Orientador: Joerg Dietrich Wilhelm Schleicher / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T13:15:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcondes_PauloEduardoPasquini_M.pdf: 15230137 bytes, checksum: 6a3ec19ac833d41b7e0e630fdfdcd247 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Nos reservatórios de hidrocarbonetos, a caracterização das falhas e fraturas é de extrema importância devido a seu papel ora como barreiras ao fluxo, ora canais condutores. Os efeitos da anisotropia causada por fraturas alinhadas têm sido objeto de muitos trabalhos e experimentos de modelagem sísmica. No entanto, devido a complexidade exibida por meios fraturados anisotrópicos, a caracterização desse tipo de meio nem sempre é possível. Nestas condições, através da adoção de modelos e geometrias simplificados, bem como da adequada escolha dos parâmetros é que a modelagem física da propagação de ondas sísmicas através de meios fraturados permite estimar a influência destas características das fraturas de forma mais confiável. Modelamos fraturas preenchidas por material de baixa resistência ao cisalhamento usando inclusões de neoprene, que possui esta característica. Foram efetuadas medidas de transmissão acústica de ondas P e S em um modelo de referência sem inclusões e em outro modelo com inclusões discóides de neoprene. Os dados ultrassônicos foram adquiridos usando transdutores de ondas P com frequência central de 120 kHz e de ondas S com 90 kHz. Estudamos o comportamento destes dois meios anisotrópicos sob compressão uniaxial. Também estudamos o efeito destas inclusões sobre os parâmetros anisotrópicos de um meio cujo arcabouço já apresentava comportamento anisotrópico polar. Ambos os modelos foram submetidos a compressão uniaxial com tensões de 3 até 15,8 MPa. O completo fechamento das fraturas ocorre ao nível de tensão de 14,6 MPa. Nossa análise aponta a existência de diferentes regimes para o comportamento das inclusões, observados tanto no parâmetro densidade de fraturas quanto sob sua razão de aspecto. Estes resultados sugerem uma dependência da razão de aspecto para baixos níveis de tensão uniaxial diferente do que se tem reportado na literatura. Outros resultados obtidos dizem respeito à caracterização dos meios anisotrópicos devido ao fraturamento a partir dos coeficientes elásticos derivados a partir das velocidades sísmicas. Apesar de não exaustivos, nossos resultados mostram que abordagens experimentais simples podem fornecer conhecimento valioso do comportamento de rochas fraturadas aos níveis de tensão existentes nos reservatórios / Abstract: Fault and fracture characterization is very important for hydrocarbon reservoirs, due to it being either a flow barrier or conduit. Elastic anisotropy due to aligned cracks has been the subject of many seismic physical modeling experiments. However, due to the complexity exhibited by fractured anisotropic media, fully characterizing these kind of media is not always possible. Under these conditions, the adoption of simplified models and geometries as well as adequate parameter choices permits characterizing these media using physical seismic modeling in a reliable way. We modeled fractures with a low shear modulus filling using neoprene rubber discs as inclusions, because of neoprene's low shear modulus. We carried out pulse transmission measurements of P- and S-wave velocities in a reference model without inclusions and in a model with penny-shaped neoprene inclusions. The reference model is an anisotropic matrix that consists of stacked plexiglass plates. Rubber discs were used as inclusions in that anisotropic matrix leading to secondary anisotropy, this is our second model. We recorded ultrasonic seismic data using P-wave transducers with central frequency 120 kHz and S-wave transducers with 90 kHz. We compressed the physical models using pressures ranging from 3 to 15.8MPa. Full crack closure occurs at stress 14.6MPa normal to model faces. Our analysis indicates different regimens for the behavior of the inclusions when observed via its crack densities and aspect ratios. These results suggest a different dependence of the crack aspect ratio on uniaxial stress at the low state of stress than usually described in the literature. Other results point that it might be possible to characterize a fractured medium though its elastic coefficients. Though our results are not extensive, they show that simple experimental approaches might provide valuable insight into the behavior of cracked rocks at reservoir stress levels / Mestrado / Reservatórios e Gestão / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

