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>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The use of diesel engines in vehicles and heavy machinery throughout the world has been slowly increasing in the past few decades. This has led to high demand for diesel and gasoline with high octane number. Diesel and gasoline are in high demand due to its qualities as fuels containing low or no sulfur and nitrogen compounds, making them environmentally friendly and the anti- knocking properties respectively. With these reasons and more, researchers have been studying processes like the catalytic oligomerization of olefins to produce synthetic fuels with augmented qualities and properties. The effectiveness of the process will depend on the quality of the catalyst.

Acrolein is an indispensable chemical intermediate with a rising demand in recent years. The concern of the increase of propylene prices due to the shrinking supply of nonrenewable crude oil makes the acid-catalyzed gas-phase glycerol dehydration to acrolein a prime candidate for research. Our analysis showed that the sustainable acrolein production from glycerol was both technically and economically viable. Alumina2700® (Al) and Silica1252® (Si) loaded with silicotungstic acid (HSiW) possessed distinct features while provided equally good acrolein yield (73.86mol% and 74.05mol%, respectively) optimally. Due to the unique non-equilibrium characteristics, non-thermal plasma (NTP) could promote a variety of chemical reactions; however, its application in a dehydration process remained blank. This study used the reaction of glycerol dehydration to acrolein to probe whether NTP could 1) improve acrolein yield during dehydration, 2) suppress the coke formation and regenerate the catalyst, and 3) modify the properties of the catalyst. The dielectric barrier discharge configuration was used to generate NTP; various NTP field strengths and also their interaction with temperature and the catalyst were investigated. The results showed that NTP improved the glycerol conversion and that NTP with a proper field strength increased acrolein selectivity. The optimal acrolein yields of 83.6 mol% and 83.1 mol% were achieved with 3.78 kV/cm NTP and 4.58 kV/cm NTP at 275°C for HSiW-Al and HSiW-Si, respectively. The application of NTP-O2 (5% oxygen in argon, 4.58 kV/cm) during glycerol dehydration significantly suppressed coke formation on HSiW-Si. NTP-O2 could regenerate the deactivated HSiW-Si at low temperatures by removing both soft and hard coke at various rates. NTP-O2 with higher field strength, at medium operation temperature (150ºC) and in argon atmosphere was more effective for coke removal/catalyst regeneration. Applying NTP to the catalyst fabrication showed some capabilities in modifying catalyst properties, including enlarging surface area, preserving mesopores, increasing acid strength and Brønsted acidity. NTP with argon as the discharge gas performed better in these modifications than NTP with air as the discharge gas.

Le furfural est un intermédiaire chimique biosourcé produit à l'échelle industrielle par déshydratation des pentoses issus de la biomasse lignocellulosique. Le procédé industriel utilise une catalyse homogène à base d’acide sulfurique. L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse vise à rechercher une voie catalytique durable, faisant appel à une catalyse hétérogène solide acide en phase aqueuse. L’utilisation de réacteurs fermé et à flux continu a été comparée, tout en évitant le recours aux solvants organiques d’extraction. Pour ce faire, une large gamme de catalyseurs acides hétérogènes a été caractérisée et évaluée en réacteur fermé afin de rechercher des corrélations entre performances catalytiques et propriétés physico-chimiques. Ces études ont permis de montrer que l'utilisation de solutions aqueuses d'acide acétique, en synergie avec certains catalyseurs hétérogènes, conduit aux meilleurs résultats, à savoir un rendement en furfural de 60%. Elles ont également permis de sélectionner les familles de catalyseurs acides, potentiellement stables et sélectifs, pour des études plus approfondies en réacteur continu. Deux familles de catalyseurs ont ainsi été étudiées afin d'augmenter leur sélectivité en furfural et leur stabilité. Des catalyseurs à base de charbons fonctionnalisés avec de l'acide citrique ont montré des résultats très satisfaisants, et une excellente stabilité. La modification de catalyseurs à base de niobium par des phosphates a permis d'améliorer la sélectivité en furfural et de mettre en évidence l'importance de la nature des sites acides à la surface du solide / Furfural is a chemical intermediate produced in industry by dehydration of pentoses issued from the lignocellulosic biomass. Sulfuric acid is currently used in the industrial process. The aim of this thesis is the search for a sustainable catalytic way based on solid acid catalysts in aqueous phase. Both batch and fixed-bed reactors have been