Turbulent boundary layer and metamaterial properties were explored to initiate the viability of controlling acoustic waves driven by pressure fluctuations from flow. A turbulent boundary layer scaling analysis was performed on zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers over rough surfaces, for 30,000≤〖Re〗_θ≤100,000. Relationships between fluctuating pressures and velocities were explored through the pressure Poisson equation. Certain scaling laws were implemented in attempts to collapse velocity spectra and turbulence profiles. Such analyses were performed to justify a proper scaling of the low-frequency region of the wall-pressure spectrum. Such frequencies are commonly associated with eddies containing the largest length scales. This study compared three scaling methods proposed in literature: The low-frequency classical scaling (velocity scale U_τ, length scale δ), the convection velocity scaling (U_e-U ̅_c, δ), and the Zagarola-Smits scaling (U_e-U ̅, δ). A default scaling (U_e, δ) was also selected as a baseline case for comparison. At some level, the classical scaling best collapsed rough and smooth wall Reynolds stress profiles. Low-pass filtering of the scaled turbulence profiles improved the rough-wall scaling of the Zagarola-Smits and convection velocity laws. However, inconsistent scaled results between the pressure and velocity requires a more rigorous pressure Poisson analysis. The selection of a proper scaling law gives insight into turbulent boundary layers as possible sources for acoustic metamaterials. A quiescent (no flow) experiment was conducted to measure the capabilities of a metamaterial in retaining acoustic surface waves. A point source speaker provided an acoustic input while the resulting sound waves were measured with a probe microphone. Acoustic surface waves were found via Fourier analysis in time and space. Standing acoustic surface waves were identified. Membrane response properties were measured to obtain source condition characteristics for turbulent boundary layers once the metamaterial is exposed to flow. / Master of Science / Aerodynamicists are often concerned with interactions between fluids and solids, such as an aircraft wing gliding through air. Due to frictional effects, the relative velocity of the air on the solid-surface is negligible. This results in a layer of slower moving fluid near the surface referred to as a boundary layer. Boundary layers regularly occur in the fluid-solid interface, and account for a sufficient amount of noise and drag on aircraft. To compensate for increases in drag, engines are required to produce increased amounts of power. This leads to higher fuel consumption and increased costs. Additionally, most boundary layers in nature are turbulent, or chaotic. Therefore, it is difficult to predict the exact paths of air molecules as they travel within a boundary layer. Because of its intriguing physics and impacts on economic costs, turbulent boundary layers have been a popular research topic. This study analyzed air pressure and velocity measurements of turbulent boundary layers. Relationships between the two were drawn, which fostered a discussion of future works in the field. Mainly, the simultaneous measurements of pressure on the surface and boundary layer velocity can be performed with understanding of the Pressure Poisson equation. This equation is a mathematical representation of the boundary layer pressure on the surface. This study also explored the possibility of turbulent-boundary-layer-driven-acoustic-metamaterials. Acoustic metamaterials contain hundreds of cavities which can collectively manipulate passing sound waves. A facility was developed at Virginia Tech to measure this effect, with aid from a similar laboratory at Exeter University. Microphone measurements showed the reduction of sound wave speed across the metamaterial, showing promise in acoustic manipulation. Applications in metamaterials in the altering of sound caused by turbulent boundary layers were also explored and discussed.

