Orientador: Caroline Joy Steel / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T01:27:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ishida_PatriciaMelloGarrido_M.pdf: 10468557 bytes, checksum: e14750e5c86d022d5e7540a7e8e04a2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O uso de fibras brancas se mostra como uma alternativa de enriquecimento de fibras ao pão diminuindo os efeitos sensoriais negativos das fibras comuns, como coloração mais escura em relação aos pães sem fibras. Dentre as fibras brancas disponíveis temos as fibra de trigo-TR e aveia-AV (insolúveis) e a goma acácia-GA (solúvel). O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar os efeitos de fibras brancas aplicadas em pães de forma, avaliando possíveis alterações na qualidade tecnológica e a aceitação sensorial dos pães. Este trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas: 1 - Estudo das características físico-químicas e sensoriais de pães de forma comerciais (brancos e integrais) do mercado brasileiro e; 2 - Estudo do efeito de fibras brancas na qualidade de pão de forma. Na Etapa 1, foram adquiridas 12 amostras de pães brancos e integrais consumidos no Brasil. Foram obtidos volumes específicos entre 3,88 e 5,37 mL/g para pães brancos e integrais. Os miolos no primeiro dia apresentaram: umidade 37,03 e 41,23%, aw 0,954 e 0,966, firmeza 267,8 e 276,3 gf; e média de cor: L* 74,73 e 64,45, a* 0,37 e 3,85 e b* 15,51 e 18,98 para pães brancos e integrais respectivamente. No período analisado, todos mostraram aumento da firmeza, diminuição de umidade e aw e a cor praticamente não foi alterada. Na análise sensorial (6 pães n=121), 67,8% eram mulheres e 72,7% consumiam pão de forma de 2 a 7 vezes semanalmente. Os três fatores mais importantes no ato da compra foram sabor (19,6%), maciez (16,8%) e validade (14,3%). 67,8% disseram preferir pão com fibras, 82,6% disseram que provavelmente ou certamente comprariam um pão branco com fibras. No teste de aceitação, apenas em relação à textura os pães brancos foram mais aceitos do que os integrais. O Mapa de Preferência Interno mostrou que um pão branco foi o mais aceito. Na Etapa 2, foram produzidos pães, utilizando um planejamento completo central 23, tendo como variáveis independentes TR (0 a 10%), AV (0 a 10%) e GA (0 a 5%). Foram obtidos volumes específicos de 3,30-4,97 mL/g para os ensaios e 5,00 mL/g para o controle (FC). Os miolos no primeiro dia apresentaram: umidade 36,98-42,58%, aw 0,948-0,965, firmeza 193,9-404,4 gf e para FC: 37,53%, 0,954, 227,5 gf. A cor dos miolos no primeiro dia foi de: L* 73,46-78,08, a* 0,36-1,10 e b* 15,95-18,93 e FC: L* 79,08, a* 0,35, b* 14,90. O valor de ?E variou de 1,69 a 6,62 neste dia. As fibras de trigo e aveia aumentaram: absorbância (Abs) e tempos de chegada (TC), desenvolvimento (TD) e saída (TS), umidade, aw e firmeza e; diminuíram a extensibilidade (E). A goma acácia aumentou E, diminuiu Abs, TC, TD, TS. As três fibras diminuíram o volume específico e L* e aumentaram a* e b*. As três formulações da validação dos modelos foram: FF (2,5% GA); FR1 (6% AV e 2,5% GA) e FR2 (2% TR, 4% AV e 2,5% GA). Abs, umidade, aw, L* e b* apresentaram alta correlação entre valores preditos e experimentais. No teste de aceitação (n=121) não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para aparência, aroma, sabor, textura e impressão global. FR2 apresentou a maior redução nos índices de hidrólise (-24,9%) e glicêmico (-14,4%), 6,7% de fibras totais e boa aceitação pelos consumidores / Abstract: The use of white fibers is shown as an alternative enrichment fiber bread minimize their negative sensory fibers common as darker compared to bread without fiber. Among the white fibers available have the fiber wheat-TR and oats-AV (insoluble) and gum acacia-GA (soluble). The objective of this study was to assess the effects of white fibers applied to pan bread, assessing possible changes in the technological quality and sensory acceptance of the loaves. This work was divided into two steps: 1 - Study the physical-chemical characteristics and sensory analysis of commercial pan bread (white and whole grain) and; 2 - Study the effect of white fibers on the quality of bread. In Step 1, 12 samples were acquired white and whole breads consumed in Brazil. Specific volumes were obtained between 3.88 and 5.37 mL/g for white and whole grain breads. The brains were on the first day: moisture 37.03 and 41.23%, aw 0.954 and 0.966, firmness 267.8 and 276.3 gf and color average: L* 74.73 and 64.45, a* 0.37 and 3.85 and b* 15.51 and 18.98 for white bread and whole bread respectively. In the period analyzed, all showed increased strength, reduced moisture and aw and the color was practically not changed. In the sensory analysis (6 breads, n = 121), 67.8% were women and 72.7% ate bread 2-7 times a week. The three most important factors in the purchase were flavor (19.6%), tenderness (16.8%) and validity (14.3%). 