Railways are one of the largest transportation networks in the world that play an important role in the mass transportation of both the passengers and freight. The speed of trains and as well as the axial load carrying capacity have been increasing significantly during the past few decades to keep in pace with the population and economy growth and to compete with other modes of transportation such as the road, air and water transportation system. Billions of dollars are spent annually for maintenance of rail tracks in the world. The efficient and optimum use of these funds is a challenging task that demands innovative and cutting edge technologies in railway engineering. The railway subgrade is an important part of railway foundation and should be capable of providing a suitable base supporting the ballast and subballast to accommodate the stresses due to traffic loads without failure or excessive deformation. The progressive shear failure is a well-known and age old challenging problem for railways over the world for centuries. The subgrade of railway track which typically constitutes of fine-grained material tends to fail through the accumulation of soil movements up- and sideward developing a path for the least resistance along which progressive shear failure occurs under repeated train-induced loads and due to the effects of climate factors. To-date, limited number of studies have addressed failure mechanism associated with the progressive shear failure, especially using the mechanics of unsaturated soils. In this thesis, a novel and first of its kind, Visual Basic program developed in AutoCAD environment based on Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria and unsaturated soil mechanics theory. This program is capable of taking account of the influence of matric suction and simulate progressive shear failure in the subgrade under moving train. Simulation results suggest several parameters that include stress distribution, matric suction, cohesion, coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest, and coefficient of residual friction as well as the angle of internal friction have a significant effect on the progressive shear failure and the shape of failure planes in the subgrade. The progressive shear failure in subgrade can be reduced by increasing matric suction, cohesion, coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest, and coefficient of residual friction as well as the angle of internal friction, and optimizing combination of these parameters. The simulation results suggest the progressive shear failure can be well simulated with the Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria. Several suggestions are made for railway subgrade construction and maintenance based on the results of this study.

The subject of this diploma thesis is the creating 3D model and building plans of the main building of the hospice in Rajhrad. The first part includes information about locality and description of surveying. The following section is devoted to 3D modeling in AutoCAD, and creation of the specific model. Last part of the thesis deals with the procedure for creating building plans and testing accuracy. All outputs of this work will serve for an increasing efficiency of management of this building owned by the Regional charity Rajhrad.

Master thesis is focused on formation of digital terrain model. The aim of work is to become acquainted with a dilemma in regard to terrain formation theory from the very beginning of data gathering process up to landscape digital model creation of interested area. The result of thesis is to compare advantages and disadvantages of particular programs destined for 3D modelling (ArcGIS, AutoCAD, Atlas DMT, Microstation, Catia, SolidWorks) in relation to geodetics and geoinformatics.

The main task of this thesis is to find out dimensions of family house from photos and after that use this dimensions to create a 3D model. Another task is to create and then test optimal procedure of taking photographs of house for the purpose of work in PhotoModeler software and subsequent processing in Autocad. The result is a model that serves for creation of sections and taking measurements necessary for valuations of a family house. The optimum process should be a compromise of the simplest and the most accurate method of creating 3D models.

Within the master’s thesis a design of the graphic module of database design for generate grawing documentation was worked out.

The master thesis is focused on the design and assessment of the monolithic structure of an office building, respectively their main parts - slab, span, columns and basement wall. The static solution is performed in the SCIA Engineer 20.0.2028 computer program. The output of the thesis is a static calculation and drawing part, which is processed in AutoCAD software.

