Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T14:27:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 445279.pdf: 1085481 bytes, checksum: 6e0639b724110d87d31bdbdec6f32606 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-15 / The aim of this work is to propose a new approach to the analysis of the economic theory of crime, individual and its behavior, incorporating the neoclassical concepts on the study and the valuable advances in behavioral economics that will culminate in a basic theoretical model. The main results achieved of the model, considering the given variables and parameters set out, suggest that the violation of a particular set of laws could occur instead of a deliberate intention by an error of the agent's perception. In the second part, the theory revised and the improvement proposed in the first part is applied within the environment of crime that involves the interaction between drinking and driving. A review of the studies conducted over the past 30 years mainly in economics and psychopharmacology support an extended version of the model presented in the first part of the work. The main results lead us to believe that, when the law allows some level of alcohol ingestion before the decision about the abilities, capacity and level of intoxication to drive, can interfere in the decision mechanism of the agent who can commit the crime unintentionally / O presente trabalho prop?e uma nova abordagem ? an?lise econ?mica da teoria do crime, centrada no indiv?duo e seu comportamento, onde os valiosos avan?os da economia comportamental s?o incorporados aos conceitos neocl?ssicos sobre o tema, resultando num modelo te?rico b?sico. Os principais resultados do modelo, dadas as vari?veis analisadas e os par?metros estipulados, sugerem que a viola??o a um conjunto determinado de leis pode ocorrer n?o por vontade deliberada e sim por um erro de percep??o do agente. Na segunda parte do trabalho, a teoria revisada e o acr?scimo proposto na primeira parte, ser?o aplicados dentro do ambiente do crime que envolve a intera??o entre bebida e dire??o, sendo proposta uma revis?o dos trabalhos emp?ricos realizados nos ?ltimos 30 anos tanto na economia quanto na psicofarmacologia que d?o sustenta??o a uma vers?o estendida do modelo te?rico apresentado na primeira parte do trabalho, cujos resultados nos levam a crer que legisla??es que toleram a ingest?o de quantidades m?ximas de ?lcool, acabam por interferir no mecanismo de decis?o do agente que pode cometer o crime de forma n?o intencional

Este trabajo utiliza una nueva fuente de información -la Encuesta Mundial Gallup 2006- para estimar y caracterizar la desigualdad de los ingresos en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) en el plano nacional, y comparar las estadísticas de ALC con las de otras regiones del mundo. La encuesta de Gallup tiene la ventaja de ser llevada a cabo en más de 130 países con casi idéntico cuestionario, por lo que constituye un complemento a las encuestas nacionales de hogares para fines de comparación internacional. Además de documentar la desigualdad de ingresos a nivel latinoamericano y mundial, el trabajo estima indicadores de desigualdad en términos de bienestar subjetivo y los compara con aquellos provenientes del ingreso. / El presente trabajo es una derivación del documento de Gasparini y Gluzmann (2009), "Estimating Income Poverty and Inequality from the Gallup World Poll, The case of Latin America and the Caribbean", <i>Documento de Trabajo</i>, Nº 83, CEDLAS. Estudio que a su vez proviene de un largo proyecto organizado por el BID: Latin American Research Network en "Quality of Life in Latin America and the Caribbean", realizado por el CEDLAS por Leonardo Gasparini, Mariana Marchionni, Sergio Olivieri y Walter Sosa Escudero. Gallup ha generosamente provisto de los microdatos de la Encuesta Mundial Gallup 2006.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T14:26:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 402795.pdf: 850513 bytes, checksum: 7228eb5d0971bf5f5a426be680fd745b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-30 / Sem ag?ncia de fomento / O presente estudo aborda as quest?es relacionadas ? ind?stria cervejeira, os benef?cios trazidos por ela como gera??o de emprego e renda bem como os preju?zos para a sociedade advindos do consumo exagerado do ?lcool. Desta forma, os benef?cios de pol?ticas p?blicas que aumentam a produ??o da cerveja s?o contrabalan?ados pelas desvantagens provenientes do aumento do consumo de ?lcool. Por meio de uma metodologia de s?ries temporais, s?o identificadas as principais vari?veis explicativas que interferiram no consumo do produto no per?odo de 1985 at? 2006. Atrav?s dos resultados obtidos, ? poss?vel identificar alternativas de pol?ticas p?blicas adequadas ao gerenciamento da rela??o entre a arrecada??o de impostos, gera??o de emprego e renda proveniente do mercado cervejeiro nacional e o custo social decorrente dos efeitos do ?lcool no organismo humano.