67.8% said they preferred bread with fiber, 82.6% said they probably or definitely buy a white bread with fiber. In acceptance testing, only in relation to the texture white breads were more acceptable than the whole. The internal preference mapping showed that a white bread was more accepted. In Step 2, buns were produced using a central composite 23, having as independent variables TR (0-10%), AV (0-10%) and GA (0-5%). We obtained specific volumes from 3.30 to 4.97 mL/g for the trials and 5.00 mL/g for the control (FC). The brains were on the first day: moisture 36.98-42.58%, aw 0.948-0.965, firmness 193.9-404.4 gf and FC: 37.53%, 0.954, 227.5 gf. The color of the brains on te first day was: L* 73.46-78.08, a* 0.36-1.10 and b* 15.95-18.93 and FC: L* 79.08, a* 0.35, b* 14.90.The value of ?E ranged from 1.69 to 6.62 on this day. The wheat and oat fibers have increased: Absorbance (Abs), arival (TC), development (TD), output (TS) times, moisture, firmness and aw, and decreased extensibility (E). Acacia gum increased E and decreased Abs, TC, TD, TS. The three fibers decreased the specific volume and L* and increased a* and b*. The three formulations of the validation of the models were: FF (GA 2.5%), FR1 (AV 6% and GA 2.5%) and FR2 (TR 2%, AV 4% and GA 2.5%). Abs, moisture, aw, L* and b* values showed a high correlation between predicted and experimental values. In the acceptance test (n = 121) were not significant differences for appearance, aroma, flavor, texture and overall impression. FR2 showed the greatest reduction in hydrolysis index (-24.9%) and glycemic index (-14.4%), 6.7% of total fiber and good consumer acceptance / Mestrado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestra em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Microbial biosensor systems (MBS) are useful for analyte detection owing to their low cost, sensitivity, and selectivity for bioavailable analytes. Due to typically poor shelf-life and sensitivity to external conditions, there are few reports of MBS technology applied to simple analytical devices. The effectiveness of air-drying MBS in natural polymers was investigated as a novel preservation technique. Two colorimetric Escherichia coli MBS, a tetracycline-inducible reporter and an arsenate-inducible reporter, were dried on various substrates yielding novel MBS platforms. In proof-of-concept experiments performed in 96-well microplates, both systems demonstrated responsivity after air-drying in low concentrations of pullulan. However, the MBS were unresponsive following brief storage of 1 week. To improve the preservation of MBS, sensing strips were created by air-drying concentrated acacia gum-based MBS suspensions onto paper. Cells dried on these strips demonstrated responsivity upon solubilization in various tube-based assays. MBS sensing strip responsivity was demonstrated following storage for 6 weeks at 4 °C. Tetracycline-responsive sensing strips also performed well in assays using spiked lake water samples. Air-drying in natural polymers was an effective MBS preservation technique, and allowed for the creation of “mix and read” style assays which were simple, equipment-free and ready-to-use. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Les gommes d’Acacia (AG, E414EC) sont largement utilisées par ses propriétés stabilisantes, émulsifiantes et filmogènes. Le but de ce projet de thèse consiste à caractériser les propriétés interfaciales et émulsifiantes des gommes d’Acacia. Les études des propriétés interfaciales liquide-liquide ont confirmé que l’A. senegal permettait une plus grande diminution de la tension interfaciale et une formation plus rapide de films à l’interface. Ceci est en accord avec sa teneur plus élevée en AGP de masse molaire élevée riche en protéine, la meilleure accessibilité de la partie protéique et la plus grande flexibilité moléculaire par rapport à A. seyal. De même, ces avantages biochimiques et structuraux de l’A. senegal se sont avérés être impliqué dans les propriétés émulsifiantes des gommes. Les résultats d'une approche innovante visant à contrôler la teneur en AGP de masse molaire élevée riche en protéines dans le milieu et la concentration totale de gomme par le mélange de deux fractions bien caractérisées isolées chez A. senegal ont confirmé la synergie fonctionnelle entre la quantité des AGP de masse molaire élevée riche en protéines et la concentration totale en gomme. De plus, en présence de quantités élevées d'AGP de masse molaire élevée riches en protéines, les émulsions étaient stables contre la floculation/coalescence en raison de la forte teneur en protéines permettant une répulsion