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att ta reda på de kompetenser och färdigheter en nybliven arbetsledare inom produktion behöver erhållit. I bakgrunden beskrivs det vad en arbetsledare är för något samt vad den har för arbetsuppgifter översiktligt. I denna studie har det använts två olika metoder för datainsamling i form av en litteraturstudie samt en kvalitativ intervjustudie. I intervjustudien intervjuades det fem arbetsledare samt en platschef inom både anläggning och husbyggnad, i litteraturstudien granskades det ett flertalvetenskapliga rapporter och examensarbeten inom ämnet som därefter skulle styrkas av respondenternas svar. Utifrån intervjustudien kunde samlade data granskas och sammanställas för att skriva resultatet. Resultatet visar på att man som arbetsledare har flera olika arbetsuppgifter såsom planering, samordning samt problemlösning. Men den visade även på att man som en bra arbetsledare behöver ha egenskaper såsom ödmjukhet, bra kommunikation och bestämdhet kring planering, ekonomihantering och tidplansplanering. Om man lyckades uppfylla följande egenskaper skulle man komma långt som arbetsledare samt förhindra problem som annars hade uppstått. Det framkom även att man som nybliven arbetsledare upplever sina första månader olika beroende på hur infasningen av rollen som arbetsledare såg ut. Där många av respondenterna beskrev att det var mest lämpligt att utse en kompetent, öppen och villig mentor. För att den nyblivna arbetsledaren ska få möjligheten till att utvecklas och lära sig för att därefter kunna utföra arbetet självgående. Slutsatsen visar på att man efter en högskoleutbildning ska ha med sig grundläggande kunskaper om bland annat programvaror såsom EXCEL och Bluebeam. Men även grundläggande kunskaper inom bland annat mängdberäkning, ritningsläsning, konstruktionsteknik, byggnadsmekanik samt byggnadsmaterial. Färdigheter man får med sig från en högskoleutbildning ger möjligheten till de flesta jobben inom byggbranschen. Medan en yrkeshögskoleutbildning är mer anpassad till rollen som arbetsledare då utbildningen har en kombination av praktik och grundläggande teori. Detta lägger grunden för de kompetenser och färdigheter man behöver som nybliven arbetsledare. Men det viktigaste som nybliven arbetsledare är att man är ödmjuk, visar intresse och nyfikenhet, att man är ambitiös och vågar ställa frågor. / The aim of this thesis is to determine the competencies and skills required by a newly appointed production supervisor. The background provides an overview of the role and responsibilities of a supervisor in production. This study employed two different methods of data collection, a literature review and qualitative interviews. The interview study involved five supervisors and one site manager in both construction and building projects, while the literature review examined several scientific reports and theses on the subject, which were then validated by the respondents' answers. Based on the interview study, the collected data were reviewed and compiled to form the results. The findings demonstrate that a supervisor has various tasks, including planning, coordination, and problem-solving. It also highlights the qualities that make a good supervisor, such as humility, effective communication, and decisiveness in areas such as planning, financial management, and scheduling. Possessing these qualities enables supervisors to excel and prevent potential issues. The study also revealed that the initial experiences of newly appointed supervisors vary depending on how the transition into the role is managed. Many respondents described the appointment of a competent, open, and willing mentor as the most suitable approach. This provides individuals with opportunities for development and learning, ultimately enabling them to work independently. So, in conclusion after completing a