Financial Reporting of public-benefit corporations in Czech Republic was significantly changed during a reform of public accounting standards. This thesis focuses on specifics of new Czech legislation in the field of public sector accounting and its differences from international IPSAS standards and shows basic principles of economy of public-benefit corporations on example of one of the most important cultural institution in Czech Republic - National gallery in Prague.

This diploma thesis is focused on the theoretical and practical issues connected with conversion of the consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with Czech Accounting Standards to International Financial Reporting Standards. The thesis deals with adjusting items in the consolidated statements of the balance sheet and in the income statement. In addition, the thesis analyses items from individual balance sheets and income statements of the consolidated companies, in order to be able to set the consolidated statements based on IFRS.

This thesis aims to describe the creation of international accounting standards and their implementation into the legislative framework of EU. It also evaluates its impact on Czech Republic. Its first part focuses on the international systems of financial reporting - IAS/IFRS and US GAAP. It describes circumstances and conditions of their creation and also identifies influences on their continuing development. The second part focuses on IAS/IFRS as a system chosen by EU for implementation into its legislation. The third part describes the process of implementation itself, along with the approval procedure and related institutions. A special chapter was addressed to accessibility of the standards or overview of currently effective standards. The last part focuses on current situation in Czech Republic and includes the results of questionnaire research among local IAS/IFRS specialists.

The diploma thesis includes analysis of leasing and credit. It deals with history, legal framework, accounting aspects from both perspectives - Czech Accounting Standards (CAS) and even International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), defines and characterizes different kinds of these two types of external financing. In the practical part is compared financial leasing and customer credit from the perspective of the tenant or recipient of the credit. The examples that are used in the diploma thesis are real examples from practice. Both types of external financing are analyzed from two aspects (according to CAS and IFRS).

This thesis deals with the accounting system and the tax system in Sri Lanka and compares these systems with Czech approaches to the issue. The aim is to acquaint readers with selected financial and tax system of a developing Asian country and to determine whether Sri Lanka can have an accounting system at the level of developed countries. In an effort to reconcile the Sri Lankan accounting standards with IFRS Sri Lanka adopted Financial Reporting Standards issued by the IASB. We can say that the financial system of the examined developing country is at the level of developed countries. On the fiscal side, it was found that the country focuses mainly on indirect taxation. Value added tax has the largest share in the tax mix. Unlike the tax mix in the Czech Republic there is a great importance of revenue from taxes on international trade. Contributions to social security, which is the most important part of the tax mix in the Czech Republic, are collected in Sri Lanka on an insignificant degree.

Prior to the issuance of Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement No. 8 (SFAS No. 8), there was a marked inconsistency in the area of accounting for foreign currency translation. Though designed to make the diverse accounting practices of multinational corporations (MNCs) more compatible, SFAS No. 8 was the subject of a great deal of criticism, eventually leading to the issuance of Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement No. 52 (SFAS No. 52). SFAS No. 52 differs from SFAS No. 8 on objectives and method of translation, and on accounting treatments of translation adjustments. This dissertation provides an empirical examination of the security market reaction to the accounting policy change embodied in SFAS No. 52, and its impact on the volatility of reported earnings of MNCs. The effects of the issuance and early adoption of SFAS No. 52 on security return distributions were determined by both cross-sectional comparisons of cumulative average residuals (CAR) between MNCs and domestic firms and between early and late adopters, and by time-series tests on CAR of MNCs. Two volume analyses were performed to test the effects of SFAS No. 52 on security volume. The first analysis was adjusted to remove the effects of the marketwide factors on volume, and the second analysis was unadjusted for the market influences. Four nonparametric tests were used in testing the effects of SFAS No. 52 vis-a-vis SFAS No. 8 on the volatility of reported earnings of MNCs. The findings of this study led to the following conclusions: (1) SFAS No. 52 had significantly affected security returns of MNCs, but had no significant effects on security volume of MNCs; (2) the early adoption of SFAS No. 52 had no effects on security returns and volume of early adopters as opposed to late adopters; and (3) SFAS No. 52 did not have any significant effects on the volatility of reported earnings of MNCs. However, the impact of exchange adjustments on MNCs* earnings under SFAS No. 52 was significantly affected by the size of foreign operations and industry classifications.

