Mirtazapine is an atypical antidepressant employed clinically for the treatment of major depression. As a multipotent antagonist it acts at α2a-adrenergic receptors (α2a -ARs). serotonin type-2A receptors (5-HT2a-Rs) and histamine type-I receptors (H1-Rs). Its actions at the α2a-AR have been proposed to play a role in its putative earlier onset of action. However, it is not known whether mirtazapine is a neutral antagonist or inverse agonist at α2a- ARs. The current study aimed to determine the mode of α2a-AR antagonism by mirtazapine, as well as to investigate in vitro the modulatory effects of mirtazapine pre-treatments on β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR), muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) and α2a-AR functions. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells expressing the porcine α2a-AR at high numbers (α2a-H), a constitutively active mutant α2a-AR (α2a--CAM), or mock-transfected control cells (neo) were radio-labelled with [3H]-adenine and concentration-effect curves of mirtazapine, yohimbine, mianserin or idazoxan were constructed, measuring [3H]-cAMP accumulation. In addition human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and CHO-K1 cells expressing the porcine α2a- AR at low numbers (am-L) were used to investigate the effect of mirtazapine pre-treatments on mAChRs and β-ARS or α2a-ARs respectively. After radio-labelling with myo-[2-3H]-inositol or [2-%]-adenine, radio-label uptake was measured and receptor function was investigated by constructing concentration-effect curves, measuring [3H]-IPx or [3H]-cAMP accumulation respectively. The results from the current study show that mirtazapine binds to the α2a-AR with an affinity value in the lower micromolar range (K1≈ 0.32 µM; pK1 = 6.50 ± 0.07). Mirtazapine is not a partial agonist at α2a-ARs as it does not affect [3H]-cAMP accumulation in α2a-H cells. Preliminary results suggest that mirtazapine displays partial inverse agonism in α2a-CAM cells, while mianserin displays neutral antagonism. Mirtazapine pre-treatment in SH-SY5Y cells does not alter muscarinic receptor function (different from fluoxetine and imipramine), but reduces I-isoproterenol-induced increase in [3H]-cAMP accumulation in SH-SY5Y cells (typically associated with chronic antidepressant activity). Although inconclusive, the data also suggests that mirtazapine may reduce α2a-AR function. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmacology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) are membrane bound receptors found in the nervous system. They are responsible for detecting neurotransmitters released from neurons and subsequently mediating responses of the cells on which they are found. Thus, pLGICs play an invaluable role in communication between cells of the nervous system and understanding their function is pivotal to understanding how the nervous system works in general. One factor which is known to mediate pLGIC function is lipids found in the membrane environment in which pLGICs are embedded. This dissertation explores the various ways in which lipids interact with and modulate the function of pLGIC. Potential mechanisms and biological consequences of this modulation will be presented and discussed within the context of our current state of knowledge of pLGIC and nervous system function.

Stroke is the leading cause of long-term disability in the developed world and can have devastating effects on the health and everyday functioning of individuals. In most cases stroke is ischemic and is caused by the obstruction of blood flow due to a clot in the brain blood vessels. This initiates a cascade of events that result in tissue death and loss of behavioural function associated with the damaged region. The peri-infarct cortex is a region surrounding the infarct core that survives the ischemic event and is most susceptible to pharmacological treatments and rehabilitation. α4ß2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) signalling has been implicated as a mechanism that affects cell survival and cell death in the acute response after stroke. Nicotinic receptor signalling is also involved in modulating brain excitability, which can affect neural plasticity and restoration of cortical circuits and lead to recovery of lost function after