Low frequency noise is a common problem in aircraft and launch vehicles. New technologies must be investigated to reduce this noise while contributing minimal weight to the structure. This thesis investigates passive and active control methods to improve low frequency sound absorption and transmission loss using acoustic metamaterials. The acoustic metamaterials investigated consist of poro-elastic acoustic heterogeneous (HG) metamaterials and microperforated (MPP) acoustic metamaterials. HG metamaterials consist of poro-elastic material with a periodic arrangement of embedded masses acting as an array of mass-spring- damper systems. MPP acoustic metamaterials consist of periodic layers of micro-porous panels embedded in poro-elastic material. This thesis examines analytically, experimentally, and numerically the behavior of acoustic metamaterials compared to a baseline poro-elastic sample. The development of numerical techniques using finite element analysis will aid in understanding the physics behind their functionality and will influence their design. Design studies are performed to understand the effects of varying the density, size, shape, and placement of the embedded masses as well as the location and distribution of microperforated panels in poro- elastic material. An active HG metamaterial is investigated, consisting of an array of active masses embedded within poro-elastic material. Successful tonal and broadband noise control is achieved using a feedforward, filtered-x LMS control algorithm to minimize the downstream sound pressure level. Low-frequency absorption and transmission loss is successfully increased in the critical frequency range below 500 Hz. Acoustic metamaterials are compact compared to conventional materials and find applications in controlling low-frequency sound radiation in aircraft and launch vehicles. / Master of Science

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18469号 / 工博第3905号 / 新制||工||1599(附属図書館) / 31347 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科機械理工学専攻 / (主査)教授 西脇 眞二, 教授 椹木 哲夫, 教授 松原 厚 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21754号 / 工博第4571号 / 新制||工||1712(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科機械理工学専攻 / (主査)教授 西脇 眞二, 教授 北村 隆行, 教授 小森 雅晴 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Artificiels structurés, présentent des propriétés inédites et des aptitudes uniques pour la manipulation d’ondes en général. L’avènement de ces nouveaux matériaux a permis de dépasser les limites classiques dans tout le domaine de l’acoustique-physique, et d’élargir l’horizon des recherches fondamentales. Plus récemment, une nouvelle classe de structures artificielles, les métasurfaces acoustiques, présentant une valeur ajoutée par rapport aux métamatériaux, avec des avantages en termes de flexibilité, de finesse et de légèreté de structures, a émergé. Inspirés par ces propriétés et fonctionnalités sans précédent, des concepts innovants pour la collecte d’énergie acoustique avec ces deux types de structures artificielles ont été réalisés dans le cadre de cette thèse. Tout d’abord, nous avons développé un concept à base d’un métamatériau en plaque en se basant sur le de l’approche de bande interdite et des modes de défaut permis par le mécanisme de Bragg. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, des métasurfaces d’épaisseur sublongueur d’onde et ultra-minces composées d’unités labyrinthiques ou de résonateurs de Helmholtz ont été conçues et étudiées pour s’atteler à la focalisation et au confinement de l’énergie acoustique. Cette thèse propose un nouveau paradigme de collecte d’énergie des ondes acoustiques à base des métamatériaux et métasurfaces. La collecte de cette énergie acoustique renouvelable, très abondante et actuellement perdue, pourrait particulièrement être utile pour l’industrie de l’aéronautique, de l’automobile, du spatial, de l’urbanisme / Phononic crystals (PCs) and acoustic metamaterials (AMMs), well-known as artificially engineered materials, demonstrate anomalous properties and fascinating capabilities in various kinds of wave manipulations, which have breached the classical barriers and significantly broaden the horizon of the whole acoustics field. As a novel category of AMMs, acoustic metasurfaces share the functionalities of AMMs in exotic yet compelling wave tailoring. Inspired by these extraordinary capabilities, innovative concepts of scavenging acoustic energy with AMMs are primarily conceived and sufficiently explored in this thesis. Generally, a planar AMM acoustic energy harvesting (AEH) system and acoustic metasurfaces AEH systems are theoretically and numerically proposed and analyzed in this dissertation. At first, taking advantage of the properties of band gap and wave localization of defect mode, the AEH system based on planar AMM composed of a defected AMM and a structured piezoelectric material has been proposed and sufficiently analyzed. Secondly, subwavelength (λ/8) and ultrathin (λ/15) metasurfaces with various lateral configurations, composed of labyrinthine and Helmholtz-like elements, respectively, are designed and analyzed to effectively realize the acoustic focusing and AEH. This thesis provides new paradigms of AEH with AMMs and acoustic metasurfaces, which would contribute to the industries of micro electronic devices and noise abatement as well