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-01-31T12:54:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Nara Paula Schmeier_.pdf: 877010 bytes, checksum: f002cde3446d9c5552d9a747ff097801 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-31T12:54:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nara Paula Schmeier_.pdf: 877010 bytes, checksum: f002cde3446d9c5552d9a747ff097801 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-20 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Petrobras - Petróleo Brasileiro S. A. / PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares / O processo de digestão anaeróbia tem sido empregado com destaque no tratamento de resíduos sólidos orgânicos, por tratar-se de uma alternativa para amenizar problemas ambientais e também por uma questão energética, visto que possibilita a produção de energia para auxiliar a suprir a alta demanda, em consequência do elevado crescimento populacional e industrial. No entanto, questões relativas a escalas de trabalho, formas de operação, carga orgânica e influência de parâmetros como AGV, alcalinidade e nitrogênio amoniacal (NA) perduram. Desta forma o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a operação de biodigestor, ao longo de 340 dias, mediante variação de frequências de adição de RSO e cargas orgânicas volumétricas (COV) de 7,98, 7,80, 9,64, 3,28, 4,10 e 5,00 kg STV/m3.d., com média de ST: 339,6 mg/g e umidade: 64%, frente a produção de biogás e CH4. Ademais, também buscou avaliar a influência de parâmetros como AGV, alcalinidade e nitrogênio amoniacal sobre o processo de DA. O sistema experimental foi composto por um biodigestor de câmara única, com volume de 0,28 m³, alimentado com RSO do restaurante universitário e inoculo ambientado a digestão de RSO. O monitoramento do processo experimental foi realizado por meio de caracterização físico-química (pH, DQO, DBO, alcalinidade, AGV, ST, STF, STV, NT, NA, PT e COT) das frações sólidas e líquidas, além da quantificação do biogás (volume e percentual de CH4). O processo de digestão revelou que aplicações de COVs de 3,28, 4,10 e 5,00 kg STV/m3.d. possibilitaram maiores rendimentos de biogás e CH4, em relação a COVs de 7,98, 7,80 e 9,64 kg STV/m3.d. A aplicação continua da COV de 4,10 kg STV/m3.d. apresentou o maior rendimento de biogás e CH4 em função dos STV aplicados, sendo 94,63 NL/kg STV e 45,42 NL/kg STV, respectivamente. No decorrer do processo de digestão, elevadas razões de AGV/Alcalinidade, baixas razões de C/NT e elevadas concentrações de AGV e NA levaram a uma condição de digestão que representou rendimentos reduzidos de biogás e metano. / The anaerobic digestion (AD) process has been used in the treatment of organic solid waste, for being an alternative to ease environmental problems and also an energy issue, since it allows the production of energy to help supplying the high demand, as a result of high population and industrial growth. However, issues concerning work scales, operation forms, organic loads and influence of parameters such as VFA, alkalinity and ammonia nitrogen (AN) to linger. In this way, the objective of this work was to evaluate the biodigester operation, during 340 days, by varying the frequencies of organic solid waste (OSW) and organic loading rate (OLR), of 7,98, 7,80, 9,64, 3,28, 4,10 e 5,00 kg STV/m3.d., with mean de TS: 339,6 mg/g and humidity: 64%, against production of biogas and CH4. In addition, it also sought to evaluate the influence of parameters such as VFA, alkalinity and AN on the DA process. The experimental system consisted of a single chamber biodigester with a volume of 0.28 m³, fed with OSW from a university restaurant and inoculum set to the digestion of OSW. The monitoring of the experimental process was carried out through physicochemical characterization (pH, COD, BOD, alkalinity, VFA, TS, TFS, TVS, TN, AN, PT and TOC) solid and liquid fractions, in addition to the quantification of biogas (volume and percentage of CH4). The digestion process revealed that OLRs applications of 3,28, 4,10 e 5,00 kg TVS/m3.d. allowed higher yields of biogas and CH4, in relation to OLRs of 7,98, 7,80 e 9,64 kg TVS/m3.d. The continuous application of OLR of 4,10 kg TVS/m3.d. showed the highest biogas yield and CH4 as a function of the VTS applied, being 94,63 NL/kg TVS and 45,42 NL/kg TVS, respectively. During the digestion process, high AGV/Alkalinity ratios, low C/N ratios and high concentrations of VFA and AN led to an digestion condition which represented reduced yields of biogas and methane.