stroke. In order to elucidate the role of α4ß2 nAChRs on acute and chronic recovery after stroke, we tested two hypotheses: (1) blocking α4ß2 nAChRs triggers acute neuroprotection and (2) α4ß2 nAChRs play a role in regulating plasticity and long-term functional recovery. In the first set of experiments a new model of targeted photothrombotic stroke was induced in a distal branch of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in awake and anaesthetized mice. Mice treated with the α4ß2 nAChR antagonist dihydro-ß-erythroidine (DHßE) showed smaller lesion sizes relative to vehicle controls and this effect was greater in mice that were awake during stroke induction. To determine the mechanism of α4ß2 nAChRmediated neuroprotection, changes in collateral flow were measured using Evans bluestained surface angiograms and laser Doppler flowmetry. Contrary to what was expected, DHßE did not appear to induce neuroprotection by altering collateral flow. In the second set of experiments, we first used confocal imaging to quantify and characterize the expression of α4ß2 nAChRs after stroke. Next, mice were induced with a targeted photothrombotic stroke in the forelimb somatosensory cortex. Mice were then chronically treated with DHßE to determine if α4ß2 nAChR antagonism could improve recovery of function. Behavioural tests showed that blocking α4ß2 nAChRs chronically had no effect on forelimb function after stroke. Voltage-sensitive dye imaging was used to measure forelimb-evoked responses in the somatosensory cortex and revealed no differences in cortical responsiveness between treated and non-treated groups. Altogether, these results show that changes in α4ß2 nAChR signalling that occur after stroke mediate ischemic cell death but do not have an effect on long-term recovery and plasticity. Moreover, they present a novel pathway for investigating stroke pathophysiology and the development of acute neuroprotective treatments. / Graduate / 0317 / aseto@uvic.ca

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Lic.-avh. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

Les récepteurs à l’acétylcholine (AChRs) des nématodes parasites sont des cibles pharmacologiques majeures pour les anthelminthiques utilisés en médecine vétérinaire. Cependant, face à l’émergence d’isolats résistants, l’optimisation des stratégies de lutte nécessite une meilleure connaissance du mode d’action des anthelminthiques et du répertoire d’AChRs pour l’identification de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. Les nématodes parasites possèdent potentiellement une grande diversité d’AChR dont un nombre très restreint a été caractérisé fonctionnellement à ce jour. Dans ce contexte, nous avons identifié deux sous-unités d’AChR : ACR-26 et ACR-27 spécifiquement retrouvées chez les nématodes parasites. En exprimant ces sous-unités en œuf de Xénope et dans le nématode modèle Caenorhabditis elegans, nous avons mis en évidence un nouveau sous-type d’AChR musculaire sensible au morantel : le M-AChR. De plus, nous avons réalisé une étude moléculaire et fonctionnelle comparative des sous-unités d’AChR du groupe ACR-16 chez différentes espèces de nématodes. L’identification de ces nouveaux récepteurs constitue une base solide pour le développement de nouveaux anthelminthiques. / Acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) of parasitic nematodes are the major pharmacological targets for anthelmintics used in veterinary medicine. However, with the emergence of resistant isolates, the optimization of control strategies requires a better knowledge of the mode of action of anthelmintics and of the AChR repertoire for the identification of new therapeutic targets. Indeed, parasitic nematodes possess a large diversity of AChR subunits. In this context, we identified two AChR subunits: ACR-26 and ACR-27, specifically found in parasitic nematodes. By expressing these subunits in Xenopus oocytes and in the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, we identified a novel muscular AChR subtype sensitive to morantel: the M-AChR. Moreover, we performed a molecular and functional comparative study of the AChR subunits from ACR-16 group in different nematode species. The identification of these new receptors paves the way for the development of new anthelmintic drugs.