higher education degree individuals should possess fundamental knowledge of software applications like EXCEL and Bluebeam as well as basic skills in quantity estimation, blueprint reading, construction techniques, structural mechanics, and building materials. Engineering education equips individuals with the necessary skills for most jobs in the construction industry, while vocational education tailored to the role of supervisor combines practical experience with fundamental theory. These educational foundations contribute to the competencies and skills needed for newly appointed supervisors. However, the most important thing as a newly appointed supervisor is to be humble, show interest and curiosity, be ambitious and willing to ask questions.

One of the major sources of air pollution in the United States metropolitan areas is due to automobiles. With the huge growth of motor vehicles and, greater dependence on them, air pollution problems have been aggravated. According to the EPA, nearly 95% of carbon monoxide (CO ) (EPA 1999) in urban areas comes from mobile sources, of which 51% is contributed by on road vehicles. It is well known fact that, carbon monoxide is one of the major mobile source pollutants and CO has detrimental effects on the human health. Carbon monoxide is the result of mainly incomplete combustion of gasoline in motor vehicles (FDOT 1996). The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) gives important considerations to the actions to be taken. Transportation conformity . The Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA, 1970) was an important step in meeting the National Ambient Air Quality Standards In order to evaluate the effects of CO and Particulate Matter (PM) impacts based on the criteria for NAAQS standards, it is necessary to conduct dispersion modeling of emissions for mobile source emissions. Design of transportation engineering systems (roadway design) should take care of both the flow of the traffic as well as the air pollution aspects involved. Roadway projects need to conform to the State Implementation Plan (SIP) and meet the NAAQS. EPA guidelines for air quality modeling on such roadway intersections recommend the use of CAL3QHC. The model has embedded in it CALINE 3.0 (Benson 1979) – a line source dispersion model based on the Gaussian equation. The model requires parameters with respect to the roadway geometry, fleet volume, averaging time, surface roughness, emission factors, etc. The CAL3QHC model is a DOS based model which requires the modeling parameters to be fed into an input file. The creation of input the file is a tedious job. Previous work at UCF, resulted in the development of CALQVIEW, which expedites this process of creating input files, but the task of extracting the coordinates still has to be done manually. The main aim of the thesis is to reduce the analysis time for modeling emissions from roadway intersections, by expediting the process of extracting the coordinates required for the CAL3QHC model. Normally, transportation engineers design and model intersections for the traffic flow utilizing tools such as AutoCAD, Microstation etc. This thesis was to develop advanced software allowing graphical editing and coordinates capturing from an AutoCAD file. This software was named as CALQCAD. This advanced version will enable the air quality analyst to capture the coordinates from an AutoCAD 2004 file. This should expedite the process of modeling intersections and decrease analyst time from a few days to few hours. The model helps to assure the air quality analyst to retain accuracy during the modeling process. The idea to create the standalone interface was to give the AutoCAD user full functionality of AutoCAD tools in case editing is required to the main drawing. It also provides the modeler with a separate graphical user interface (GUI).