Orientadoes: Joerg Dietrich Wilhelm Schleicher, Lúcio Tunes dos Santos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática, Estatística e Computação Científica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T14:21:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bloot_Rodrigo_D.pdf: 3456556 bytes, checksum: dfcf4ac1fac953f56ab0b6d7c73c5157 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: No presente trabalho derivamos a equação geral da onda em um meio VTI com anisotropia fraca por meio da linearização do tensor de rigidez em termos do parâmetro de Thomsen ?. A equação da onda resultante é um sistema de três equações diferenciais acopladas em relação ao vetor de posição. Adaptamos a decomposição de Helmholtz e estudamos a propagação da onda em um meio homogêneo VTI. Além disso, usando a teoria do raio de ordem zero, derivamos as equações iconais e de transporte associadas aos modos de onda q-P, q-SV e q-SH. Por fim, reduzimos o problema ao caso pseudo-acústico no qual a velocidade da onda S é nula no eixo de simetria vertical e, com isto, estabelecemos um entendimento mais satisfatório do significado de artefatos que ocorrem nestes meios / Abstract: We derive a general elastic wave equation in weakly anisotropic VTI media by linearizing the expression of the stiffness tensor in terms of the Thomsen parameter ? The resulting wave equation is a system of three coupled differential equations for the three components of the displacement vector. By using the Helmholtz decomposition is possible to study the wave propagation in homogeneous VTI media. In heterogeneous case we use the zero-order ray theory. We derive the associated eikonal and transport equations for q-P, q-SV and q-SH waves. These are finally reduced to the pseudoacoustic case where the vertical S-wave velocity is zero. This allows for a better understanding of the pseudo-S wave artifact in such media / Doutorado / Matematica Aplicada / Doutor em Matemática Aplicada

Orientador: Marcelo Knobel / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T08:20:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Duque_JoseGerivaldodosSantos_D.pdf: 2802085 bytes, checksum: 3e11d0645c4b8e47c4e251b671065013 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Não informado / Abstract: Not informed. / Doutorado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Doutor em Ciências

Predictive anisotropy is a phenomenon referring to unequal predictability of surface wind components in different directions. This study addresses the question of whether predictive anisotropy resulting from statistical prediction is influenced by physical factors or by types of regression methods (linear vs nonlinear) used to construct the statistical prediction. A systematic study of statistical predictability of surface wind components at 2109 land stations across the globe is carried out. The results show that predictive anisotropy is a common characteristic for both linear and nonlinear statistical prediction, which suggests that the type of regression method is not a major influential factor. Both strong predictive anisotropy and poor predictability are more likely to be associated with wind components characterized by relatively weak and non-Gaussian variability and in areas characterized by surface heterogeneity. An idealized mathematical model is developed separating predictive signal and noise between large-scale (predictable) and local (unpredictable) contributions to the variability of surface wind, such that small signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) corresponds to low and anisotropic predictability associated with non-Gaussian local variability. The comparison of observed and simulated statistical predictability by Regional Climate models (RCM) and reanalysis in the Northern Hemisphere indicates that small-scale processes that cannot be captured well by RCMs contribute to poor predictability and strong predictive anisotropy in observations. A second idealized mathematical model shows that spatial variability in specifically the minimum directional predictability, resulting from local processes, is the major contributor to predictive anisotropy. / Graduate

Dans le cadre de cette étude, l’influence de la pré-déformation sur l’anisotropie du comportement plastique et sur la ténacité d’un acier API X100 pour pipeline a été abordée. Une étude expérimentale approfondie de la microstructure, des propriétés mécaniques et de l’endommagement du matériaux a été mise en oeuvre. Un modèle phénoménologique anisotrope combinant les écrouissagesisotrope et cinématique a été développé dans l’objectif de rendre compte du comportement ductile de cet acier à haute résistance. De plus, un modèle d’endommagement anisotrope a été établi pour représenter l’effet de pré-déformation sur la ductilité et la ténacité de cet acier. L’application des modèles à la flexion sous contrainte illustre, par exemple, l’effet négatif de la pré-déformation sur la charge limite (Moment de flexion maximum) supportée avant flambement du pipe. / In this thesis the influence of prestrain on anisotropic ductility and fracture toughness has been evaluated for API grade X100 line pipe steel. A omprehensive experimental investigation of microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture mechanisms has been carried out. A phenomenological model combining isotropic and kinematic hardening with anisotropic yield function has been developed, in order to represent anisotropic hardening behavior of the high strength steel. Additionally, a damage model incorporating anisotropic damage has been established for representation of prestrain effect on ductility and toughness of the X100 steel. The developed models could predict the bending capacity and the ductile fracture toughness of the cold-formed line pipes.