Estudos anteriores de nosso laboratório demonstraram que a estimulação aguda dos receptores 2-adrenérgicos (2-AR) atenua a perda de massa muscular induzida pela desnervação motora (DEN) por meio de uma via dependente de AMPc/PKA. No entanto os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na ativação crônica destes receptores ainda são pouco conhecidos. Por outro lado, a ativação desta via de sinalização também está envolvida no controle da estabilidade dos receptores nicotínicos (AChR) na junção neuromuscular (JNM), sugerindo que a densidade dos AChR possa estar sob controle neuro-humoral. Desta forma, aventou-se a possibilidade de que além dos efeitos protetores na massa muscular, a ativação dos receptores 2-AR pudesse mediar a estabilização dos AChR na placa motora. Para testar essa hipótese, camundongos foram submetidos à DEN através da secção do nervo ciático, um protocolo clássico de indução de atrofia muscular e desestabilização dos AChR, e tratados com salina ou clembuterol (CB), um 2-agonista seletivo, por até 14 dias. Após 3 dias de DEN, observou-se redução da massa muscular e aumento do conteúdo proteico e expressão do RNAm de genes relacionados à ativação do sistema Ubiquitina-Proteassoma (atrogina-1 e MuRF1) e do sistema autofágico/lisossomal (catepsina L e LC3). A DEN também promoveu aumento no turnover dos AChR, no número de vesículas endocíticas e na expressão do RNAm para a subunidade 1 dos AChR. Após 7 dias, a DEN reduziu a expressão dos genes relacionados à atrofia e aumentou a atividade da via do AMPc/PKA independentemente do tratamento com CB. Na tentativa de elucidar os sinais extracelulares que produziam esta resposta adaptativa, foi demonstrado que neurônios catecolaminérgicos trafegam ao longo do nervo ciático e sua ablação pela DEN reduziu o conteúdo de noradrenalina muscular. Baseados nestes resultados, foi postulado a existência de uma hipersenbilidade às catecolaminas em músculos desnervados cronicamente. O tratamento com CB por 3 dias aboliu o aumento da expressão dos atrogenes induzido pela DEN e este efeito foi associado ao maior conteúdo de AMPc e de substratos fosforilados pela PKA. Além disso, o CB diminuiu a hiperexpressão do RNAm para catepsina L e LC3 induzida pela DEN de 7 dias. Embora o CB não tenha alterado a meia-vida dos AChR em músculos inervados e desnervados, houve um total bloqueio do aumento do número de vesículas endocíticas contendo o AChR em músculos desnervados e tratados com CB. Corroborando estes dados, o CB aumentou a incorporação de AChR novos nas JNM e este efeito foi também associado à maior expressão do RNAm para a subunidade 1-AChR em músculos desnervados. Esta ação do CB no turnover dos AChR parece ser direta uma vez que neuroniôs catecolaminérgicos presentes no nervo ciático ativam receptores 2-ARe a produção de AMPc especificamente na JNM. Em estudos in vitro, foi demonstrado que a estimulação colinérgica produzida pelo carbacol (10-4M) diminuiu a velocidade de síntese de proteínas, aumentou a proteólise total e a atividade do sistema proteolítico Ca2+-dependente em músculos soleus de ratos por meio da ativação dos receptores nicotínicos. Este efeito catabólico do carbacol foi completamente bloqueado pela adição de CB (10-4M) ao meio de incubação. Os dados obtidos no presente estudo permitem sugerir que a estimulação crônica dos 2-AR no músculo esquelético induz um efeito anti-catabólico pela supressão dos sistemas proteolíticos proteassomal e lisossomal, provavelmente através da via de sinalização do AMPc/PKA. A inibição destes sistemas pode estar relacionada ao aumento do turnover dos AChR, uma vez que a velocidade de incorporação destes receptores na JNM foi aumentada pelo CB. Além disso, os achados que mostram a associação entre neurônios noradrenérgicos e colinérgicos no nervo ciático, que conjuntamente inervam as JNM, e a co-localização de receptores 2-AR e AChR na sinapse permitem sugerir a existência de uma interação funcional entre o sistema colinérgico e adrenérgico na manutenção da massa muscular e da placa motora. / Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that the acute stimulation of 2-adrenergic receptor (2-AR) attenuates the muscle loss induced by motor denervation (DEN) through a cAMP/PKA dependent pathway. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the chronic activation of these receptors are poorly understood. Furthermore, the activation of this signaling pathway is also involved in controlling the stability of nicotinic receptors (AChR) at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), suggesting that the density of AChR may be under neurohumoral control. Thus, we postulated that besides the protective effects on muscle mass the activation of 2-AR receptors could mediate the stabilization of AChR in the motor plate. To test this hypothesis, mice were submitted to DEN through of the sciatic nerve section, a classical protocol of induction muscle atrophy and destabilization of AChR, and were treated with saline or clenbuterol (CB), a selective 2-agonist for 14 days. DEN decreased the muscle mass and increased the protein content and mRNA expression of genes related to the activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (atrogin-1 and MuRF1) and autophagic/lysosomal system (cathepsin L and LC3). DEN also promoted an increase in the turnover of AChR, number of endocytic vesicles and the expression of mRNA for the 1 subunit of AChR. Interestingly, chronic DEN induced down-regulation of atrophy related-genes, and increased the activity of cAMP/PKA pathway independently of CB treatment. In an attempt to elucidate the extracellular signals that produced this adaptive response, it was demonstrated that catecholaminergic neurons travels along the sciatic nerve and its ablation by DEN reduces muscle norepinephrine content. Based on these results, it was postulated the existence of a muscle adrenergic hypersensitivity to circulating catecholamines induced by chronic DEN. CB treatment for 3 days completely abolished the higher expression of atrogenes and this effect was associated with increased Camp content and PKA phosphorylated substrates. Furthermore, CB decreased the DEN-induced hyperexpression of cathepsin L and LC3 mRNA at 7 days. Although CB has not altered the half-life of AChR in innervated and denervated muscles, it produced a total blockage of the increased number of endocytic vesicles containing the AChR in denervated muscles. Consistently, CB increased the incorporation of new AChR and this effect was associated with an increased expression of the 1-subunit AChR mRNA in denervated muscles. This action of CB on AChR turnover appears to be direct, since catecholaminergic neurons are present in the sciatic nerve stimulating 2-AR and cAMP production specifically in the NMJ. Furthermore, in vitro studies demonstrated that cholinergic stimulation produced by carbachol (10-4M) decreased the rate of protein synthesis and increased the proteolytic activity of Ca2+-dependent system in rat soleus muscle through activation of nicotinic receptors. This catabolic effect of carbachol was completely blocked by the addition of CB (10-4M) to the incubation medium. These data suggest that chronic stimulation of 2-AR in skeletal muscle induces an anti-catabolic effect by suppressing proteasomal and lysosomal proteolytic systems, probably through the cAMP/PKA signaling. The inhibition of these systems seems to be related to the increased AChR incorporation into NMJ induced by CB treatment. Moreover, the association between noradrenergic and cholinergic neurons in the sciatic nerve, both of which innervate the motor endplates, and the co-localization of AChR and 2-ARat the synapse suggest the existence of a functional interaction between cholinergic and adrenergic systems in the maintenance of muscle mass and motor endplate.

Introdução: A hiperidrose primária (HP) é uma desordem que afeta negativamente a qualidade de vida de seus portadores. A fisiopatologia da HP não é bem compreendida e acredita-se que uma complexa disfunção do sistema nervoso simpático esteja relacionada com sua etiologia. A ressecção de um ou mais gânglios da cadeia simpática torácica constitui-se como o método mais eficiente de controle da HP; apesar disso, pouco se sabe sobre o funcionamento dos gânglios simpáticos em indivíduos normais e em portadores de HP. Objetivos: Analisar a expressão de acetilcolina e das subunidades 3 e 7 de seu receptor nicotínico neuronal em gânglios da cadeia simpática torácica de portadores de HP palmar e comparar estes resultados com os obtidos de não portadores; avaliar se existe diferença de tamanho entre esses gânglios. Métodos: Estudo transversal, no qual foram analisados dois grupos de 20 participantes: no grupo Hiperidrose, portadores de HP palmar, candidatos a simpatectomia torácica; no grupo Controle, doadores falecidos de órgãos sem história prévia de sudorese excessiva. Em todos os indivíduos foram realizados: ressecção do 3º gânglio simpático esquerdo; aferição do maior diâmetro do gânglio; avaliação imunohistoquímica pela quantificação das áreas de expressão forte e fraca de anticorpos primários contra acetilcolina e contra as subunidades 3 e 7 de seu receptor nicotínico neuronal. Resultados: A mediana da idade dos participantes foi menor no grupo Hiperidrose em relação ao Controle; a proporção de homens e mulheres foi de 3:17 no grupo Hiperidrose e 9:11 no Controle. A expressão da subunidade 3 foi semelhante em ambos os grupos (p = 0,78 para expressão forte e p = 0,31 para expressão fraca). A área de expressão forte da subunidade 7 correspondeu a 4,85% da área total em portadores de HP e a 2,34% nos controles (p < 0,001), enquanto a área de expressão fraca foi de 11,48% no grupo Hiperidrose e de 4,59% no Controle (p < 0,001). Expressão forte da acetilcolina foi encontrada em 4,95% da área total no grupo