Os tubos flexíveis são amplamente utilizados na produção de petróleo offshore, para transporte de petróleo bruto, óleo e gás natural. Pelo fato de operarem em um ambiente muito agressivo e estarem sujeitos a diversos tipos de carregamentos como pressão interna, pressões externas, tração, compressão, flexão e torção, eles possuem uma estrutura bastante complexa composta por diversas camadas concêntricas, com finalidades estruturais diversas, que interagem entre si. Em termos de carregamento, a compressão, em especial, seja ela dinâmica ou estática representa um problema para estes tubos. Embora eles sejam projetados para suportar altas cargas de tração, por meio de armaduras metálicas helicoidais, têm resistência limitada para cargas de compressão. A presença de tais esforços pode causar falhas por instabilidade radial das armaduras de tração. Este modo de falha, conhecido há mais de duas décadas, é denominado birdcaging, devido à forma característica assumida pelas armaduras. Além dessa instabilidade radial, as armaduras podem sofrer uma instabilidade lateral, a qual é igualmente catastrófica para os tubos flexíveis. Este trabalho consiste em uma investigação destes modos de falha com base em modelos numéricos, usando o Método dos Elementos Finitos. Com tais ferramentas, objetiva-se estudar a mecânica dos fenômenos de instabilidade de armadura de tração, juntamente com os efeitos causados pela alteração de parâmetros construtivos e ambientais nestes modos de falha. / Flexible pipes are widely employed in offshore oil production. Their functions include transporting of crude oil, natural gas, chemicals and water injection. Since they operate in aggressive environments and are subjected to loads such as internal and external pressure, tension, compression, bending and torsion, these pipes are built with a complex multilayered structure. In terms of loading, compression, specially, dynamic or static, present a problem to these pipes. Their tensile armor layers are particularly designed to withstand high levels of tension, but not for compression. The presence of such loads may cause radial instability failure on the armor layers. This failure mode, known for almost three decades, is called birdcaging, due to the peculiar shape assumed by the armor tendons at the post-buckling. Besides radial instability, the tensile armor layers may also suffer from lateral instability, which is equally catastrophic in the operation of flexible pipes. This work consists on an investigation of these failure modes based on numerical models, using the Finite Element Method. With these tools, the mechanism that governs these instability phenomena can be understood, along with the effects caused by the alteration of design and environmental parameters on the failure modes.

Les matériaux céramiques sont des composants incontournables dans les blindages antibalistiques multicouches. Leur faible densité, typiquement deux à trois fois inférieure à celle de l’acier, combinée à une très haute résistance en compression les rends essentiel pour des applications d’armures légères. Le carbure de silicium est un matériau prometteur pour cette application en raison de sa faible densité et de sa dureté élevée en comparaison des autres céramiques. L’étude du lien entre la microstructure du matériau et son processus de fragmentation pendant l’impact est une étape importante afin d’optimiser les céramiques pour les applications de protection balistique.Quatre nuances de carbure de silicium denses avec différentes microstructures ont été étudiées, dont trois élaborées au cours de ces travaux. Pour cela, deux modes de frittage ont été utilisés (frittage en phase solide et frittage en phase liquide) ainsi que deux procédés de frittage (frittage naturel et frittage flash). Un soin particulier a été porté aux diverses étapes de la fabrication afin de produire des microstructures homogènes et denses. Des pièces de taille satisfaisante pour l’application ont été réalisées pour chaque nuance. Elles ont été soumises à des caractérisations microstructurales (microscopie électronique à balayage et en transmission, diffraction des rayons X, cartographie élémentaire, analyses chimiques) et mécaniques en quasi-statique (dureté, ténacité, contrainte à la rupture, module de Weibull) et en dynamique. La fragmentation dynamique des carbures de silicium a été étudiée grâce à des essais utilisant une configuration d’impact sur la tranche. Une première configuration a permis d’observer la phénoménologie et la chronologie de l’endommagement du matériau grâce à une caméra ultra-rapide. Une seconde configuration ‘sarcophage’ a permis d’observer la fragmentation des matériaux, c’est-à-dire le motif et la densité de fissuration des cibles. Il a été observé que la microstructure joue un rôle clef sur l’intensité de l’endommagement subit par la céramique pendant l’impact. Une bonne adéquation avec des simulations utilisant le modèle d’endommagement anisotrope Denoual-Forquin-Hild (DFH) a été mise en évidence. Une autre configuration expérimentale mettant en oeuvre un double impact sur une même cible a été utilisée afin de caractériser la résistance de la céramique endommagée. En parallèle, des essais balistiques avec des munitions 7,62x54mmR API B32 et 7,62x51mm AP8 ont été réalisés. La microstructure des céramiques a montré jouer un rôle important sur la performance balistique / Ceramics are a key component in multilayer armor structures. Their low density, typically two to three times lower than steel, combined with a high compressive strength make them essential materials for lightweight armor solutions. Silicon carbide is a promising material for this application due to its particularly low density and high hardness, even among other ceramics. However, armor performance is controlled by more than just the composition and understanding the link between the ceramic microstructure and the fragmentation process during the impact is essential to produce optimized and high performance materials for armor applications.Four dense silicon carbide grades with various microstructures have been used, including three produced during this work. For that, two sintering modes (solid state sintering and liquid phase sintering) and two sintering processes (pressureless sintering and spark plasma sintering) have been used. Particular care has been taken with ceramic processing in order to produce different homogenous and dense microstructures. Silicon carbide parts have been produced at a sufficient size for the application. They were submitted to microstructural characterization (scanning and transmission electronic microscopy, X-ray diffraction, elemental cartography, chemical analysis) and mechanical characterization in quasi-static mode (hardness, toughness, module of rupture, Weibull modulus) and dynamic mode. Dynamic fragmentation of silicon carbide grades has been studied by means of Edge-On Impact (EOI) experiments. A first configuration enabled the study of the damage process that spreads out within the tile thanks to an ultra-high speed camera. A second ‘sarcophagus’ configuration was used to enable observation of the target fragmentation, i.e., crack patterns and crack densities. It has been observed that the microstructure of ceramics plays a key role in the damage intensity generated during impact. A good match with a simulation using the Denoual-Forquin-Hild (DFH) anisotropic damage model has been highlighted. Another experimental configuration implying a double impact on ceramics has been used to characterize the resistance of the damaged target. In parallel, ballistic experiments with 7.62 x54mmR API B32 and 7.62x51mm AP8 threats have been performed. Microstructure of ceramics has been shown to play an important role on ballistic performance

