purpose of this study was to explore the literature on nursing interventions in BPSD. Which nursing interventions can the nurse apply and which interventions have the highest efficiency in BPSD? The material used was eleven peer reviewed intervention studies that were focused on residents with various behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Quality control was done using quantitative and qualitative analysis mould. The results were divided into Social interventions, Music as an intervention, Aromatherapy and Touch as interventions as well as Hygiene interventions. All of these nursing interventions were more or less effective in BPSD.

Background: Many older adults with dementia residing in nursing homes or assisted living facilities exhibit behavioral disturbances such as agitation and apathy. In addition they lose their ability to feed themselves and often suffer serious malnutrition as their dietary intake decreases. Music has been linked to decreased agitation in this population and physical activity to music linked to a slower decline in eating ability. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine whether a familiar physical activity to familiar music would reduce apathy and agitation and increase eating ability and dietary intake among institutionalized older adults with dementia. Method: Eighty four older residents with early to late-stage dementia were randomly assigned to a usual activity or to a group that received a 25-minute intervention (seated chair exercises and beach ball toss to music of the 1920’s to 1950’s) offered 30 minutes before the noon meal twice a week for three weeks. Prior to the intervention, research assistants observed and recorded participants’ apathy using the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale and agitation using the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory. Trained research assistants (RAs) conducted the intervention, and then escorted participants in both groups to their noon meals. A second group of RAs, blinded to group, observed apathy and agitation as residents began their meals. At the end of the meals, RAs recorded eating ability using the Functional Independence Measure and the percentage of dietary intake for all participants. Digital photos of trays, pre- and post-meal, were also used to document the percentage. Results: Participants, whose mean age was 85.92 and whose Mini Mental Status Exam scores ranged from 0 to 24, resided in two sites: a nursing home with assisted living and a separate assisted living facility. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant differences between groups for apathy (p=.01) and dietary intake (p=.01). There was no significant difference in agitation or eating ability. Discussion: Participation in the intervention was associated with more positive outcomes for apathy and dietary intake. There is evidence that a familiar physical activity to familiar music is an effective approach for institutionalized older adults with dementia.

<p> Drop sizes were measured photographically for water in kerosene and for water in methyl isobutyl ketone, at varying flow rates and levels of agitation. At high levels of agitation the data could be represented very approximately by the well known relationship of Hinze and others: d32= CONS(σ0.6)/ρ0.6E0.44) (where d32=mean drop diameter, σ= interfacial tension, p̂= mean density and E= power input per unit mass). However this equation was not satisfactory at low levels of agitation, and an alternative equation based on dimensional analysis and including effects of density difference and gravity has been proposed. Qualitative observations regarding drop formation, holdup and various operating phenomena are made. </p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (MEngr)

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