Le multicast fiable est certainement la solution la plus efficace pour la distribution de contenu via un<br />tres grand nombre (potentiellement des millions) de recepteurs. Dans cette perspective les protocoles<br />ALC et FLUTE, standardises via l'IETF (RMT WG), ont ete adoptes dans 3GPP/MBMS et dans le<br />DVB-H IP-Datacast dans les contextes des reseaux cellulaires 3G.<br />Ce travail se concentre sur le multicast fiable et a comme requis principal le passage l'echelle massif<br />en terme de nombre de clients. Cette these se base sur les solutions proposees via l'IETF RMT WG.<br />Ces protocoles de multicast fiable sont construit autour de plusieurs briques de base que nous avons<br />etudie en detail:<br />* La brique Forward Error Correction (FEC) :<br />Nous examinons la classe de codes grands blocs Low Density Parity Check (LDPC). Nous concevons<br />des derivees de ces codes, et les analysons en detail. Nous en concluons que les codes<br />LDPC et leur implementation ont des performances tres prometteuses, surtout si ils sont utilisees<br />avec des fichiers de taille importante.<br />* La brique controle de congestion :<br />Nous examinons le comportement dans la phase de demarrage de trois protocoles de controle de<br />congestion RLC, FLID-SL, WEBRC. Nous demontrons que la phase de demarrage a un grand<br />impact sur les performances de telechargement.<br />Cette these a aussi plusieurs contributions au niveau applicatif:<br />* Extensions de FLUTE :<br />Nous proposons un mecanisme permettant d'agreger plusieurs fichiers dans le protocole FLUTE.<br />Ceci ameliore les performance de transmission.<br />* Streaming video :<br />Nous proposons SVSoA, une solution de streaming base sur ALC. Cette approche beneficie de<br />tout les avantages de ALC en terme de passage a l'echelle, controle de congestion et corrections<br />d'erreurs.<br /><br />Mots cles : Multicast fiable, FLUTE, ALC, codes correcteur d'erreurs, Forward Error Correction<br />(FEC), Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) Codes, diffusion de contenu

Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Wachstum von polykristallinem Silicium auf Glas bei niedrigen Temperaturen aus metallischen Lösungen in einem Zweistufenprozess untersucht. Im ersten Prozessschritt werden nanokristalline Siliziumschichten (nc-Si) hergestellt, entweder durch die direkte Abscheidung auf geheizten Substraten oder durch als ''Amorphous-Liquid-Crystalline''(ALC)-Umwandlung bezeichnete metall-induzierte Kristallisation. Im zweiten Prozessschritt dienen die Saatschichten als Vorlage für das Wachstum von deutlich größeren Kristalliten durch stationäre Lösungszüchtung. Die ALC-Prozessdauer konnte durch umfassende Parameterstudien signifikant reduziert werden. Die Charakterisierung der durch direkte Abscheidung auf geheizten Substraten entstehenden nc-Si Saatschichten offenbarte, dass es sich dabei um individuelle Saatkörner handelt, die in eine quasi-amorphe Matrix eingebettet sind. Die Oxidation der Saatschichten vor dem zweiten Prozessschritt wurde als ein wesentliches Hindernis für das Wachstum identifiziert. Als erfolgreichste Lösung zur Überwindung dieses Problems hat sich ein anfänglicher Rücklöseschritt erwiesen. Da diese Methode jedoch schwierig zu kontrollieren ist, wurde ein UV-Laser-System entwickelt und installiert. Erste Resultate zeigen epitaktisches Wachstum an den Stellen, an denen das Oxid entfernt wurde. Bei der Lösungszüchtung auf ALC-Schichten beginnt das Wachstum an einigen größeren Saatkristallen, von wo aus