Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wilson Xavier da Silva.pdf: 989302 bytes, checksum: 69c3e34d75e2ec5c10369956093e7e92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-10 / The financial statements provide the financial position of an entity and, when prepared, current uniform accounting methods and criteria should be followed and equity changes must be recorded according to the accrual schedule of accounting which requires that revenues, costs and expenses must always are simultaneously recorded in accounting when they are correlated. The reconciliation process of accounting standards, which began in Brazil in 2005 with the creation of the Accounting Pronouncements Committee - CPC, depends more on the counter s judging criteria and professional ability to interpret for accounting records. The revenue is recognized when it is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the entity and these benefits can be reliably measured, otherwise you should not promote the registration of such revenues. The main objective of this research was to determine how and at what time, qualified general hospitals, the Sorocaba regions recognize the revenue for services rendered but not yet billed, analyzing in this way, the observance of the accrual schedule. The survey consisted of 32 general hospitals in Sorocaba, with a sample accessibility that totaled 10 hospitals. This is a research approach with both qualitative and quantitative, descriptive of the type developed by a field survey using the questionnaire as an instrument of data collection, applied with the accounting profession. The results show that the hospitals surveyed negatively affect the competence regime in relation to revenue recognition, leading to the conclusion that its financial statements are affected by the failure of the accrual schedule and that there is no uniformity in the financial statements. A proposed accounting, accounting practices to meet, presented following the end of this dissertation / As demonstrações contábeis fornecem a situação patrimonial e financeira de uma entidade e, ao serem elaboradas, devem observar métodos e critérios contábeis uniformes no tempo, para registrar as mutações patrimoniais segundo o regime de competência que determina que as receitas, os custos e despesas sejam registrados pela Contabilidade, sempre simultaneamente quando se correlacionarem, observando o fato gerador. Com o processo de harmonização das normas contábeis, iniciado no Brasil em 2005 com a criação do Comitê de Pronunciamentos Contábeis (CPC), os registros contábeis passaram a depender mais do critério de julgamento profissional e da capacidade de interpretação do contador. A receita é reconhecida quando for provável que benefícios econômicos futuros fluam para a entidade e esses benefícios se tornem confiavelmente mensurados, caso contrário não se deve promover o registro de tais receitas. O principal objetivo deste estudo, mais especificamente da pesquisa, foi verificar como, e em qual momento, os hospitais qualificados como gerais, da região de Sorocaba reconhecem as receitas, analisando a observância ou não do Regime de Competência. A pesquisa foi composta por 32 hospitais gerais da região de Sorocaba, com uma amostra por acessibilidade que totalizou 10 hospitais. Trata-se de uma pesquisa com abordagem tanto qualitativa quanto quantitativa, do tipo pesquisa descritiva, desenvolvida por meio de uma pesquisa de campo com utilização do questionário como instrumento de coleta de dados, aplicada junto a profissionais de contabilidade. Os resultados evidenciaram que em 7 hospitais pesquisados não é aplicado o regime de competência, no que concerne ao reconhecimento das receitas, pois basicamente o registro é feito no momento em que o faturamento é enviado (por meio da emissão da nota fiscal) levando à conclusão de que não há uma uniformidade nos registros das receitas. Uma proposta de contabilização, visando atender as práticas contábeis, segue apresentada ao final desta dissertação

預算赤字的多寡通常被一般大眾視為衡量政府財政態勢的指標之一，但近年來有許多學者批評大部分人所認知的預算赤字（歲出大於歲入），無法真實表達政府之財政態勢，因而發展出「資產負債表法」，認為真正之預算赤字應重新定義為每年淨值（總資產減總負債）之變化，此法不但能充分揭露政府有關真實負債的資訊，亦能反映是否符合跨代間之公平(inter-period equity)。 　　就政府會計學理和先進國家的發展趨勢而言，最能充分表達資產負債表內容之會計基礎為應計基礎，故本研究擬在此理論基礎下，以民國87~89年度之台北縣政府決算報表為例，改編其資產負債表。 　　按應計基礎試算台北縣政府之民國87~89年度之未計「應付退休金負債」淨值，分別約為4,336億、3,442億、3,552億元，明顯大於現行修正應計基礎下之淨值92億、58億、-38億，其主要原因是將其資本支出和投資列入資產負債表中。由可處分之淨值變化及考慮潛在退休金負債後，可推估民國88年度約有預算赤字893.5億，在88下半年及89年度則較上年度約增加189.17億。