compared, taking care to avoid the use of extractive organic solvents. Thus, a large range of heterogeneous acid catalysts was characterized and evaluated in batch reactor in order to obtain correlations between catalytic performances and physico-chemical properties. These studies have shown that the use of aqueous acetic acid solutions, in synergy with selected heterogeneous catalysts, leads to the best results, furfural yield of 60%. It was also possible to select families of acid catalysts, potentially stable and selective for deeper studies in continuous reactor. Two catalyst types have been optimized in order to increase their furfural selectivity and their stability. Carbon-based catalysts, functionalized with citric acid, have shown good furfural yield as well as an excellent stability. Niobium-based catalysts modified with phosphates led to increased furfural selectivity and also highlighted the importance of the nature of acid sites on the solid surface

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ThiagoC_TESE_PARCIAL.pdf: 936476 bytes, checksum: 8bf6e0f098d614d4feecc4fca3221123 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Different types of heterogeneous catalysts of the silicoaluminophosphate type, (SAPO-5, SAPO-11, SAPO-31, SAPO-34 and SAPO-41), molecular sieves with a: AFI, AEL, ATO, CHA and AFO structure, respectively, were synthesized through the hydrothermal method. Using sources such as hydrated alumina (pseudobohemita), phosphoric acid, silica gel, water, as well as, different types of organic structural templates, such as: cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMABr), di-isopropylamine (DIPA), di-n- propylamine (DNPA) and tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEOS), for the respective samples. During the preparation of the silicoaluminophosphates, the crystallization process of the samples occurred at a temperature of approximately 200 ? C, ranging through periods of 18-72 h, when it was possible to obtain pure phases for the SAPOs. The materials were furthermore washed with deionized water, dried and calcined to remove the molecules of the templates. Subsequently the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared region (FT-IR), specific surface area and thermal analysis via TG/DTG. The acidic properties were determined using adsorption of n-butylamine followed by programmed termodessorption. These methods revealed that the SAPO samples showed a typically weak to moderate acidity. However, a small amount of strong acid sites was also detected. The deactivation of the catalysts was conducted by artificially coking the samples, followed by n-hexane cracking reactions in a fixed bed with a continuous flow micro-reactor coupled on line to a gas chromatograph. The main products obtained were: ethane, propane, isobutene, n-butane, n-pentane and isopentane. The Vyazovkin (model-free) kinetics method was used to determine the catalysts regeneration and removal of the coke / Diferentes tipos de catalisadores heterog?neos do tipo silicoaluminofosf?tico, (SAPO-5, SAPO-11, SAPO-31, SAPO-34 e SAPO-41), peneiras moleculares com estrutura: AFI, AEL, ATO, CHA e AFO, respectivamente, foram sintetizados pelo m?todo hidrot?rmico. Utilizando-se de fontes como ? alumina hidratada (pseudobohemita), ?cido fosf?rico, s?lica gel, ?gua e diferentes tipos de direcionadores estruturais org?nicos, tais como o: brometo de cetiltrimetilam?nio (CTMABr), di-isopropilamina (DIPA), di-n-propilamina (DNPA) e hidr?xido de tetraetilam?nio (TEOS), nas respectivas amostras. Durante a prepara??o dos silicoaluminofosfatos o processo de cristaliza??o das amostras ocorreu ? temperatura de aproximadamente 200 ?C, durante per?odos que variaram de 18-72 h, quando foi poss?vel obter as fases puras dos SAPOs. Os materiais obtidos foram lavados com ?gua deionizada, secos e calcinados para a remo??o das mol?culas dos direcionadores. Posteriormente, as amostras foram caracterizadas por difra??o de raios-X (DRX), microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de absor??o na regi?o do infravermelho (FT-IR), ?rea de superf?cie espec?fica e an?lise t?rmica via TG/DTG. As propriedades ?cidas foram determinadas usando adsor??o de n-butilamina seguida de termodessor??o programada. Esses m?todos revelaram que ?s amostras dos SAPOs apresentaram uma acidez tipicamente fraca a moderada. Entretanto, uma pequena quantidade de s?tios ?cidos fortes foi tamb?m detectada. A desativa??o dos catalisadores foi conduzida pelo coqueamento artificial das amostras, seguidas das rea??es de craqueamento do n-hexano em um microrreator catal?tico de leito fixo com fluxo cont?nuo acoplado em linha com um cromat?grafo a g?s. Como principais produtos foram obtidos: etano, propano, isobutano, n-butano, n-pentano e isopentano. Para determinar a regenera??o do catalisador e a remo??o do coque foi aplicado o m?todo cin?tico Vyazovkin (Model Free Kinetics) / 2020-02-01