électrostatique entre les gouttelettes et la viscosité apparente élevée du milieu. Celles-ci étaient en accord lorsque les propriétés émulsifiantes de A. senegal et A. seyal ont été comparées. En effet, A. senegal contient une plus grande quantité d'AGP de masse molaire élevée riches en protéines et d'acides uroniques, et sa dispersion présente une viscosité apparente supérieure à celle d'A. seyal. En outre, lorsque les gommes d'Acacia étaient utilisées sous forme de films séchés, la grande teneur en AGP riches en protéines de masse molaire élevée et la bonne accessibilité des fragments protéiques d'A. senegal permettaient aux films d’avoir une surface homogène lisse avec des propriétés hydrophobes caractéristiques. En revanche, les films de A. seyal étaient irréguliers et constitués d'une organisation répétitive comme de nombreuses grosses particules uniformément réparties sur la surface par rapport au faible degré de ramification, une teneur élevée en arabinose favorisant les liaisons hydrogènes intra et inter moléculaires et une forte capacité d'hydratation chaînes polysaccharidiques de A. seyal. Selon les résultats, cette thèse apporte de nouvelles connaissances sur la relation entre la composition biochimique, les propriétés structurales et physico-chimiques, pour la première fois, dans les deux aspects de la gomme, à savoir sous forme de dispersion liquide et de films séchés.Mots clés : gomme d’Acacia, propriétés interfaciales et émulsifiantes, arabinogalactane-protéines, arômes / Acacia gums (AG, E414 EC) are widely used for its stabilizing, emulsifying and film-forming properties. The aim of this project is to characterize the interfacial and emulsifying properties of Acacia gums. The main results from liquid-liquid interfacial properties study confirmed that A. senegal showed a faster decrease of interfacial tension and a more rapid interfacial film formation. These were in agreement to its greater content of high molar mass-protein AGPs content, the more accessibility of proteinaceous moieties, and the higher molecular flexibility compared to A. seyal. In the same vein, these biochemical and structural advantages of A. senegal were found to be involved in the emulsifying properties of gums. The results from an innovative approach aiming to control high molar mass protein-rich AGPs content in bulk and the total concentration of gum by mixing two well characterised fractions isolated from A. senegal confirmed the functional synergism between the amount of high molar mass protein-rich AGPs and the total gum concentration. Moreover, in the presence of high molar mass protein-rich AGPs in high amount, the emulsion became stable to flocculation/coalescence due to the great protein content allowing electrostatic repulsion between droplets and the high bulk apparent viscosity. These were in agreement when the emulsifying properties of A. senegal and A. seyal were compared. Indeed, A. senegal containing a greater amount of high molar mass protein rich AGPs and uronic acids and its dispersion having a higher apparent viscosity than A. seyal allowing the former to form emulsion with a more stability. Besides, when Acacia gums were used in the form of dried film, the great content of high molar mass protein-rich AGPs and the good accessibility of proteinaceous moieties of A. senegal allowed the smooth homogeneous surface with a hydrophobic characteristic properties of A. senegal dried films. In contrast, A. seyal films was irregular and composed of a repetitive organization as numerous large particle uniformly distributed on surface in the relation to the low degree of branching, high arabinose content favoring intra and inter molecular hydrogen bonding and high hydration ability causing aggregation of polysaccharide chains of A. seyal. According to the results, this thesis brings new knowledge of the relationship between biochemical composition, structural and physicochemical properties, for the first time, across both aspects of gum, i.e. in the form of liquid dispersion and dried films.Keywords: Acacia gums, interfacial and emulsifying properties, arabinogalactan proteins, aroma compounds