The concept of provisions that would save the cost that make the profit lower. But on the other lead, this provisins concept has to be corresponding tu the diligence principle. Height needs that provisions leave to cover all possible risks.

I show that auditors experience cognitive dissonance when they fail to take appropriate professionally skeptical (hereafter PS) action in line with high PS judgment I specifically show that cognitive dissonance leads auditors to revise their attitudes on low ranking audit actions upward and lower their risk assessments, consequently, lower overall professional skepticism I also find that auditor cognitive dissonance leads to exaggerated ex-post auditor self-assessments professional skepticism Professional skepticism is fundamental to performing an audit according to auditing standards and critical to audit quality Extant research that investigates treatments to enhance professional skepticism predominantly treats both skeptical judgment and skeptical action as analogous outcomes of professional skepticism If, however, there is a breakdown between PS judgment and PS action, the overall benefits of these treatments will be trivial I show that cognitive dissonance due to the incongruence between PS judgments and PS actions leads to an unforeseeable corollary of lower overall professional skepticism I also demonstrate a specific mechanism of how auditor incentives lead to lower professional skepticism, hence, lower audit quality Both researchers and practitioners can benefit from this study by better understating the intricacies in the critical link between PS judgment and action Additionally, I provide an empirical investigation of the components in Nelson’s (2009) model of professional skepticism and extend the model to reflect the intricacies between PS judgment and PS action I test my hypotheses via a three-group research design with attitude change as a proxy measure of cognitive dissonance / Includes bibliography / Dissertation (PhD)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016 / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Titel: Lobbying på IFRS 7: En kvantitativ studie på 89 intressenter med avseende på argumentation. Nivå: Examensarbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi.  Författare: Alexander Johansson och Amin Al-Sabti.  Handledare: Jan Svanberg. Examinator: Mats Landström. Datum: 2022-05-25. Syfte: Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan företag och antalet argument samt företagens användning av konsumtionsargument i kommentarsbreven. Detta i jämförelse med icke-företag och med avgränsning till implementeringen av IFRS 7.  Metod: Studien baseras på en deduktiv ansats med en applicering av en innehållsanalys. Studien har en kvantitativ strategi där 89 stycken avsändare av kommentarsbrev ligger till grund för studiens analyserade sekundärdata. Sekundärdata har bearbetats och analyserats i statistikprogrammet SPSS. Resultat och slutsats: Studiens resultat påvisar att det inte finns något samband mellan företag och antal argument i kommentarsbreven, vilket är i linje med tidigare forskning. Vi finner även att det saknas signifikant samband mellan företag och användningen av konsumtionsargument. Dessutom presenteras beskrivande data i den mån kommentarsbreven analyserats och kodats. Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien bidrar till företagsekonomiska forskningen via ämnesområdet lobbying då studien påvisar att det inte finns ett signifikant samband mellan företag och antal argument samt företag och konsumtionsargument i jämförelse med icke-företag inom kontexten IFRS 7. Studien bidrar även i kombination med tidigare forskning till ökad kunskap avseende argumentationen hos företag och icke-företag. Förslag till vidare forskning: Ett förslag till vidare forskning kan vara att utföra en liknande studie med avseende på metodiken men att analysera andra aspekter i kommentarsbreven och möjligtvis analysera andra standardsättningsprocesser. Nyckelord: Lobbying, IFRS 7, IFRS, IASB, argumentation, redovisningsstandarder. / Title: Lobbying on IFRS 7: A quantitative study of 89 stakeholders in terms of argumentation. Level: Degree project at the undergraduate level (Bachelor's degree) in the subject Business Administration.  Authors: Alexander Johansson och Amin Al-Sabti. Supervisor: Jan Svanberg. Examiner: Mats Landström. Date: 2022-05-25. Purpose: The purpose of this work is to investigate whether there is a connection between companies and the number of arguments and the companies' use of consumption arguments in the comment letters. This is in comparison with non-companies and with delimitation to the implementation of IFRS 7. Method:The study is based on a deductive approach with an application of a content analysis. The study has a quantitative strategy where 89 senders of comment letters form the basis for the study's analyzed secondary data. The secondary data has been processed and analyzed in the statistical program SPSS. Results and conclusion: The results of the study show that there is no connection between companies and the number of arguments in the comment letters, which is in line with previous research. We also find that there is no significant connection between companies and the use of consumption arguments. In addition, descriptive data are presented to the extent that the comment letters have been analyzed and coded. Contribution of the study: The study contributes to business economics research via the subject area lobbying as the study shows that there is no significant relationship between companies and number of arguments as well as companies and consumption arguments in comparison with non-companies in the context IFRS 7. The study also contributes in combination with previous research to increased knowledge regarding the argumentation of companies and non-companies. Suggestions for further research: A proposal for further research may be to carry out a similar study regarding the current methodology but to analyze other aspects in the comment letters and possibly analyze other standard setting processes.  Keywords: Lobbying, IFRS 7, IFRS, IASB, argumentation, accounting standards.