Hiperidrose e 1,19% no Controle (p < 0,001); expressão fraca foi encontrada em 18,55% e 6,77%, respectivamente (p < 0,001). O diâmetro dos gânglios ressecados foi de 0,71cm no grupo Hiperidrose e de 0,53cm no Controle (p < 0,001). Conclusões: Existe um aumento da expressão de acetilcolina e da subunidade 7 do seu receptor nos gânglios simpáticos de portadores de HP; a subunidade 3 do receptor nicotínico de acetilcolina tem expressão semelhante em gânglios simpáticos de portadores de HP e de não portadores; gânglios da cadeia simpática torácica apresentam diâmetro maior em portadores de HP / Introduction: Primary hyperhidrosis (PH) is a disorder that impairs the quality of life of its bearers. The PH physiopathology is not well understood and a complex sympathetic nervous system dysfunction seems to be related with its etiology. The resection of one or more thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia is the most effective PH treatment; however sympathetic ganglia function in normal subjects and in PH patients is unknown. Objectives: Analyzing the immunohistochemical expression of acetylcholine and its neuronal nicotinic receptors 3 and 7 subunits in thoracic sympathetic ganglia of PH patients and compare the results with those obtained from subjects without this disorder; identifying possible differences in size of these ganglia. Methods: Cross-sectional study, in which two groups of 20 subjects were analyzed: the Hyperhidrosis group, with palmar PH patients eligible to thoracic sympathectomy and the Control group, with organ donators after brain death without hyperhidrosis historical. For each subject it were performed: resection of the third left sympathetic ganglion; measurement of the ganglions diameter; immunohistochemical evaluation by quantification of intense and mild expression areas of primary antibodies against acetylcholine and its neuronal nicotinic receptors 3 and 7 subunits. Results: The median of participants age was smaller in Hyperhidrosis group than in Control; the male/female ratio was 3:17 in Hyperhidrosis group and 9:11 in Control. The 3 subunit expression was similar in both groups (p = 0.78 for intense expression and p = 0.31 for mild expression). Intense 7 subunit expression area was 4.85% in PH patients and 2.34% in controls (p < 0.001) whereas mild expression area was 11.48% in Hyperhidrosis group and 4.59% in Control (p < 0.001). Intense acetylcholine expression was found in 4.95% of total area in Hyperhidrosis group and in 1.19% in Control (p < 0.001); mild expression was found in 18.55% and 6.77%, respectively (p < 0.001). Ganglia diameter was 0.71cm in Hyperhidrosis group and 0.53cm in Control (p < 0.001). Conclusions: There is a higher expression of acetylcholine and its neuronal nicotinic receptors 7 subunit in sympathetic ganglia of PH patients; the 3 subunit of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor shows similar expression in sympathetic ganglia of PH patients and subjects without this disorder; thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia diameter is bigger in PH patients

Orientador : Maria Julia Marques / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T23:03:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendes_ZarifTorresRehder_M.pdf: 784934 bytes, checksum: dac9ec18f5f84c47d0194a64020fd1d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: No presente trabalho estudamos o padrão de distribuição dos receptores de acetilcolina (AChRs) e terminais nervosos em animais C57BL/10, após longo período de regeneração muscular. A degeneração-regeneração muscular foi induzida pelo anestésico local cloridrato de lidocaína no músculo esternomastóideo. Após 90 e 150 dias, os músculos foram retirados e os AChRs e terminais nervosos marcados com rodamina-a-bungarotoxina e anti-neurofilamento, respectivamente e observados através de microscopia de fluorescência confocal. Em todas as junções superficiais da fibra regenerada observada (n=416 junções) os receptores estavam distribuídos em ilhas e a fibra muscular apresentava núcleo central, caracterizando sua regeneração. Os terminais possuíam finas arborizações com dilatações em suas extremidades, situadas no centro das ilhas dos receptores. O padrão de distribuição da acetilcolinesterase foi semelhante ao observado para os AChRs. Nas fibras musculares regeneradas e desnervadas (n=900 junções) os AChRs não estavam distribuídos em ilhas. Esses resultados mostram que os receptores colinérgicos, após longo tempo de regeneração muscular, mantêm o padrão de distribuição em ilhas e o terminal nervoso parece determinar este padrão, provavelmente em consequência de brotamentos intraterminais que ocorrem em presença de regeneração muscular / Abstract: Mdx mice have deficiency of dystrophin and cycles of muscle fiber regeneration. Changes in the distribution of acetylcholine receptors have been reported at the neuromuscular junction of mdx and may be a