O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi justificar a proposta de utilização de um novo método tomográfico (cone beam) de avaliação das espessuras ósseas alveolares, maxilares e mandibulares, por meio de testes objetivos das Condições de Repetitividade e de Precisão Intermediária associadas à variação intra e interoperadores, e conforme a utilização de programa computacional independente (AutoCAD®) para a realização das medições, aplicadas à sequência do Procedimento Operacional Padrão (POP) definido para este experimento. A Fase I da pesquisa registrou os critérios de obtenção da qualidade final das imagens tomográficas definitivas, a partir de equipamento iCAT® (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, Pa), com parâmetros de aquisição de 120KVp, 37,7mA e 26,9s, e considerando FOV cilíndrico de 13cm e matriz de 512x512 pixels. A resolução do voxel foi de 0,25mm; A Fase II registrou os critérios exploratórios relativos às condições operacionais do software de visualização, registro (inspeção e identificação) e medição das grandezas selecionadas. A Fase III registrou a realização dos testes de repetitividade e de reprodutibilidade das medidas. Um total de 72 grandezas lineares foram previamente definidas e metodologicamente testadas em sua qualidade de inspeção, identificação e medição, a partir da avaliação de sete (7) operadores independentes, cinco dos quais eram especialistas e com Mestrado Acadêmico em Ortodontia pela FOUSP e, o outro, especialista em Radiologia Odontológica e Doutor em Diagnóstico Bucal (FOUSP). Os examinadores foram previamente instruídos, calibrados e treinados considerando os requerimentos necessários à execução dos testes propostos. O protocolo de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo (Parecer CAAE 0120.0.017.000-11). A análise estatística dependeu da utilização de Modelo de Componentes de Variância (hierárquico), e foram consideradas como fontes de variação: as medidas, efetuadas por um mesmo operador ou por diferentes operadores; a face considerada, vestibular ou lingual/palatina; os locais (três níveis de espessura óssea alveolar) em cada uma das faces e, ainda, os diferentes dentes. Esta análise foi realizada de forma separada para mandíbula e maxila. Valores de p<0,05 indicaram significância estatística. Os resultados indicaram significativa confiabilidade geral no método proposto, considerando a Condição de Repetitividade, com apenas 0,24% da variabilidade maxilar total atribuível a um único operador, e mandibular de 0,53%; e com valores expressivos relativos às incertezas de medida maxilares (0,156mm) e mandibulares (0,091mm), desse modo atestando significativa consistência interna (repetibilidade) do método. Os testes da Condição de Precisão Intermediária também indicaram significativa confiabilidade geral no método proposto, com apenas 1,52% da variabilidade total mandibular atribuível à participação de diversos operadores, e maxilar de 0,25%; e com valores também expressivos relativos às incertezas de medida mandibulares (0,149mm) e maxilares (0,158mm), desse modo atestando significativa condição final de reprodutibilidade. Conclui-se que a utilização de imagens provenientes de tomógrafo iCAT®, conforme indicação de resolução de imagem com voxel de 0,25mm, em humanos vivos e a partir de cortes trans-axiais sistematicamente operacionalizados com auxílio de Software AutoCAD®, propicia a geração de condições metodológicas suficientemente favoráveis à obtenção de mapeamento quantitativo linear de espessuras ósseas alveolares, vestibulares e palatinas/linguais, tanto para a maxila quanto para a mandíbula. / This research aimed to justify the proposed use of a new tomography method (cone beam) in the clinical assessment of alveolar, maxillary and mandibular bone width, through objective tests of the Conditions of Repetitiveness and Intermediate Precision associated with intra- and inter-operator variation, using the independent computer program (AutoCAD®) for the execution of the measurements according to the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) sequence defined for this experiment. Phase I of the research recorded the criteria for obtaining the final quality of the tomography images, using iCAT® (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, Pa, USA) equipment with acquisition parameters 120KVp, 37.7mA, and 26.9s, and considering cilindric field-of-view (FOV) of 13cm and 512x512 pixels matrix. The voxel resolution was 0.25mm. Phase II recorded the exploratory criteria relative to the operational conditions of the visualization software, registry (visual inspection and landmark identification) and measurement of the selected magnitudes. Phase III recorded the tests of repeatability and reproducibility of the measurements. A total of 72 linear magnitudes were previously defined and methodologically tested for their quality of inspection, identification and measurement, based on assessment by seven (7) independent operators, five of whom were specialists, with masters degrees in Orthodontics from FOUSP; and the other, a specialist in Dental Radiology and Doctor of Oral Diagnosis (FOUSP). The examiners were previously instructed, calibrated and trained according to the requirements for performing the proposed tests. The research protocol was approved by the Committee for Ethics in Research of the Faculty of Dentistry at the University of São Paulo (Protocol # 102/11-CAAE 0120.0.017.000-11). Statistical analysis used the (hierarchical) Components of Variation Model, and the sources of variation were considered to be: the measurements, made by the same operator or by different operators; the face considered, whether vestibular or lingual/palatal; the locations (three levels of alveolar bone thickness) in each of the faces and, also, the different teeth. This analysis was carried out separately for the mandible and the maxilla. Values of p<0.05 indicated statistical significance. The results indicated overall significant reliability in the proposed method considering the Condition of Repetitiveness, with only 0.24% of total maxillary, and 0.53% of mandibular, variability attributable to a single operator; and with expressive values relative to measurement uncertainties of maxillary (0.156 mm) and mandibular (0.091mm) averages, thereby attesting to significant internal consistency (\"repeatability\") of the method. Tests for the Condition of Intermediate Precision also indicated overall significant reliability of the proposed method, with only 1.52% total mandibular, and 0.25% maxillary, variability attributable to the participation of the various operators; and, also, with expressive values relative to measurement uncertainties of mandibular (0.149mm) and maxillary (0.158mm) averages, thereby attesting to the significant final condition of reproducibility. It is concluded that the use of images from iCAT® tomography, as indicated by image resolution with voxels of 0.25mm, in live humans and from transaxial cuts performed systematically with the help of AutoCAD® Software, provides methodological conditions sufficiently favorable for obtaining linear quantitative mapping of alveolar, vestibular and palatal/lingual bone thicknesses, for both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches.