In 1988 the New South Wales (NSW) Government was the first in Australia, and amongst the first in the world, to commit to implement accrual accounting for its General Government Sector. Subsequently, accrual accounting has been implemented by numerous governments, including all Australian governments. This thesis examines why the NSW Government decided to implement accrual accounting and the impact of this accounting change on decision making within a General Government Sector organisation. The historical account is derived from a combination of archival and oral data sources whilst an organisational learning theoretical frame is used in a single-site case study to understand the impact of accrual accounting on managerial decision making. The history of the NSW Government adoption of accrual accounting is characterised by five notable features. First, the whole-of-government initiative was implemented with remarkable speed. Second, the change was aided by the actions of an epistemic community, in which private sector consultants were most active. Third, the change was justified through expected improvements in accountability and management. Fourth, a period of resistance to the change was followed by an absence of critical discussion on the implications of the change as forces supportive of the change synergistically combined. Fifth, the change is explained by mimetic forces that initially coalesced around phantom images, presented by consultants, and subsequently recognised self-interest as an integral part of the change to accrual accounting. The impact of accrual accounting on management decision-making at an organisational level from has been mixed. Information acquisition has expanded in that new sets of accounting data are collected. However, information distribution has been unchanged by accrual accounting whilst information interpretation only marginally changed at a top management level with no discernible change at operational levels. Organisational memory has been altered by accrual accounting in that additional accounting skills and information are now held. However, use of that organisational memory is severely impeded by organisational objectives and constraints that effectively render accrual accounting information irrelevant to public sector managers’ concerns. Policy implications arising from this project are that an alternative model of accrual accounting is required together with the dual recognition that centrally imposed change may produce unpredicted change at an operational agency level and that accounting change needs to be matched to organisational characteristics. Additionally, improvements in asset management, as sought by advocates of accrual accounting, could have been delivered by non-accounting means and there is little prospect for improved managerial decision-making from the current model of accrual accounting. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1375063 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, Business School, 2009

In 1988 the New South Wales (NSW) Government was the first in Australia, and amongst the first in the world, to commit to implement accrual accounting for its General Government Sector. Subsequently, accrual accounting has been implemented by numerous governments, including all Australian governments. This thesis examines why the NSW Government decided to implement accrual accounting and the impact of this accounting change on decision making within a General Government Sector organisation. The historical account is derived from a combination of archival and oral data sources whilst an organisational learning theoretical frame is used in a single-site case study to understand the impact of accrual accounting on managerial decision making. The history of the NSW Government adoption of accrual accounting is characterised by five notable features. First, the whole-of-government initiative was implemented with remarkable speed. Second, the change was aided by the actions of an epistemic community, in which private sector consultants were most active. Third, the change was justified through expected improvements in accountability and management. Fourth, a period of resistance to the change was followed by an absence of critical discussion on the implications of the change as forces supportive of the change synergistically combined. Fifth, the change is explained by mimetic forces that initially coalesced around phantom images, presented by consultants, and subsequently recognised self-interest as an integral part of the change to accrual accounting. The impact of accrual accounting on management decision-making at an organisational level from has been mixed. Information acquisition has expanded in that new sets of accounting data are collected. However, information distribution has been unchanged by accrual accounting whilst information interpretation only marginally changed at a top management level with no discernible change at operational levels. Organisational memory has been altered by accrual accounting in that additional accounting skills and information are now held. However, use of that organisational memory is severely impeded by organisational objectives and constraints that effectively render accrual accounting information irrelevant to public sector managers’ concerns. Policy implications arising from this project are that an alternative model of accrual accounting is required together with the dual recognition that centrally imposed change may produce unpredicted change at an operational agency level and that accounting change needs to be matched to organisational characteristics. Additionally, improvements in asset management, as sought by advocates of accrual accounting, could have been delivered by non-accounting means and there is little prospect for improved managerial decision-making from the current model of accrual accounting. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1375063 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, Business School, 2009

The objective of the diploma thesis is to complete company guidelines in a chosen company that deals with project and construction activities. The theoretical part contains procedures concerning the internal accounting guidelines and definitions of the legislation of the Czech Republic that influences the creation and composition of individual guidelines. This is followed by the division of internal guidelines and a detailed analysis of each of them. The chapter is concluded by the importance of guidelines in the company and the formal form of the guidelines. A company may have a large number of guidelines, therefore only the most important ones were chosen in the particular company that are related to the most frequent accounting cases and are, for that reason, problematic. These are guidelines concerning the formation of the account classification, incorporeal and corporeal property, accrual basis of costs and profits, liability reserves, foreign currencies and travelling allowances.

Fair value accounting of biological assets in the public sector was introduced with the adoption of the public sector specific accounting standard, Generally Recognised Accounting Practice (GRAP) 101. The public sector currently uses different bases of accounting: public entities and municipalities must use accrual accounting and apply the principles of GRAP, while government departments report on the modified cash basis. Furthermore, public entities do not consistently apply the requirements of GRAP 101. This lack of a uniform basis of accounting has a negative effect on the comparability of financial information. This study identified the challenges facing the public sector in the application of GRAP 101, specifically regarding the fair value accounting of biological assets. The successful implementation of GRAP 101 by a public entity, AsgiSA-EC, was used as a case study to clarify the fair value accounting challenges in the reporting of biological assets in the sector. / Business Management / M. Accounting Science

Fair value accounting of biological assets in the public sector was introduced with the adoption of the public sector specific accounting standard, Generally Recognised Accounting Practice (GRAP) 101. The public sector currently uses different bases of accounting: public entities and municipalities must use accrual accounting and apply the principles of GRAP, while government departments report on the modified cash basis. Furthermore, public entities do not consistently apply the requirements of GRAP 101. This lack of a uniform basis of accounting has a negative effect on the comparability of financial information. This study identified the challenges facing the public sector in the application of GRAP 101, specifically regarding the fair value accounting of biological assets. The successful implementation of GRAP 101 by a public entity, AsgiSA-EC, was used as a case study to clarify the fair value accounting challenges in the reporting of biological assets in the sector. / Business Management / M. Accounting Science

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Armando Cesar Oka.pdf: 906064 bytes, checksum: be230dec20e823ef7d6c3f6d173ade7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-11 / This study, entitled Cash Flow Management by the Double Entry Bookkeeping System and Accrual Basis Accounting and conducted by Armando César Oka, aims at filling the existing gap on Cash Flow exposing the issue of its construction by applying the Double Entry Bookkeeping System and Accrual Basis Accounting under the hypothesis of a single electronic database for building Cash Flow, Balance Sheet and Income Statement for the year. It shows the accountants the Cash Flow as an object of study due to the importance given to this instrument by public and private entities as well as rescuing liquidity of the leading for profit accounting. Carrying on the academic work and the exploratory researches conducted by the researcher of this study, it exposes the reason for the application of the Double Entry Bookkeeping System and Accrual Basis Accounting to the Cash Flow and for its experiment in a legal entity, getting result by using the Cash Flow Statement. The experiment led the researcher to look for clarification, in the existing literature, regarding the results obtained in the Cash Flow Statement. It also led him to make a structural comparison to the Balance Sheet and Income Statement for the year due to the application of the Double Entry Bookkeeping System and Accrual Basis Accounting in the last two instruments. The conclusion of this study is that it is possible to apply the Double Entry Bookkeeping System and Accrual Basis Accounting in Cash Flow by getting an evidence with liquidity characteristics / Este estudo, efetuado por Armando César Oka, intitulado Fluxo de Caixa Gerencial pelo Método das Partidas Dobradas e Regime de Competência , tem como objetivo a pretensão de preencher a lacuna existente sobre o Fluxo de Caixa, expondo a questão de sua construção mediante a aplicação do Método das Partidas Dobradas e Regime de Competência, sob a hipótese de utilização de um só banco de dados eletrônico para a construção do Fluxo de Caixa, do Balanço Patrimonial e da Demonstração de Resultado do Exercício (DRE). Vem mostrar aos contadores o Fluxo de Caixa como objeto de estudo em virtude da importância dada para este instrumental pelas entidades públicas e privadas, resgatando a liquidez da preponderante contabilidade voltada ao lucro. Em continuidade ao trabalho de formação acadêmica e pesquisas exploratórias efetuadas por este pesquisador, expõe a razão da aplicação do Método das Partidas Dobradas e Regime de Competência ao Fluxo de Caixa e de seu experimento em uma entidade jurídica, obtendo o resultado mediante a Demonstração de Fluxo de Caixa. O experimento levou este pesquisador a buscar na literatura existente esclarecimentos dos resultados obtidos na Demonstração de Fluxo de Caixa e uma comparação estrutural ao Balanço Patrimonial e Demonstração do Resultado do Exercício em virtude da aplicação, nestes dois últimos instrumentais, do Método das Partidas Dobradas e Regime de Competência. A conclusão alcançada é que é possível aplicar o Método das Partidas Dobradas e Regime de Competência no Fluxo de Caixa, obtendo-se uma evidenciação com características voltadas à liquidez

The theoretical part is focused on the definition of the basic concepts of the assets, cash and accrual bases. In addition to profit, its components and its differences from the tax base. Much of the work deals with different concepts of costs and revenues in accordance with accounting regulations and tax law. The work deals with the various costs and revenues in terms of tax efficiency and impact on adjustments to the tax base.The practical part is devoted to empirical research, the proportion of tax on profit for the sampled companies.

This dissertation deals with the possibilities of using the teaching methods offered by the concept of teaching through problem solving in accounting education in business academies and economic lyceums. The main aim of this type of teaching should be above all the introduction of accounting as an important part of the students' economic thinking. The use of problem-based teaching is especially useful when explaining topics fundamental for the understanding of the basic principles of accounting. Accrual Basis Accounting being one of these topics, the thesis presents didactic material suited for problem-based teaching of this subject matter. It falls into the area of didactics of accounting, i.e. a scientific discipline deriving from the didactics of economic subjects.