Because of the non-recurring and transitory nature of discontinued operations, accounting standards require that the results of discontinued operations be separately reported on the income statement. Prior accounting literature supports the view that discontinued operations are non-recurring or transitory in nature, and also suggests that income classified as transitory has minimal relevance in firm valuation. Finance and management literature, however, suggest that firms discontinue operations to strategically utilize their scarce resources. Assuming that discontinued operations are a result of managerial motives to strategically concentrate resources into remaining continued operations, this dissertation examines the informativeness of discontinued operations. In doing so, this dissertation empirically tests the financial performance, investment efficiency, valuation, and analyst forecast accuracy effects of discontinued operations. In 2001, Financial Accounting Standards Board's (FASB) Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) 144 (hereafter SFAS 144) replaced Accounting Principles Board's Opinion 30 (hereafter APB 30) and broadened the scope of divestiture transactions to be presented in discontinued operations. Some stakeholders of financial statements argued that discontinued operations were less decision-useful in the SFAS 144 era because too many transactions that do not represent a strategic shift in operations were separately stated as discontinued operations on the income statement. With the possibility that the discontinued operations reported in SFAS 144 era may not reflect a major strategic reallocation of resources, this dissertation examines whether the relationship between discontinued operations, firm performance, investment efficiency, and analyst forecast accuracy are different in the pre-SFAS 144 and SFAS 144 era. Using a sample of firms that discontinued operations between 1990 and 2012, this dissertation study finds limited evidence that firms experience improvement in financial performance following discontinued operations and that such improvement is only observed in pre-SFAS 144 era. The results also suggest that any improvement in financial performance documented is conditional on the profitability of the operations discontinued and provide no support for investment efficiency improvement following discontinued operations. Related to the valuation implications of discontinued operations, this dissertation shows that investors differentially value profitable and loss discontinued operations. However, such valuation differences are not dependent on the performance improvement implications. Finally, results support that analyst forecast accuracy of earnings decreases following the reporting of discontinued operations, but such effect is only observed in the pre-SFAS 144 era. This dissertation makes several contributions to the literature. First, this study extends the literature on corporate divestment by using a large sample of discontinuation decisions and hand-collected data on the profitability of the operations discontinued. Second, this research extends the literature on market studies by analyzing whether market response to a discontinuation decision is dependent upon the profitability of the operation discontinued. Third, based upon a review of the literature, it is believed that this is the first study to examine the possibility that analyst forecast accuracy may change following a discontinuation decision. Finally, this study extends the literature that examines the effects of changes in accounting rules and regulations on the informativeness of financial statement items. These results should be of interest to investors, regulators, and analysts.