La gomme d’Acacia est l’une des plus anciennes gommes naturelles dans le monde et la plus connue. Elle est définie comme l’exsudat gommeux produit par les arbres d’Acacia senegal et Acacia seyal. Les gommes d’Acacia sont composées d’arabinogalactanes protéines (AGPs), faiblement chargés, hyperbranchés avec une forte proportion de sucres (90%) et d’environ 1-3% de protéines et de minéraux. Malgré ses nombreuses applications industrielles, les connaissances sur ses propriétés volumétriques (hydrostatiques et hydrodynamiques) restent à améliorer. Ces propriétés peuvent être liées à la flexibilité et l’hydratation des molécules qui déterminent les propriétés fonctionnelles importantes comme les propriétés interfaciales. L'objectif de cette thèse est l’étude des propriétés volumétriques d’AGPs de la gomme d’Acacia. L’étude a été faite sur les principales variétés des gommes d’Acacia, A. senegal et A. seyal, ainsi que des fractions macromoléculaires d’A. senegal, obtenues par la chromatographie d'interaction hydrophobe et d'échange ionique. Les principaux résultats ont montré que les AGPs de gomme d’Acacia ont une structure semi flexible. De plus, des différences dans la flexibilité et l’hydratation entre les fractions d’AGPs ont été montré. Ces différences ont été expliquées par leurs différences en composition, polarité, masse molaire, forme et conformation. De plus, un comportement intermédiaire entre des protéines et des polysaccharides linéaires ont été montré. Finalement, un effet des agrégats d’AGPs sur les propriétés volumétriques a été mis en avance. / Acacia gum is the oldest and most widely known and used gum, it is a dried gummy exudate from the leaves and branches of the Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal trees. Acacia gums are weakly charged, amphiphilic hyperbranched arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs). They are composed of about 90% polysaccharides and from 1-3% of proteins and minerals. In spite of the widely spread of industrial usage of A. gums, their volumetric properties (hydrostatic and hydrodynamic) have not been well studied. These properties have been linked to important properties such as flexibility and hydration of the molecule, which are related to important functional properties of A. gums (e. g. interfacial properties). The main objective of this PhD thesis was to study the volumetric properties of AGPs from Acacia gums exudates. For this effect, the main commercial species, A. senegal and A. seyal, and the macromolecular fractions of the former, obtained via hydrophobic interaction and ionic exchange chromatographies were studied. The main results showed that AGPs from Acacia gums have a semi-flexible structure. However, differences in their flexibility and hydration were seen among AGP fractions. These differences were explained based on their composition, polarity, molar mass, shape and conformation. Furthermore, an intermediate behavior between proteins and linear polysaccharides was evidenced. In addition, an effect of the presence of AGP based aggregates on the volumetric properties was seen.

Milk and dairy products are one of the most prevalent and broadly consumed foodstuffs. Ice-cream occupies an important place in a wide range of dairy products. The goal of the paper. To analyze the technological process of ice-cream production in the one of the most advanced enterprise UAB Vikeda. To examine the influence of biologically valuable additives on the technological process of the ice-cream production and quality. Novelty of the paper. Samples of ice-cream have been produced under laboratory conditions of the Technology Laboratory at Lithuanian Food Institute using the following additives: wheat fiber gel Vitacel, acacia gum fiber Fibergum, lupine proteins Lupine protein and Omega-fatty acids. Physical and sensual qualities of the ice-cream have been examined. Methods of research. Research has been performed in UAB Vikeda located in Kedainiai and in Lithuanian Food Institute. The following qualities of ice-cream have been analyzed: melting of ice-cream; hardness of ice-cream; sensual evaluation of ice-cream; research of consumers. The melting of ice-cream samples has been determined in accordance with the methods presented by Lithuanian Food Institute. Instrumental research of the hardness of the ice-cream texture has been performed using the semi-automatic penetrometer Labor. Sensual qualities of ice-cream have been evaluated in accordance with the „Methods on Sensual Evaluation of Milk and Dairy Products Sensual Analysis“, worked out by Lithuanian Food Institute... [to full text]

Les flavonoïdes sont des ingrédients prometteurs pour différentes applications alimentaires et non alimentaires, grâce à leurs propriétés antioxydantes et biologiques. Cependant, la formulation de ces molécules est difficile à réaliser en raison de leur faible solubilité dans la plupart des solvants. Afin de remédier à cette difficulté, l’approche suivie dans cette étude est l’incorporation des flavonoïdes dans des particules à base de biopolymères (protéine-polysaccharide), stables et fonctionnelles. Le principal objectif de cette thèse était d’acquérir des connaissances à différentes échelles d’étude sur les mécanismes d’interaction et d’assemblage entre un flavonoïde, la quercétine, et deux biopolymères,B-lactoglobuline (BLG) et la gomme d’Acacia (AG). Dans une première étape, nous avons pu mettre au point