consequence of muscle fiber regeneration. At the present, we verified whether the distribution of receptors is still altered in long-term regenerated muscle fibers from C57Bl/10 mice. The left sternomastoid muscle of adult mice was injected with 60 µl of lidocaine hydrochloride to induce degeneration-regeneration. Some animals had the STN denervated at the time of lidocaine injection. After 90 and 150 days, receptors were labeled with rhodamine-a-bungarotoxin for confocal observation. For both periods studied, receptors were distributed into clusters. In denervated-regenerated fibers, receptors were distributed as branches, similar to normal denervated muscles. This suggests that nerve-dependent mechanisms are involved in the changes in receptor distribution seen in regenerated muscle fibers, after lidocaine treatment and a similar phenomenon might explain the changes in receptor distribution seen in dystrophic muscle fibers / Mestrado / Anatomia / Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

L’augmentation transitoire de la concentration calcique intracellulaire constitue l’élément déclencheur de nombreux processus physiologiques tels que la fertilisation de l’ovocyte, la contraction ou la mort cellulaire. L’influx de calcium à la suite de l’activation des récepteurs de l’acétylcholine (RACh) dans les muscles ou les neurones est un événement bref et localisé. Le recrutement, direct ou indirect, des canaux calciques voltage-dépendants permet de convertir cette stimulation aigue en un événement prolongé dans l’espace et le temps, menant à la contraction musculaire, à l’exocytose des neurotransmetteurs ou à la régulation de l’expression des gènes. Les RACh et les canaux de type L étant conservés au cours de l’évolution, nous utilisons la cellule musculaire du nématode Caenorhabditis elegans comme modèle d’étude afin de mieux caractériser la biologie et les mécanismes de régulation de ces protéines. Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai travaillé sur deux situations indépendantes de suractivation de l’homéostasie calcique impliquant ces acteurs, i) l’hyperactivation des canaux calciques voltage-dépendants par des mutations gain-de-fonction, ii) la suractivation pharmacologique des RACh à l’aide d’un agoniste cholinergique, le lévamisole. La première étude a consisté en la caractérisation de trois mutations gain-de-fonction dans le gène codant la sous-unité a1 du canal calcique de type L. Ce travail s’inscrivait dans un projet visant à isoler des mutants supprimant les défauts d’excitabilité engendrés par l’hyperactivité des canaux de type L, afin d’identifier de nouveaux partenaires fonctionnels de ces canaux. Ce projet a été interrompu par la mise en place de la deuxième étude, dans laquelle j’ai utilisé l’exposition au lévamisole pour explorer la réponse cellulaire face à une suractivation cholinergique. J’ai montré que la signalisation cholinergique était contrôlée par un inhibiteur associé aux récepteurs, et que les RACh subissaient des modifications quantitatives à court ou long terme. Enfin, j'ai exploité le phénotype de résistance partielle au lévamisole pour réaliser un crible génétique à grande échelle visant à identifier de nouveaux régulateurs des récepteurs / Calcium transients trigger various physiological processes, including oocyte fertilization, contraction or cell death. In neurons or muscles, calcium influx following acetylcholine receptor (AChR) opening is a brief and confined event. By recruiting, directly or not, voltage-dependent calcium channels, this calcium entry is amplified through space and time and leads to muscle contraction, neurotransmitter exocytosis or gene regulation.As AChRs and L-type voltage-gated calcium channels are evolutionarily conserved, we use Caenorhabditis elegans striated muscle cells as a model to characterize the biology and regulation mechanisms of these proteins. During my PhD I worked on two independent situations involving overactivation of calcium homeostasis, i) hyperactivation of L-type calcium channels by gain-of-function mutations within the main subunit, ii) pharmacological overactivation of AChRs using the cholinergic agonist levamisole. The functional characterization of three gain-of-function mutations was the first step of a project aiming to identify new molecular partners of L-type channels, by isolating mutants suppressing excitability troubles introduced by these gain-of-function mutations. This work was interrupted when I started the second study: I used levamisole exposure as an experimental paradigm to investigate how muscle cells are coping with cholinergic overstimulation. I showed that cholinergic signaling is regulated by an inhibitor associated with the receptors, and that AChRs undergo quantitative changes at short or long term. Finally I took advantage of partial levamisole resistance phenotype to undertake a genetic screen in order to identify new regulators of AChRs