Submitted by Dilene Paulo (dilene.fatima@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-16T15:00:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO HENRIQUE LEITE QUINTELA - TESE (PPGEQ) 2016.pdf: 3975153 bytes, checksum: 257f1154ea4502e70913fe7937bf8a3f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-16T15:00:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO HENRIQUE LEITE QUINTELA - TESE (PPGEQ) 2016.pdf: 3975153 bytes, checksum: 257f1154ea4502e70913fe7937bf8a3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Capes / A MCM-22 é uma zeólita com estrutura porosa identificada pelo código MWW, cuja cristalização ocorre mediante a formação de um precursor lamelar. Embora a síntese da MCM-22 tenha sido extensivamente investigada, alguns parâmetros importantes para sua obtenção ainda não foram sistematicamente estudados. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a influência da fonte de alumínio e da presença dos cátions sódio e potássio na mistura reacional sobre a cristalização da MCM-22 e desenvolver catalisadores ácidos com topologia MWW modificada a partir da dessilicação da MCM-22 e da deslaminação do precursor lamelar. O método hidrotérmico foi utilizado para sintetizar a referida zeólita, variando-se a fonte de alumínio (hidróxido de alumínio, aluminato de sódio e pseudoboemita) e a quantidade relativa de sódio e potássio presente na mistura reacional, em condições estáticas. O processo de dessilicação foi efetuado utilizando soluções de hidróxido de sódio com diferentes concentrações, enquanto a deslaminação foi realizada via intumescimento do precursor lamelar e posterior esfoliação por sonicação. A acidez dos catalisadores foi avaliada por dessorção termoprogramada de amônia. Os resultados de DRX revelaram que entre as fontes de alumínio utilizadas o hidróxido de alumínio foi mais eficaz para sintetizar a MCM-22 nas condições experimentais empregadas, e que a presença simultânea de sódio e potássio na mistura reacional aumentou a cristalinidade e a taxa de cristalização da zeólita,quando o potássio correspondeu a 45% do total de metais alcalinos em base molar. As micrografias das amostras de MCM-22 mostraram que a morfologia e o tamanho das partículas foram afetados pelas diferentes proporções entre sódio e potássio avaliadas. As análises de DRX, adsorção física de N2 e MEV dos materiais dessilicados e deslaminados evidenciaram a sensibilidade da topologia MWW a tratamentos alcalinos e que o processo de esfoliação das monocamadas do precursor lamelar não ocorreu de forma integral. Os catalisadores ácidos com estruturas modificadas pelos processos de dessilicação e deslaminação apresentaram menor acidez e sítios ácidos mais fracos quando comparados à MCM-22 sem alterações estruturais, sendo a maior redução observada para o catalisador parcialmente esfoliado. / MCM-22 is a zeolite with a porous structure identified by the MWW code, which crystallization occurs through the formation of a lamellar precursor. Although the MCM-22 synthesis has been extensively investigated, some important parameters for its preparation have not yet been systematically studied. In this context, the present work aimed to evaluate the influence of the aluminum source and the presence of sodium and potassium cations in the reaction mixture on the MCM-22 crystallization and develop acid catalysts with MWW topology modified by MCM-22 desilication and delamination of its lamellar precursor. The hydrothermal method was used to synthesize the said zeolite, varying the aluminum source (aluminum hydroxide, sodium aluminate, and pseudoboehmite) and the relative amount of sodium and potassium present in the reaction mixture, under static conditions. The desilication process was conducted using sodium hydroxide solutions with different concentrations, whereas delamination was performed by swelling of the lamellar precursor and subsequent exfoliation by sonication. The catalysts acidity were evaluated by ammonia thermal programmed desorption. The XRD results showed that among the aluminum sources used the aluminum hydroxide was more effective to synthesize MCM-22 under the experimental conditions employed, and that the simultaneous presence of sodium and potassium in the reaction mixture increased zeolite crystallinity and crystallization rate, when potassium corresponded to 45% of the total alkali metal on a molar basis. The micrographs of MCM-22 samples showed that the morphology and particle size were affected by the different ratios between sodium and potassium evaluated. The XRD, N2 physical adsorption and SEM analyses of the desilicated and delaminated materials evidenced the MWW topology sensitivity to alkaline treatments and that the lamellar precursor monolayers exfoliation process did not occur integrally. The acid catalysts with structures modified by desilication and delamination processes presented lower acidity and weaker acid sites compared to the MCM-22 without structural changes, with the greatest reduction being observed in the partially exfoliated catalyst.

