Herramientas de edición en AutoCAD.

Herramientas de dibujo en AutoCAD

Σε αυτή τη διπλωματική εργασία ασχοληθήκαμε με τη δημιουργία βιβλιοθηκών στο AutoCAD οι οποίες περιέχουν σε ομάδες τα ηλεκτρολογικά σύμβολα που πρέπει να χρησιμοποιούνται σήμερα στα ηλεκτρολογικά σχέδια από όλους όσους είναι εμπλεκόμενοι με το θέμα. Σημασία έχει ότι τα ηλεκτρολογικά σύμβολα που έχουν χρησιμοποιηθεί είναι βασισμένα σε διεθνή κοινά πλέον πρότυπα με τα οποία κάθε χώρα εναρμονίζεται. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο ασχολούμαστε με την τυποποίηση που ισχύει και ακολούθως τα ηλεκτρολογικά σύμβολα που χρησιμοποιούμε. Ακολούθως κατατάσουμε τα σύμβολα σε ομάδες. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο περιγράφεται το περιβάλλον εργασίας του AutoCAD και οι ευκολίες που μας παρέχει ώστε να μπορούμε να δουλέψουμε και να κατασκευάσουμε τα σύμβολα που αναφέρονται στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο, ακολούθως γίνεται εκτενής αναφορά των εντολών αλλά και άλλων γενικών λειτουργιών του AutoCAD. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται λεπτομερής περιγραφή για τον τρόπο δημιουργίας βιβλιοθήκης στο AutoCAD και πως εισάγουμε τα σύμβολα που ήδη μάθαμε να σχεδιάζουμε με τις εντολές του δευτέρου κεφαλαίου. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια αναδρομή στους νόμους και κανονισμούς που ίσχυαν για τις ηλεκτρικές εγκαταστάσεις και ακολούθως καταγράφονται οι νέοι κανονισμοί που ισχύουν σήμερα καθώς και οι βασικές αλλαγές που έγιναν στους προηγούμενους κανονισμούς για τον εκσυγχρονισμό τους. Τέλος στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο περιγράφουμε τις εφαρμογές της βιβλιοθήκης που φτιάξαμε, σχεδιάζοντας μια τυπική εσωτερική ηλεκτρική εγκατάσταση βάσει των νόμων, κανονισμών και προτύπων που αναπτύξαμε στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο, χρησιμοποιώντας τις βιβλιοθήκες που δημιουργήσαμε στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο. Αναφέρεται ότι η όλη διαδικασία έγινε σε περιβάλλον AutoCAD της έκδοσης 2004. / In this final degree project we dealt with the creation of libraries in AutoCAD software that contains in teams the electrical symbols that should be used today in the electrical drawings from all that they are involved with the subject. Importance has that the electrical symbols that have been used have been based on international common standards, which each country will be supposed to use. In the first chapter we will deal with the standardization that is in effect and followingly the electrical symbols that will be used. In the second chapter we will describe the environment of the AutoCAD program and the facilities that it provides for us so that we can work in this environment and manufacture the symbols that we followingly located in the first chapter, next becomes extensive report of commands that will be used and also other general operations of AutoCAD. In the third chapter will become in detail description for how we create a library in AutoCAD and the way that we import the symbols that we learned already to draw with the commands of second chapter. In the fourth chapter we have made retrospection in the laws and regulations that were in effect for the electric installations and followingly are recorded the new regulations that are in effect today as well as the basic changes that became in previous for their modernization. Finally in the fifth chapter we will describe the applications of library that we made, drawing a formal internal electric installation base of laws, regulations and models that we developed in the fourth chapter and using the libraries that we created in the third chapter. It should it is reported that the all process became probably in environment AutoCAD of publication 2004 on this older or even newer publications of the software has small differences from those that are described.