umliegende Gebiete lateral überwachsen werden. Obwohl Kristallitgrößen bis zu 50 Mikrometern erreicht wurden, war es noch nicht möglich, geschlossene Schichten zu erzielen. Durch Lösungszüchtung auf nc-Si Saatschichten hingegen konnte dieses Ziel erreicht werden. Geschlossene, polykristalline Si-Schichten wurden erzeugt, auf denen alle Si-Kristallite miteinander verbunden sind. Neben den Wachstumsexperimenten wurden 3D-Simulationen durchgeführt, in denen u.a. unterschiedliche Heizerkonfigurationen simuliert wurden. / The subject of this thesis is the investigation of the growth of polycrystalline silicon on glass at low temperatures from metallic solutions in a two-step growth process. In the first process step, nanocrystalline Si (nc-Si) films are formed either by direct deposition on heated substrates, or by a metal-induced crystallization process, referred to as amorphous-liquid-crystalline (ALC) transition. In the second process step, these seed layers serve as templates for the growth of significantly larger Si crystallites by means of steady-state solution growth. Extensive parameter studies for the ALC process helped to bring down the process duration significantly. Characterization of the nc-Si seed layers, formed by direct deposition on heated substrates, showed that the layer is composed of individual seeds, embedded in a quasi-amorphous matrix. The oxidation of the seed layers prior to the second process step was found to be a major obstacle. The most successful solution has been an initial melt-back step. As the process is hard to control, though, a UV laser system has been developed and installed. First promising results show unobstructed epitaxial growth where the oxide has been removed. Steady-state solution growth on ALC seed layers was found to start from a few larger seed crystals, and then cover the surrounding areas by lateral overgrowth. Although crystallites with sizes of up to 50 micrometers were obtained, it was not yet possible to achieve full surface coverage with a continuous layer. By solution growth on nc-Si seed layers, however, it was eventually possible to achieve this goal. Continuous, polycrystalline Si layers were grown, on which all Si crystallites are interlocked. The growth experiments were accompanied by 3D simulations, in which e.g. different heater configurations have been simulated.

Ce document discute de la fourniture de services de diffusion où des contenus de toute nature doivent être transmis efficacement à un ensemble de récepteurs. Plusieurs problèmes se posent : - la robustesse face aux problèmes de transmission, qu'il s'agisse d'erreurs (inversion de bits) ou de pertes (de paquets); - l'efficacité du service fourni, en termes de performances de correction d'erreurs et/ou effacements, et de faible complexité algorithmique; - le respect d'éventuelles contraintes temps réelles de certains contenus; - et enfin le passage à l'échelle lorsque le nombre de récepteur augmente significativement. La problématique est assez large et nous nous "limitons" à deux aspects et composants essentiels que sont : - les codes correcteurs de niveau applicatif, ou AL-FEC, pour le canal à effacements, sans lesquels l'efficacité du service serait fortement compromise, et - les protocoles de transport qui définissent les règles d'échanges d'informations entre soure(s) et récep- teur(s) et garantissent le niveau de fiabilité nécessaire. Tout au long de ce document, nous détaillons ces deux axes et positionnons nos contributions et leur usage effectif dans le panorama actuel.