Cette thèse porte sur les réactions abiotiques catalysées par un acide dans les systèmes biologiques. Elles sont définis comme des systèmes réactionnels composés d'un substrat xénobiotique - un acétal cyclique dans ce travail - stable dans des conditions biologiques et clivable à un pH bas et d'un catalyseur acide hétérogène correspondant biocompatible. Le défi de cette approche est de maintenir le catalyseur actif dans un milieu biologique tamponné et toujours capable d'hydrolyser le substrat xénobiotique d'acétal et de maintenir le pH tamponné du système vivant dans son état d'origine. Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous nous concentrons sur le réglage précis des acétals cycliques. Nous identifions 4 structures acétales et montrons que les changements structurels conduisent à une réactivité différente dans différentes gammes de pH, chacune correspondant à des applications possibles in vivo, notamment des lieurs stables pour les conjugués anticorps-médicaments et des lieurs clivables dans des conditions physiologiques pour la bioconjugaison.La deuxième partie est axée sur le catalyseur biocompatible. Ici, nous identifions deux catalyseurs biocompatibles solides, ayant différents degrés d'hydrophobie et de propriétés d’adsorption : le copolymère Nafion NR-50 et le copolymère PEG-AASA. Nous démontrons qu’avec un traitement approprié, ils peuvent maintenir un pH interne inférieur à 4, hydrolyser le substrat et ne pas affecter le biofluide hautement tamponné utilisé comme solvant. / This thesis object is acid-catalysed abiotic reactions in biological systems. They are defined as reaction systems composed by a xenobiotic substrate – a cyclic acetal in this work - stable in biological conditions and cleavable at low pH and a corresponding biocompatible heterogeneous acid catalyst. The challenge of this approach is to keep the catalyst active in a buffered biological media and still capable of hydrolysing the xenobiotic acetal substrate and to maintain the buffered pH of the living system in its original state. In the first part of this work we focus on the fine-tuning of cyclic acetals. We identify 4 acetal structures and we show that structural changes lead to a different reactivity in different pH ranges, each corresponding to possible applications in vivo, including stable linkers for antibody drug conjugates and linkers cleavable in physiological conditions for bioconjugation.The second part is focused on the biocompatible catalyst. Herein we identify two solid biocompatible catalysts, with different degree of hydrophobicity and adsorbance properties: Nafion NR-50 and PEG-AASA co-polymer. We demonstrate that, upon proper treatment, they can maintain an inner pH < 4, hydrolyse the substrate and do not affect the highly buffered biofluid used as solvent.

La cellulose, bio-polymère composé d’unités glucose, est un composé largement disponible au sein de la biomasse lignocellulosique. Sa dépolymérisation sélective en synthons se heurte cependant à sa forte résistance aux transformations chimiques du fait de sa structure semi-cristalline. L’objectif de la thèse est d’étudier la transformation de la cellulose par catalyse hétérogène. Il a été montré qu’une dépolymérisation partielle de la cellulose en milieu aqueux était promue par les protons issus de l’autoprotolyse de l’eau à 190°C. L’ajout d’un catalyseur solide ayant une acidité de BrØnsted forte dans le milieu réactionnel s’est révélé peu influent sur la conversion de la cellulose. En revanche, la présence de catalyseurs solides possédant une acidité de Lewis forte augmente significativement la conversion de la cellulose en formant sélectivement de l’acide lactique. Cette orientation sélective de la réaction est attribuée à l’aptitude des sites acides de Lewis à coordiner les oligosaccharides solubilisés. L’ajout d’une fonction métallique (Pt) sur un acide de Lewis solide augmente aussi significativement la conversion de la cellulose, en produisant sélectivement de l’acétol et du propylène glycol. La fonction métallique, sous atmosphère d’hydrogène, ne se limite pas à l’hydrogénation des produits finaux mais pourrait aussi intervenir dans des étapes de transfert d’hydrures et de génération de protons. Une conversion efficace de la cellulose résulte ainsi d’une action combinée des protons issus du milieu aqueux générant des oligosaccharides et des sites actifs des catalyseurs hétérogènes bifonctionnels métal-acide. / Cellulose, a biopolymer composed of glucose units, is an abundant and renewable resource. Its selective depolymerisation into building blocks is difficult due to its strong resistance to chemical reactions ascribed to its semi-crystalline structure. The aim of the thesis is to study the transformation of cellulose by heterogeneous catalysis. It has been shown that a partial cellulose depolymerisation in aqueous media was promoted by the hydroxonium ions generated in situ by water autoprotolysis at 190°C. The presence of a solid BrØnsted acid in the reaction media neither improved the cellulose conversion nor led to a particular selectivity into a valuable product. By contrast, solid Lewis acids were capable of significantly improving the cellulose conversion but also of favoring the formation of lactic acid in high yield. It is proposed that the solid Lewis sites intervene via coordination of oligosaccharides, issued from cellulose depolymerisation initiated by hydroxonium ions from water. The addition of a metallic phase such as Pt° on a solid Lewis acid support has also led to remarkable performances in term of extent of cellulose conversion and selectivity towards acetol and propylene glycol. The metallic bi-functionnal catalyst, under hydrogen atmosphere, not only leads to hydrogenated products but could also intervene into hydrides transfer elementary steps. An efficient cellulose conversion is the result of a combined action of hydroxonium ions provided by the hot water media with active sites of the bifunctionnal heterogeneous catalysts.