This thesis discusses the design and implementation of a structured cabling system. A structured cabling is the way of standardizing the communications like telephony and ISDN in the buildings and facilitate the future scalability. In our case, we study the structured cabling system for a certain University building (in cooperation with Technical Services of University of Patras (Planning & Networks Directorate), University of Patras). The study of structured cabling is based in the necessities of the building. Depends of the building and its purpose the necessities are different. For a University building the structured cabling is design as a work place, so the study will be focus on a professional sphere, based in some defined standards. We need to define the exactly components that will be part of the system and their localization in the building, as well as their cost and installation. For this purpose we use AutoCAD in order to help us to define the needed components and their localization, with the help of some plans of the building. / -

The subject of the thesis is to create a 3D model and technical report of Letohrádek Mitrovských in Brno. I started with the history, location and description of this object. Other part of my work is focused on making of 3D model. I have made two different models in two different programs. The main spatial model has been made in program AutoCAD and additional model in program 123DCatch. Thesis will be provided for usage in the future for the administrator of object Letohrádek Mitrovských in Brno.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver um programa computacional, denominado CADDHIL, para auxílio no desenho, simulação e dimensionamento de projetos de irrigação localizada em ambiente gráfico do AutoCAD. Foram utilizadas as linguagens de programação Auto Lisp e Delphi na criação do programa, que permite o desenho, procedimentos de cálculos automáticos e simulações de várias situações durante a fase de projeto. O programa permite a seleção do tipo de emissor, gotejador ou microaspersor, cálculo da lâmina de água a aplicar na cultura, dimensionamento da tubulação lateral, de derivação e principal. No dimensionamento da tubulação lateral foram propostos dois métodos, o trecho a trecho e o hidráulico. No dimensionamento da tubulação de derivação foi utilizado o método da divisão em trechos. No dimensionamento da tubulação principal foi utilizado o método econômico do custo anual total simplificado. Os dados do projeto de irrigação são armazenados em um banco de dados que podem ser acessados posteriormente. O programa apresenta ainda, tabelas auxiliares com dados de coeficientes de rugosidade, diâmetros de tubulações e ferramentas para cálculos hidráulicos, normalmente utilizados em projetos de irrigação localizada. / The main objective of this work was to develop a software, denominated CADDHIL, to support drawing, simulation and design of localized irrigation projects with AutoCAD program. Auto Lisp and Delphi languages were used in the program construction, that allows the drawing, automatic calculations procedures and simulations for several situations in the project stage. The program allows the selection and calculation the emitter type, drip emitter or spray emitter, depth of water to be delivery to irrigation crop, design of lateral, manifold and main pipeline. In lateral pipeline design two methods were proposed: the step by step and the hydraulic one. In the manifold pipeline design, the section method was used. In the main pipeline design the economic method of the simplified total annual cost was used. The data of the irrigation project are saved in a database that can be accessed at any moment. The software presents auxiliary tables with data of friction coefficients, inside diameters and tools for hydraulic calculations, usually used in projects of localized irrigation.

AutoCAD sistemos papildymas sukurtas tam, kad būtų lengviau ir paprasčiau dirbti su AutoCAD grafine sistema. Funkcijos sukurtos naudojant AutoLisp ir VisualLISP programavimo kalbas. Sistemos papildymą galima įdiegti į bet kurią AutoCAD versiją. Sukurtas papildymas lankstus naujų funkcijų prijungimui, lengvai eksploatuojamas. Funkcijos suskirstytos į keletą grupių pagal jų formatą. / AutoCAD system complement is created to make more easy working with AutoCAD graphic system. Functions are created using AutoLisp and VisualLISP programming languages. System complement can be implement to whatever release of AutoCAD. Developed complement is flexible for adding new function, maintenance is simple. Functions are divided into some parts by format.