[pt] Os problemas de instabilidade de poços durante a perfuração, têm sido um tema de estudo e de interesse muito relevante na indústria, devido às consequências com as quais estão relacionados, por exemplo, o tempo perdido na operação e o consequente aumento de custo do projeto. Nos estudos de análise de estabilidade, com intuito de otimizar a perfuração do poço, normalmente eram assumidas propriedades isotrópicas do meio. Com o desenvolvimento da indústria do petróleo e as novas fronteiras exploratórias, faz-se necessário um estudo mais realista e aprofundado de estabilidade de poços. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a otimização da janela operacional, esta que por sua vez define os limites admissíveis de peso do fluido de perfuração, para que se mantenha a estabilidade do poço. Desta forma, foi desenvolvido um estudo numérico da distribuição de tensões e uma análise analítica para a verificação de falha ao redor do poço, no qual são consideradas as propriedades elásticas anisotrópicas além de critérios de falha na rocha intacta e no plano de fraqueza. Os softwares ABAQUS e MATLAB foram utilizados para a realização dos cálculos necessários no estudo. Os resultados das avaliações realizadas, mostram que a consideração da anisotropia (e de características do meio, como planos de fraqueza) é necessária em estudos deste tipo, pois dependendo do conjunto de propriedades analisadas, estas mostraram que a anisotropia possui um efeito significativo sobre os limites da janela operacional. / [en] Wells stability problems during drilling processes have been a subject of study and interest in the oil and gas industry due to its consequences, such as nonproductive times (NPTs), formation damage, Wells integrity and economic impacts. Isotropic properties in the formation usually had been assumed, however, it is necessary to define more realistic models to represent well stability. In this research, a numerical stress distribution and an analytical analysis have been proposed in order to calculate rock failure around the wellbore and optimize operative mud window, considering anisotropic elastic properties and failure criteria in the intact rock and in the plane of weakness. ABAQUS and MATLAB software were used to represent and solve the numerical-analytical model. The results presented in the assessment proved that the anisotropy consideration (including characteristics of the formation that can induce anisotropy, as plane of weakness) is necessary to be taken in count in this type of investigation because depending of the set of analyzed properties, the range of the operating mud weight window could significantly change.

The possibility to change magnetic anisotropy of amorphous TbCo films from out-of-plane to in-plane has been investigated. The effects of TbCo film's thickness and composition on the magnetic anisotropy were investigated together with the effects of growing the TbCo films on a SmCo seed layer. This was studied by sputtering TbCo films of composition Tb_xCo_(100-x) x=16,18,20,22 and 24, with thickness ranging between 2-20 nm, with and without the presence of a 20 nmSm_15Co_85 seed layer. All films were grown in a 130 mT magnetic in-plain field to imprint an in-plane anisotropy. The structure and composition of the films were examined with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, X-ray reflectivity, and Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. The magnetic properties of the films were studied with magneto-optic Kerr effect measurement, vibrating sample magnetometer, Kerr microscopy and magnetic force microscopy. The magneto-optic Kerr effect measurement showed that it was possible to change TbCo film's preferred magnetization direction from out-of-plane to in-plane by reducing the film thickness. The SmCo layer made it easier for theTbCo films to change preferred magnetization direction from out-of-plane to in-plane.

No description available.

Pleistocene loess-palaeosol sequences provide a unique proxy-record enabling detailed reconstruction of Quaternary palaeoenvironments. Environmental magnetic methods are often used to read the natural archives. The loess-palaeosol sequences exposed in two sections located in southern Moravia and a sequence from central Bohemia were studied in a frame of this Diploma Thesis. Variations of bulk magnetic susceptibility, measured in the sediments, show similar pattern as in the Chinese loess-palaeosol bodies - i.e. palaeosols reveal higher magnetic susceptibility in comparison with loess due to magnetic enhancement. The magnetic enhancement is driven by weathering during pedogenic processes related to the formation of ultra-fine magnetite particles. The magnetite content is controlling the sediment magnetic behavior. The magnetic enhancement rate indicates more intense pedogenic processes in the Moravia in comparison with Bohemia. Magnetic fabric in studied loess, represented by space orientation of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid, indicates dominating glacial wind palaeocurrents across the southern Moravia blowing from W or SW, respectively. The magnetic fabric in the central Bohemian sequence has revealed a dominant control of running water and re-deposition of the loess material...

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Lying in a rapidly-changing transitional region between nuclei that may behave as spherical vibrators (N ≤ 88) or good rotors (N ≥ 92), the N = 90 isotones present a unique testing ground where new nuclear collective phenomena may be uncovered. As part of a general investigation of collective structures and the coupling of single-particle states to these structures, the 150Sm(12C,4nγγ) and 150Sm(13C,4nγγ) reactions at a beam energy of Elab = 65 MeV were used to study the low and medium spin structure of 158,159Er nuclei below spin 20~. The γ-γ coincidence events were detected in the nine escape-suppressed HPGe Clover detectors using the AFRODITE γ-ray spectrometer at the iThemba Laboratory for Accelerator Based Sciences. DCO ratios and γ-ray polarization measurements were used to establish the spins and parities of newly observed and confirm previously established rotational bands. The observed bands will be discussed in terms of both traditional quadrupole rotational-vibration models and recent predictions of octupole correlations in the N = 90 isotones and neighbouring nuclei. The data obtained will be compared with the spectroscopic systematics of neighbouring nuclei.