O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi justificar a proposta de utilização de um novo método tomográfico (cone beam) de avaliação das espessuras ósseas alveolares, maxilares e mandibulares, por meio de testes objetivos das Condições de Repetitividade e de Precisão Intermediária associadas à variação intra e interoperadores, e conforme a utilização de programa computacional independente (AutoCAD®) para a realização das medições, aplicadas à sequência do Procedimento Operacional Padrão (POP) definido para este experimento. A Fase I da pesquisa registrou os critérios de obtenção da qualidade final das imagens tomográficas definitivas, a partir de equipamento iCAT® (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, Pa), com parâmetros de aquisição de 120KVp, 37,7mA e 26,9s, e considerando FOV cilíndrico de 13cm e matriz de 512x512 pixels. A resolução do voxel foi de 0,25mm; A Fase II registrou os critérios exploratórios relativos às condições operacionais do software de visualização, registro (inspeção e identificação) e medição das grandezas selecionadas. A Fase III registrou a realização dos testes de repetitividade e de reprodutibilidade das medidas. Um total de 72 grandezas lineares foram previamente definidas e metodologicamente testadas em sua qualidade de inspeção, identificação e medição, a partir da avaliação de sete (7) operadores independentes, cinco dos quais eram especialistas e com Mestrado Acadêmico em Ortodontia pela FOUSP e, o outro, especialista em Radiologia Odontológica e Doutor em Diagnóstico Bucal (FOUSP). Os examinadores foram previamente instruídos, calibrados e treinados considerando os requerimentos necessários à execução dos testes propostos. O protocolo de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo (Parecer CAAE 0120.0.017.000-11). A análise estatística dependeu da utilização de Modelo de Componentes de Variância (hierárquico), e foram consideradas como fontes de variação: as medidas, efetuadas por um mesmo operador ou por diferentes operadores; a face considerada, vestibular ou lingual/palatina; os locais (três níveis de espessura óssea alveolar) em cada uma das faces e, ainda, os diferentes dentes. Esta análise foi realizada de forma separada para mandíbula e maxila. Valores de p<0,05 indicaram significância estatística. Os resultados indicaram significativa confiabilidade geral no método proposto, considerando a Condição de Repetitividade, com apenas 0,24% da variabilidade maxilar total atribuível a um único operador, e mandibular de 0,53%; e com valores expressivos relativos às incertezas de medida maxilares (0,156mm) e mandibulares (0,091mm), desse modo atestando significativa consistência interna (repetibilidade) do método. Os testes da Condição de Precisão Intermediária também indicaram significativa confiabilidade geral no método proposto, com apenas 1,52% da variabilidade total mandibular atribuível à participação de diversos operadores, e maxilar de 0,25%; e com valores também expressivos relativos às incertezas de medida mandibulares (0,149mm) e maxilares (0,158mm), desse modo atestando significativa condição final de reprodutibilidade. Conclui-se que a utilização de imagens provenientes de tomógrafo iCAT®, conforme indicação de resolução de imagem com voxel de 0,25mm, em humanos vivos e a partir de cortes trans-axiais sistematicamente operacionalizados com auxílio de Software AutoCAD®, propicia a geração de condições metodológicas suficientemente favoráveis à obtenção de mapeamento quantitativo linear de espessuras ósseas alveolares, vestibulares e palatinas/linguais, tanto para a maxila quanto para a mandíbula. / This research aimed to justify the proposed use of a new tomography method (cone beam) in the clinical assessment of alveolar, maxillary and mandibular bone width, through objective tests of the Conditions of Repetitiveness and Intermediate Precision associated with intra- and inter-operator variation, using the independent computer program (AutoCAD®) for the execution of the measurements according to the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) sequence defined for this experiment. Phase I of the research recorded the criteria for obtaining the final quality of the tomography images, using iCAT® (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, Pa, USA) equipment with acquisition parameters 120KVp, 37.7mA, and 26.9s, and considering cilindric field-of-view (FOV) of 13cm and 512x512 pixels matrix. The voxel resolution was 0.25mm. Phase II recorded the exploratory criteria relative to the operational conditions of the visualization software, registry (visual inspection and landmark identification) and measurement of the selected magnitudes. Phase III recorded the tests of repeatability and reproducibility of the measurements. A total of 72 linear magnitudes were previously defined and methodologically tested for their quality of inspection, identification and measurement, based on assessment by seven (7) independent operators, five of whom were specialists, with masters degrees in Orthodontics from FOUSP; and the other, a specialist in Dental Radiology and Doctor of Oral Diagnosis (FOUSP). The examiners were previously instructed, calibrated and trained according to the requirements for performing the proposed tests. The research protocol was approved by the Committee for Ethics in Research of the Faculty of Dentistry at the University of São Paulo (Protocol # 102/11-CAAE 0120.0.017.000-11). Statistical analysis used the (hierarchical) Components of Variation Model, and the sources of variation were considered to be: the measurements, made by the same operator or by different operators; the face considered, whether vestibular or lingual/palatal; the locations (three levels of alveolar bone thickness) in each of the faces and, also, the different teeth. This analysis was carried out separately for the mandible and the maxilla. Values of p<0.05 indicated statistical significance. The results indicated overall significant reliability in the proposed method considering the Condition of Repetitiveness, with only 0.24% of total maxillary, and 0.53% of mandibular, variability attributable to a single operator; and with expressive values relative to measurement uncertainties of maxillary (0.156 mm) and mandibular (0.091mm) averages, thereby attesting to significant internal consistency (\"repeatability\") of the method. Tests for the Condition of Intermediate Precision also indicated overall significant reliability of the proposed method, with only 1.52% total mandibular, and 0.25% maxillary, variability attributable to the participation of the various operators; and, also, with expressive values relative to measurement uncertainties of mandibular (0.149mm) and maxillary (0.158mm) averages, thereby attesting to the significant final condition of reproducibility. It is concluded that the use of images from iCAT® tomography, as indicated by image resolution with voxels of 0.25mm, in live humans and from transaxial cuts performed systematically with the help of AutoCAD® Software, provides methodological conditions sufficiently favorable for obtaining linear quantitative mapping of alveolar, vestibular and palatal/lingual bone thicknesses, for both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches.