L’objectif de ces travaux de thèse était de rechercher un potentiel effet inhibiteur de l’acide acétique endogène sur le métabolisme oxydo réductif de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, afin d’évaluer la pertinence d’une stratégie d’amélioration des capacités de production d’éthanol par la modulation de la synthèse de cet acide. Ces travaux devaient également permettre d’approfondir la compréhension des principaux facteurs commandant la synthèse de l’acide acétique et plus largement des acides organiques. La stratégie de modulation de la synthèse d’acide acétique mise en place reposait sur des approches microbiologique et génétique, consistant en l’ajout d’acide oléique et / ou de carnitine dans le milieu de culture ainsi que la surexpression du gène CIT2 ou la suppression du gène ALD6.Cette démarche a permis de montrer que, contrairement à la version exogène, l’acide acétique endogène ne présentait pas d’effet inhibiteur du métabolisme oxydo réductif de Saccharomyces cerevisiae ou qu’il était négligeable par rapport au stress éthanol. En outre, la modulation de la production de cet acide ne semble pas être une stratégie envisageable en vue de l’amélioration des capacités de production d’éthanol de cette levure, bien qu’une corrélation ait été observée entre les titres finaux de ces deux molécules.En outre, il a été montré que l’isoforme 6 de l’acétaldéhyde déshydrogénase (Ald6p) était essentiel pour assurer la croissance cellulaire normale ainsi que les mécanismes de résistance au stress éthanol dans ces conditions de culture. Plus largement, l’interrelation entre les différents isoformes ne paraissait pas aussi flexible qu’en anaérobiose. Saccharomyces cerevisiae semblait également présenter un métabolisme flexible en réponse à une modulation de la synthèse d’acide acétique. La voie des pentoses phosphates serait ainsi capable de prendre le relais de l’Ald6p pour assurer la régénération du NADPH cytosolique, bien que le flux à travers cette voie semble avoir été limité par le ratio NADP+ / NADPH. Enfin, les cellules paraissaient capables de réguler la synthèse de l’acétyl coA à partir d’acide acétique en réaction à une évolution des besoins anaboliques lors de la fin de la phase de croissance. Elles seraient toutefois incapables de pallier le manque d’acétyl coA suite à la suppression du gène ALD6. La modulation de la synthèse des acides pyruvique et succinique a également fait l’objet de discussions. / The aim of this work was to investigate a potential inhibitory effect of endogenous acetic acid on the oxido-reductive metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to assess the relevance of a strategy based of the modulation of the synthesis of this acid, to improve ethanol production capacities. This work should also help to broaden the understanding of the main factors controlling the synthesis of acetic acid, and more generally organic acids. The strategy to modulate the synthesis of acetic acid was based on microbiological and genetic approaches, consisting in the addition of oleic acid and / or carnitine in the medium as well as the overexpression of the gene CIT2 or the deletion of the gene ALD6.This approach has shown that, contrary to exogenous version, endogenous acetic acid did not induce inhibitory effects on the oxido-reductive metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or was negligible compared to stress caused by ethanol. Moreover, the modulation of the synthesis of this acid appear to be not an attractive strategy to improve ethanol production capacities of the yeast, although a correlation was observed between the end-culture titer of these two molecules.In addition, it has been shown that the isoform 6 of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (Ald6p) was essential to ensure regular growth and mechanisms of ethanol stress resistance under these conditions of culture. More broadly, the interrelation between the different isoforms did not seem as flexible as under anaerobic conditions. Saccharomyces cerevisiae also seemed to have a flexible metabolism in response to a modulation of the synthesis of acetic acid. The pentose-phosphate way would be able to take over from Ald6p for regeneration of cytosolic NADPH, although the ratio NADP+ / NADPH seemed to lessen the flux through this pathway. Finally, the cells appeared to be able to regulate the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from acetic acid in response to changing in anabolic needs at the end of the growth phase. However, yeasts would be unable to overcome the lack of acetyl-CoA following the suppression of the gene ALD6. The modulation of the synthesis of pyruvic and succinic acids has also been discussed.

A incidência do câncer de cabeça e pescoço (CCP) vem crescendo substancialmente nos últimos anos, inclusive no Brasil. Esse aumento está em parte relacionado com o consumo de álcool e tabaco, mas a susceptibilidade genética individual também deve ser considerada. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a freqüência de polimorfismos em genes que codificam as enzimas de metabolização do álcool em pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço do Hospital Heliópolis da cidade de São Paulo, comparados com um grupo de pacientes do mesmo hospital, sem diagnóstico de câncer. Foram investigados polimorfismos genéticos das enzimas álcool desidrogenase (ADH1B Arg48His, ADH1B Arg370Cys, ADH1C Ile350Val) e do citocromo P450 (CYP2E1 PstI), pela técnica PCR-RFLP, em 451 indivíduos, sendo 207 pacientes com CCP (confirmados histopatologicamente, 184 homens e 23 mulheres, idade média 54,3 ± 7,8 anos) e 244 controles (225 homens e 19 mulheres, idade média 53,6 ± 9,3 anos). O hábito de fumar foi relatado por 80% dos pacientes com CCP e 50% dos controles o que aumentou mais de dez vezes o risco de câncer (OR=11,1; 95% IC; 4,89-25,19). Apenas 7% dos pacientes com CCP relataram nunca haver consumido álcool em comparação com 22,5% dos controles hábito que aumentou mais de quatro vezes o risco de CCP (OR=4,39 95% IC; 2,35-8,22). Verificou-se que o consumo diário acima de 30,655g/L/dia de álcool (72,5% dos pacientes com CCP e 35,2% dos controles) estava associado ao maior risco de CCP (Curva de ROC). A análise dos polimorfismos genéticos revelou que o genótipo mutado ADH1B Arg48His em homozigose ou heterozigose foi mais freqüente nos controles (12,7%) do que nos pacientes com CCP (5,8%) conferindo proteção à doença (OR=0,42; 95% IC; 0,21-0,85). Resultados similares foram observados para os indivíduos com os haplótipos ADH1B*2 (OR=0,41; 95% IC; 0,20-0,82) ou ADH1B*2/ADH1C*1 (OR=0,32; 95% IC; 0,13-0,79). Análise de regressão múltipla escalonada revelou que os indivíduos com o genótipo mutante ADH1B Arg48His que consomem quantidades de álcool inferiores a 30g/L/dia mantém o risco diminuído de CCP (OR=0,12; 95% IC; 0,03-0,52). Entretanto, quando o consumo diário de bebidas alcoólicas supera 30,655g/L/dia o risco de CCP é aumentado independente da presença (OR=4,42; 95% IC; 1,21-16,11).ou não do genótipo ADH1B Arg48His com o alelo mutado (OR= 3,01; 95% CI, 1,90-4,78). Conclusão: Os genótipos de metabolização rápida do álcool podem proteger contra o CCP quando a quantidade de álcool ingerida for menor que 30,655 g/l/dia. / Garcia, S.M.N. Alcohol metabolizing genes and the risk of head and neck cancer. 2009. Dissertação (Mestrado)- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo. The incidence of head and neck cancer (HNC) has increased substantially in the last years, including in Brazil. This increase is associated to alcohol and tobacco consumption, but genetic susceptibility also should be considered. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of the polymorphism in genes of alcohol metabolizing enzymes in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) of the Heliópolis Hospital in São Paulo, compared with a group from the same hospital, without the diagnosis of cancer. The genetic polymorphisms of the alcohol desydrogenase enzyme (ADH1C Ile350Val, ADH1B Arg48His, ADH1B Arg370Cys) and of the P450 citochrome enzyme (CYP2E1 PstI) was investigated by PCR-RFLP, in 451 individuals, being 207 histopathologically confirmed HNC patients (184 male and 23 female, mean age 54,3 ± 7,8 years) and 244 controls (225 male and 19 female, mean age 53,6 ± 9,3 years) selected in the same hospital. The smoking habit was revealed by 80% of the patients with HNC and 50% of the controls, the difference between the groups increased the HNC risk more than ten times (OR=11.1; 95% IC; 4.89-25.19). Just 7% of the patients reported never alcohol use against 22.5% of the controls, increasing more than four times the risk of HNC (OR=4.39 95% IC; 2.35-8.22). The daily consumption of alcohol above 30.655g/L/day (72.5% of the patients with HNC and 35.2% of the controls) was associated with increased risk of the HNC. The analysis of the genetic polymorphisms revealed that the mutate genotype ADH1B Arg48His was more frequent in the controls (12.7%) than in the patients with HNC (5.8%) conferring protection to the disease (OR=0.42; 95% IC; 0.21-0.85). Similar results were observed for individuals with ADH1B*2 (OR=0.41; 95% CI; 0.20-0.82) or ADH1B*2/ADH1C*1 (OR=0.32; 95% CI; 0.13-0.79) haplotypes. Multiple regression analyses showed that the mutant genotype ADH1B Arg48His was associated to HNC protection for those that consumed alcohol lower than 30 g/l/day (OR=0.12; 95% IC; 0.03- 0.52).However, when the daily alcohol consumption exceeded 30.655g/L/day the HNC risk was higher in the presence (OR=4.42; 95% IC; 1.21-16.11) or not of the genotype ADH1B Arg48His with the mutate allele (OR= 3.01; 95% CI, 1.90-4.78).The fast alcohol metabolizing genotypes seams to prevent HNC when the amount of alcohol intake is lower than 30.655 g/L/day.

A incidência do câncer de cabeça e pescoço (CCP) vem crescendo substancialmente nos últimos anos, inclusive no Brasil. Esse aumento está em parte relacionado com o consumo de álcool e tabaco, mas a susceptibilidade genética individual também deve ser considerada. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a freqüência de polimorfismos em genes que codificam as enzimas de metabolização do álcool em pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço do Hospital Heliópolis da cidade de São Paulo, comparados com um grupo de pacientes do mesmo hospital, sem diagnóstico de câncer. Foram investigados polimorfismos genéticos das enzimas álcool desidrogenase (ADH1B Arg48His, ADH1B Arg370Cys, ADH1C Ile350Val) e do citocromo P450 (CYP2E1 PstI), pela técnica PCR-RFLP, em 451 indivíduos, sendo 207 pacientes com CCP (confirmados histopatologicamente, 184 homens e 23 mulheres, idade média 54,3 ± 7,8 anos) e 244 controles (225 homens e 19 mulheres, idade média 53,6 ± 9,3 anos). O hábito de fumar foi relatado por 80% dos pacientes com CCP e 50% dos controles o que aumentou mais de dez vezes o risco de câncer (OR=11,1; 95% IC; 4,89-25,19). Apenas 7% dos pacientes com CCP relataram nunca haver consumido álcool em comparação com 22,5% dos controles hábito que aumentou mais de quatro vezes o risco de CCP (OR=4,39 95% IC; 2,35-8,22). Verificou-se que o consumo diário acima de 30,655g/L/dia de álcool (72,5% dos pacientes com CCP e 35,2% dos controles) estava associado ao maior risco de CCP (Curva de ROC). A análise dos polimorfismos genéticos revelou que o genótipo mutado ADH1B Arg48His em homozigose ou heterozigose foi mais freqüente nos controles (12,7%) do que nos pacientes com CCP (5,8%) conferindo proteção à doença (OR=0,42; 95% IC; 0,21-0,85). Resultados similares foram observados para os indivíduos com os haplótipos ADH1B*2 (OR=0,41; 95% IC; 0,20-0,82) ou ADH1B*2/ADH1C*1 (OR=0,32; 95% IC; 0,13-0,79). Análise de regressão múltipla escalonada revelou que os indivíduos com o genótipo mutante ADH1B Arg48His que consomem quantidades de álcool inferiores a 30g/L/dia mantém o risco diminuído de CCP (OR=0,12; 95% IC; 0,03-0,52). Entretanto, quando o consumo diário de bebidas alcoólicas supera 30,655g/L/dia o risco de CCP é aumentado independente da presença (OR=4,42; 95% IC; 1,21-16,11).ou não do genótipo ADH1B Arg48His com o alelo mutado (OR= 3,01; 95% CI, 1,90-4,78). Conclusão: Os genótipos de metabolização rápida do álcool podem proteger contra o CCP quando a quantidade de álcool ingerida for menor que 30,655 g/l/dia. / Garcia, S.M.N. Alcohol metabolizing genes and the risk of head and neck cancer. 2009. Dissertação (Mestrado)- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo. The incidence of head and neck cancer (HNC) has increased substantially in the last years, including in Brazil. This increase is associated to alcohol and tobacco consumption, but genetic susceptibility also should be considered. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of the polymorphism in genes of alcohol metabolizing enzymes in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) of the Heliópolis Hospital in São Paulo, compared with a group from the same hospital, without the diagnosis of cancer. The genetic polymorphisms of the alcohol desydrogenase enzyme (ADH1C Ile350Val, ADH1B Arg48His, ADH1B Arg370Cys) and of the P450 citochrome enzyme (CYP2E1 PstI) was investigated by PCR-RFLP, in 451 individuals, being 207 histopathologically confirmed HNC patients (184 male and 23 female, mean age 54,3 ± 7,8 years) and 244 controls (225 male and 19 female, mean age 53,6 ± 9,3 years) selected in the same hospital. The smoking habit was revealed by 80% of the patients with HNC and 50% of the controls, the difference between the groups increased the HNC risk more than ten times (OR=11.1; 95% IC; 4.89-25.19). Just 7% of the patients reported never alcohol use against 22.5% of the controls, increasing more than four times the risk of HNC (OR=4.39 95% IC; 2.35-8.22). The daily consumption of alcohol above 30.655g/L/day (72.5% of the patients with HNC and 35.2% of the controls) was associated with increased risk of the HNC. The analysis of the genetic polymorphisms revealed that the mutate genotype ADH1B Arg48His was more frequent in the controls (12.7%) than in the patients with HNC (5.8%) conferring protection to the disease (OR=0.42; 95% IC; 0.21-0.85). Similar results were observed for individuals with ADH1B*2 (OR=0.41; 95% CI; 0.20-0.82) or ADH1B*2/ADH1C*1 (OR=0.32; 95% CI; 0.13-0.79) haplotypes. Multiple regression analyses showed that the mutant genotype ADH1B Arg48His was associated to HNC protection for those that consumed alcohol lower than 30 g/l/day (OR=0.12; 95% IC; 0.03- 0.52).However, when the daily alcohol consumption exceeded 30.655g/L/day the HNC risk was higher in the presence (OR=4.42; 95% IC; 1.21-16.11) or not of the genotype ADH1B Arg48His with the mutate allele (OR= 3.01; 95% CI, 1.90-4.78).The fast alcohol metabolizing genotypes seams to prevent HNC when the amount of alcohol intake is lower than 30.655 g/L/day.