No description available.

Theorists in war studies have since the 1940’s debated the issue of the connection between technology and tactical development, and at the end of the 1990’s a technological revolution in warfare was debated. As presented in this thesis the debate is far from completed. Lieutenant Commander Erik Öhrn made an effort to construct a general theory for this connection in 2011 at the Swedish Defense University. Preliminary studies prove that the theory is applicable for naval tactics. The purpose of this thesis is to examine if the theory is valid in mechanized tactics by studying the introduction of the Swedish Combat Vehicle 90. In using a qualitative method, searching for theoretical constructed indicators, this thesis finds shortages in the theory as a general theory for the connection between technology and tactical development. The definition and concept of technology is among these shortages, which is a crucial part of the understanding of the revolution debated in previous research.

No description available.

Fundamental understanding of high strain rate deformation behavior of materials is critical in designing new alloys for wide-ranging applications including military, automobile, spacecraft, and industrial applications. High entropy alloys, consisting of multiple elements in (near) equimolar proportions, represent a new paradigm in structural alloy design providing ample opportunity for achieving excellent performance in high strain rate applications by proper selection of constituent elements and/or thermomechanical processing. This dissertation is focused on fundamental understanding of high strain-rate deformation behavior of several high entropy alloy systems with widely varying microstructures. Ballistic impact testing of face centered cubic Al0.1CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy showed failure by ductile hole growth. The deformed microstructure showed extensive micro-banding and micro-twinning at low velocities while adiabatic shear bands and dynamic recrystallization were seen at higher velocities. The Al0.7CoCrFeNi and AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high entropy alloys, with BCC and FCC phases in lamellar morphology, showed failure by discing. A network of cracks coupled with small and inhomogeneous plastic deformation led to the brittle mode of failure in these eutectic alloys. Phase-specific mechanical behavior using small-scale techniques revealed higher strength and strain rate sensitivity for the B2 phase compared to the L12 phase. The interphase boundary demonstrated good stability without any cracks at high compressive strain rates. The Al0.3CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy with bimodal microstructure demonstrated an excellent combination of strength and ductility. Ballistic impact testing of Al0.3CoCrFeNi alloy showed failure by ductile hole growth and demonstrated superior performance compared to all the other high entropy alloy systems studied. The failure mechanism was dominated by micro-banding, micro-twining, and adiabatic shear localization. Comparison of all the high entropy alloy systems with currently used state-of-the-art rolled homogenous armor (RHA) steel showed a strong dependence of failure modes on microstructural features.

This thesis analyzes and documents the splint armor material from Valsgärde 8 and Vendel I,X, and XI. This armor is then contextualized in the warrior institutions, weapon-systems, and fighting techniques of warbands from Central Sweden. Analogies for the splint armor are sought after with the closest parallels being found around the Black Sea area, associated with Byzantine, Sassanid, and Steppe-Nomadic martial cultures. The systems of exchange between these two regions are then analyzed in order to inform as to where this armor came from, whyit is there in Central Sweden, and what this can tell us about the development of military contacts between Central Sweden and the Black Sea area during the Vendel Period. / Denna uppsats berör analysen och dokumentationen av det Vendeltida skenpansarmaterialet från Valsgärde 8 och Vendel I, X och XI, där skenpansarna sätts i kontext med krigarinstitutioner, vapensystem och stridstekniker från krigsband i Centrala Sverige. Analogier för dessa skenpansar med närmaste paralleller har påträffats i Svartahavsområdet och associeras med Bysantinska, Sasanidiska och stäppnomadiska krigarkulturer. Utbytessystem mellan dessa två regioner analyseras för att få förståelse för var denna typ av rustning härrör ifrån, varför den har hamnat i Centrala Sverige och vad de kan säga om utvecklingen av militära kontakter mellan Centrala Sverige och Svartahavsområdet under Vendeltiden.

No description available.

Les impacts non transfixiants sur les gilets pare-balles sont responsables de lésions non pénétrantes potentiellement létales, regroupées sous le terme d’effets arrière (Behind Armor Blunt Trauma : BABT). De telles lésions fermées se retrouvent également lors d’impacts thoraciques de projectiles d’Armes à Létalité Réduite cinétiques (ALRc). Afin d’améliorer le pouvoir protecteur des protections balistiques et de mieux maitriser le pouvoir vulnérant des ALRc, il est nécessaire de définir un critère lésionnel permettant de prédire l’importance des lésions en cas de traumatisme thoracique fermé de type balistique. Ce critère se doit d’être bien corrélé à la gravité du traumatisme, et de pouvoir être facilement transposable à l’ensemble des systèmes d’évaluation des protections balistiques et des ALRc. La gravité du traumatisme a été définie ici par le volume de la contusion pulmonaire. L’utilisation de cette valeur nécessitait le recours au modèle animal. Or, nous avons démontré que le thorax du modèle porcin n’offrait pas le même comportement biomécanique lors de l’impact que le thorax de l’adulte jeune. Nous avons donc développé un critère, l’impulsion de pression intrathoracique maximale (PImax), basé sur la mesure de la pression intrathoracique lors de l’impact, et donc indépendant du comportement biomécanique de la paroi thoracique vis-à-vis de ses effets sur le poumon. Ce critère très bien corrélé avec le volume de la contusion pulmonaire, quelque soit le type d’impact thoracique balistique (ALRc ou BABT), a l’avantage de pouvoir être transposable aux autres moyens d’évaluations balistiques tels que les modèles numériques ou mécaniques de thorax, afin de s’affranchir de l’expérimentation animale / When non-penetrating, impacts on bulletproof jackets can lead to potentially lethal blunt injuries known as behind armor blunt trauma (BABT). Impacts of less lethal kinetic weapons (LLKW) can also lead to such injuries. To both improve the protection capabilities of the BPJ and better comprehend the ounding potential of the LLKW, we need to design a wounding criterion to predict the injury severity of ballistic blunt thoracic trauma. In one hand, this criterion has to be well correlated with the severity of the injuries, and in the other hand, it has to be easily used with all the LLKW and BPJ assessment systems in use. First, we defined the pulmonary contusion volume as the severity of the injuries. Studying the pulmonary contusion involves the use of animal experiments. But we demonstrated that the biomechanics of the chest wall are different in animals and young adults. Then, we developed the maximum pressure impulse criterion (PImax). As it is based on the intrathoracic pressure measure during the blunt impact, it is independent from the chest wall behavior. This criterion can be used with the other assessment tools as the numerical simulation mechanical chest surrogates. This can help to reduce the use of animal experiments, which is more and more expensive, heavy and questionable on the ethical aspect

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:36:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Christiano Gianesi Bastos Andrade.pdf: 4665123 bytes, checksum: 8d1e670ead9649307d1227e06331c6af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-05 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The ballistic-resistant glass is composed of layers of glass, polycarbonate or the like, or a polyurethane and poly(vinyl butyral) resin through an autoclaving process joins materials by obtaining the desired properties. The thickness and the quantity of blades vary with the level of ballistic resistance to be attained. Each manufacturer has its own composition and the Brazilian Army is responsible for certification of glasses. The delamination occurs with aging of the glass with ballistic resistance. Knowledge of the change in mechanical properties due to delamination of the glass is an important data due to use of they. Were compared the properties of glass samples irradiated by gama irradiation with glass samples not irradiated. The tests used were atomic absorption spectrometry, hardness, compression, flexure stress rupture testing, and testing ballistic tunnel test according to standard ballistic - NBR 15000. The data showed that samples irradiated are less resistant in tensile strength and ballistic test. / O vidro com resistência balística é composto por camadas de vidro, policarbonato ou similares, poliuretano e poli(vinil butiral) e uma resina que por meio de um processo de autoclavagem une os materiais obtendo as propriedades desejadas. As espessuras bem como, a quantidade de lâminas variam de acordo com o nível de resistência balística que se deseja alcançar. Cada fabricante possui sua própria composição sendo o Exército Brasileiro o responsável pela certificação dos vidros com resistência balística. A delaminação ocorre com o envelhecimento do vidro com resistência balística. O conhecimento da alteração das propriedades mecânicas relacionado a delaminação do vidro é um importante dado em razão da utilização dos mesmos. Compararam-se as propriedades das amostras de vidro exposto à radiação gama com amostras de vidro não irradiados. Os ensaios utilizados foram espectrometria de absorção atômica, dureza, compressão, tensão de ruptura à flexão em três pontos e o ensaio balístico em túnel de prova segundo a norma de balística - NBR 15000. Os dados mostraram que as amostras irradiadas possuíam menor resistência no ensaio de flexão em três pontos e também apresentaram menor resistência no ensaio balístico.