des particules submicroniques (Dh : ~250 nm) de gomme d’Acacia-quercétine (GAQ) possédant une structure assimilée à un assemblage « cœur-couronne » et traduisant un comportement correspondant à celui de particules molles. Dans une seconde étape, nous avons étudié les mécanismes d’assemblage des particules de GAQ avec la BLG à pH 4,2 et à 25 °C. Les paramètres thermodynamiques d’interaction ont été déterminés par calorimétrie de titration isotherme (ITC) et montrent des isothermes de liaison caractérisées par une séquence exothermique-endothermique. Les différentes entités structurales formées durant la complexation entre la GA et la BLG ou la GAQ et la BLG ont été caractérisées en utilisant la même approche par titration que pour l’ITC. Enfin, des mesures par spectroscopie infra-rouge à transformée de Fourier (FTIR) ont montré une modification de la structure secondaire de la BLG après interaction avec la GA et la GAQ. D’importantes pertes de structures (hélices-α et feuillets-β), encore plus marquées en présence de quercétine / Flavonoids are promising ingredients in food and non food applications through their antioxidative and biological properties. However, their negligible solubility in most solvent renders problematic technological developments. In order to overcome this drawback, the approach followed in this study was the incorporation of flavonoids in stable and functional particles based on biopolymers (protein-polysaccharide). The main objective of this thesis was to acquire knowledge at different scales to study the mechanisms of interaction and linkage between a flavonoid, quercetin, and two biopolymers, B-lactoglobulin (BLG) and Acacia gum (AG). In a first step, we were able to develop submicronic particles (Dh : ~250 nm) of quercetin-Acacia gum (GAQ) based on a core of quercetin and a shell of Acacia gum, reflecting a behavior of soft particles. In a second step, we investigated the assembly mechanisms GAQ with BLG at pH 4.2 and 25 ° C. The thermodynamic parameters of interaction were determined by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and show binding isotherm characterized by an exothermic-endothermic sequence. The various structural entities formed during the complexation between GA and BLG or BLG and GAQ were characterized using the same approach as for the ITC titration. Finally, measurements using infra-red Fourier transform (FTIR) showed changes in the secondary structure of BLG after interaction with the GA and the GAQ. There was a significant loss of secondary structures (α-helices and β-sheets), even more pronounced in presence of quercetin

La coacervation complexe, une séparation de phase associative principalement induite par des interactions électrostatiques, entre la B-lactoglobuline (BLG, protéine animale) et la gomme d’Acacia (AG, polysaccharide végétal) a été étudiée dans ce travail. La plus grande difficulté pour comprendre la coacervation complexe au niveau moléculaire entre BLG et AG révèle être la polymolécularité élevée d’AG. A partir de là, la motivation principale de cette thèse était de comprendre et contrôler les interactions entre la BLG et les fractions moléculaires d’AG, FI (~88% d’AG) et FII (~10% d’AG) en utilisant la titration calorimétrique isotherme, la diffusion statique et dynamique de lumière, la mobilité électrophorétique, la Granulo-Polarimétrie et la microscopie optique. Une énergie d’interaction plus forte, une stoechiométrie d’association plus faible et ainsi une complexation favorable ont étés montrées entre la BLG et FII en relation avec l’accessibilité et la densité de charges plus élevées de FII. Les résultats majeurs de cette étude ont ainsi montré des rôles différents des fractions de l’AG dans la coacervation complexe avec la BLG / The complex coacervation mechanism, an associative phase separation mainly induced by electrostatic interactions, between ?-lactoglobulin (BLG, animal protein) and Acacia gum (AG, vegetal polysaccharide) was studied in this work. The most significant difficulty to understand complex coacervation between BLG and AG at the molecular level is the molecular weight polydispersity of AG. From there, the main motivation of this research was to better understand and control the interactions between BLG and the major molecular fractions of AG, FI (~88% of AG) and FII (~10% of AG) using isothermal titration calorimetry, static and dynamic light scattering, electrophoretic mobility, Granulo-Polarimetry and optical microscopy. Higher energy of interaction, lower stoichiometry of association and then favorable complexation were shown between BLG and FII in relation with higher accessibility and density of charges for FII. The major results of this study reveal then different roles of AG fractions in complex coacervation with BLG