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:59:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 3772690 bytes, checksum: e032df086ce22dd8ceaa668979d9ed25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work deals with the analysis of soil-structure interaction modeling of pipeline problems in static behavior using the coupling between Finite Element Method (FEM) and Boundary Element Method (BEM).The representation of the pipe is made by MEF using two finite elements in the cylindrical panel: The first, formulated from the classical theory of cylindrical shells by assumptions of Donnel and initially proposed by Djoudi & Bahai, using the Assumed Strain Based Model. The second formulated from the theory of equivalent discrete layers (Layerwise Theory), proposed by J. N. Reddy. The soil is represented by elastic continum infinite or semi-infinite and modeled using boundary elements with special curved surface, associated with cylindrical panel, used to represent the soil-structure interaction within the soil, especially at the contact surface with the pipe. Besides the mathematical representation of the model, this work propose a library DLL (Dynamic Link Library) written using the object-oriented programming (OOP) for processing soil structure interaction problems and a user-friendly environment built using the ObjectARX library for customizing AutoCAD. / Neste trabalho aborda-se a análise da interação solo-estrutura para modelagem de problemas de dutos em regime estático através do acoplamento entre o método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF) e o método dos elementos de contorno (MEC). A representação do duto homogêneo ou laminado é feita pelo MEF utilizando-se dois elementos finitos na forma de um painel cilíndrico: O primeiro foi desenvolvido a partir do modelo isotrópico homogêneo proposto inicialmente por Djoudi e Bahai, que utiliza a filosofia do modelo de deformações assumidas (Assumed Strain Based Model). O segundo foi proposto por Reddy e é baseado na teoria de camadas equivalentes discretas (Layerwise Theory). O solo é admitido ser um contínuo elástico infinito ou semi-infinito e modelado pelo MEC onde elementos de contorno especiais são propostos com superfície curva ou bordos curvos para representar a interação solo-estrutura principalmente nas superfícies de contato com o duto. Além da representação matemática do modelo da interação solo-estrutura, é proposta uma biblioteca DLL (Dynamic Link Library) escrita utilizando-se a filosofia de programação orientada a objetos (POO) para o processamento de problemas de interação solo estrutura e um ambiente amigável ao usuário construído a partir da biblioteca ObjectARX para customização do AutoCAD.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver um programa computacional, denominado CADDHIL, para auxílio no desenho, simulação e dimensionamento de projetos de irrigação localizada em ambiente gráfico do AutoCAD. Foram utilizadas as linguagens de programação Auto Lisp e Delphi na criação do programa, que permite o desenho, procedimentos de cálculos automáticos e simulações de várias situações durante a fase de projeto. O programa permite a seleção do tipo de emissor, gotejador ou microaspersor, cálculo da lâmina de água a aplicar na cultura, dimensionamento da tubulação lateral, de derivação e principal. No dimensionamento da tubulação lateral foram propostos dois métodos, o trecho a trecho e o hidráulico. No dimensionamento da tubulação de derivação foi utilizado o método da divisão em trechos. No dimensionamento da tubulação principal foi utilizado o método econômico do custo anual total simplificado. Os dados do projeto de irrigação são armazenados em um banco de dados que podem ser acessados posteriormente. O programa apresenta ainda, tabelas auxiliares com dados de coeficientes de rugosidade, diâmetros de tubulações e ferramentas para cálculos hidráulicos, normalmente utilizados em projetos de irrigação localizada. / The main objective of this work was to develop a software, denominated CADDHIL, to support drawing, simulation and design of localized irrigation projects with AutoCAD program. Auto Lisp and Delphi languages were used in the program construction, that allows the drawing, automatic calculations procedures and simulations for several situations in the project stage. The program allows the selection and calculation the emitter type, drip emitter or spray emitter, depth of water to be delivery to irrigation crop, design of lateral, manifold and main pipeline. In lateral pipeline design two methods were proposed: the step by step and the hydraulic one. In the manifold pipeline design, the section method was used. In the main pipeline design the economic method of the simplified total annual cost was used. The data of the irrigation project are saved in a database that can be accessed at any moment. The software presents auxiliary tables with data of friction coefficients, inside diameters and tools for hydraulic calculations, usually used in projects of localized irrigation.

STARKA Betongelement AB är ett privatägt företag med fokus på att tillverka prefabricerade betongelement. STARKA jobbar allt från projektering, tillverkning och montering av betongelement. Den process som framförallt studeras är deras projekteringsprocess, här planeras de olika elementen som ska tillverkas samt monteras. För tillverkningen samt montagen framställs ritningar som underlag för detta arbete, dessa ritningar består av detaljritningar. Framställningen av dessa detaljeringar är i dagsläget en tidskrävande process, därav är syftet av arbetet att kunna utveckla en effektivare arbetsmetod som kan både underlätta för konstruktörer samt minska den krävande arbetstiden. Under arbetet följs Design thinking processen som metod vid framtagning av lösningskonceptet. Metoden består av fyra grundläggande faser, med start att skapa förståelse för det problem som antagits. Vidare studeras området kring de problemet, genom olika litteraturstudier, observationer, intervjuer samt olika tester. Efter att ha format en bra grund, skapas olika idéer för hur problemet ska lösas. Slutligen implementeras det slutliga lösningskonceptet på verksamheten samt utvärderas. Resultat består av ett AutoLISP-program som samlar alla nödvändiga funktioner under ett program, för framtagning av detaljritningar till produktionen. De funktioner som förekommer i programmet är följande: måttsättning av detaljer, godsmåttsättning, snittlinje, armeringstext samt hitsymbol. Funktioner och dess specifikationer som används i programmet har identifierats genom intervjuer och observationer med konstruktörerna på STARKA. För montageritningar har två olika lösningar utvecklats, där den första angriper problemet som konstruktörer har vid framtagning av komplicerade detaljer. Detta uppnås genom att utnyttja konstruktionens 3D-modell för att generera de eftersträvade detaljritningar. Den andra lösningen har sitt fokus på att generalisera olika standarddetaljer samt eliminera överflödig information, så som yttermått. Detta skapar i sin tur en bättre förutsättning för fler generella detaljer som kan återanvändas i nya ritningar för att bespara arbetstid. Som slutsats för produktionsritningar, underlättas arbetet genom att programmet samlar alla nödvändiga funktioner. Eftersom funktionerna har sina förinsatta specifikationer, uppstår inget behov att konfigurera de i efterhand och insättningen blir korrekt från första steget. Konstruktörerna har funnit lösningen hjälpsam samt har förenklat deras arbete genom att effektivisera handpåläggning och korta ned arbetstid. Gällande montageritningar, anses användningen av 3D-modeller vara väldigt krävande för datorer, men ett bra hjälpmedel vid komplicerade detaljer. För de vanliga detaljerna underlättar det att kunna använda generaliserade standarddetaljer för att slippa skapa och redigera nya till varje projekt. / STARKA Betongelement AB is a privately owned company with a focus on manufacturing prefabricated concrete elements. STARKA works with everything from design, manufacturing to the assembly of concrete elements. The process that is mainly studied is their design process, here the different elements are planned to be manufactured and assembled. For the manufacture and assembly, drawings are produced as a basis for this work, these drawings consist of detailed drawings. The creation of these details is currently a time-consuming process; hence, this study aims to develop a more efficient working method that can both make it easier for designers and reduce demanding working hours. During the work, the design thinking process is followed as a method when developing the solution. The method consists of four primary phases, starting with understanding the problem that has been given. Furthermore, the area of the problem is studied, through various literature studies, observations, interviews and various tests. After forming a good foundation, different ideas are created to solve the problem. Finally, the final solution is implemented at the company and the implementation was evaluated. Results consist of an AutoLISP-program that consists of all the necessary functions under one program, to create the detailed drawings for production. The functions that appear in the program are as follows: measurement of details, in-cast goods measurement, cut line, reinforcement text and “hitsymbol”. Features and their specifications used in the program have been identified through interviews and observations with the engineers at STARKA. For assembly drawings, two different solutions have been developed, the first of which tackles engineers' problems in creating complicated details. This is achieved by utilizing the construction’s 3D-model to create the desired detailed drawings. The second solution focuses on generalizing different standard parts and eliminating excess information, such as external dimensions. This in turn creates a better prerequisite for more general details that can be reused in new drawings to save working time. s a conclusion for production drawings, the work is facilitated by the program consist of all the necessary functions. Since the features have their pre-inserted specifications, there is no need to configure them afterwards and the insertion becomes correct from the first step. The designers have found the solution helpful and have simplified their work by making “handpåläggning” more efficient and reducing working hours. “Handpåläggning” consist of the functions and methods that the engineers at STARKA use to finalize the drawings. Regarding assembly drawings, the use of 3D-models is considered to be very demanding on computers, but good assistance in complicated details. The standard details make it easier to use standard generalized details to avoid creating and editing new ones for each project.