Les métamatériaux sont des milieux prometteurs pour l'imagerie acoustique. Grâce à ces milieux, il est possible de concevoir des lentilles à faces parallèles pouvant dépasser la limite conventionnelle de résolution d'une lentille et par conséquent améliorer les systèmes d'imagerie. Malgré l'intérêt grandissant des chercheurs pour les métamatériaux, le comportement des ondes acoustiques dans ces milieux n'est pas totalement connu. Nous proposons de développer la problématique de la propagation des ondes acoustiques dans un milieu de type métamatériau en détail dans ce manuscrit. Cette étude a permis d'extraire un critère discriminant un métamatériau d'un matériau classique et d'apporter un regard nouveau sur l'amplification des ondes évanescentes dans les métamatériaux.Nous explorons une piste peu empruntée en vue du dimensionnement de métamatériaux : les milieux aléatoires. Nous nous focalisons sur les milieux à deux dimensions dont les phases sont fluides. Dans cette optique, une phase de validation de techniques d'homogénéisation dynamique existantes est réalisée \textit{via} la comparaison des réponses acoustiques d'un écran de diffuseurs répartis aléatoirement obtenues par des simulations numériques FDTD avec celles prédites par des modèles analytiques. L'étude de ces modèles, utiles au dimensionnement de structures aléatoires présentant des réponses acoustiques ciblées, nous a amené à examiner avec attention leur comportement quasi-statique. Une technique d'homogénéisation permettant de prendre en compte explicitement les interactions entre diffuseurs est proposée dans ce contexte. Développée dans le cadre de la diffusion simple et multiple, elle relie les propriétés mécaniques effectives aux moyennes des champs acoustiques dans un volume représentatif.Finalement, l'analyse du comportement d'un milieu aléatoire \og réaliste \fg~possédant théoriquement des bandes fréquentielles à réfraction négative, grâce à des diffuseurs résonants à basses fréquences, a été menée. Différents régimes de fonctionnement atypiques sont identifiés à l'aide de simulations numériques. La confrontation des réponses de ce milieu avec celles d'un cristal phononique est ensuite présentée et révèle une étonnante similitude entre les deux arrangements. / Metamaterials are promising media for acoustic imaging. For example, such media give the possibility to build flat lenses exhibiting sub-diffraction-limit resolution, thereby improving imaging setup. Despite the growing interest of the researcher for metamaterials, acoustic wave propagation is still not widely known. This work addresses the topic of wave propagation in metamaterials. In this work, we have defined a criterion which differentiate metamaterial from classical material and provide a new insight in the amplification of evanescent waves.We explore how to design metamaterials with random media. We focus on two dimensional media with fluid components. A validation process of existing dynamic homogenization techniques is done via the comparison between the responses of a screen of scatterers obtained by numerical simulations from FDTD with those predict by the analytical models. The study of those models, useful for designing random media with atypical responses, lead us to consider their quasi-static limit. In this context, we propose a homogenization technique which includes explicitly the interactions between scatterers. It is developed for multiple and simple scattering and link the effective properties to the averages of the acoustic fields in a representative volume.Finally, the analysis of the acoustic responses of a realistic random medium having theoretical negative refraction frequency bandwidth, thanks to low frequency resonant scatterers is done. Different atypical responses are identified from the numerical simulations. The comparison between the responses of this medium and those of phononic crystals is presented and shows a surprising similarity of the two arrangements.

Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés d'abord au mécanisme de résonance locale en développant différents modèles théoriques pour l'étude de nouveaux cristaux phononiques à résonance locale (CPRL) en plaque dont l'élément principal et l'élastomère (silicone rubber). Le mode opératoire de ce mécanisme a été étudié et les ouvertures des bandes interdites ont été interprétées théoriquement ainsi que les phénomènes physiques mis en jeu. La mise en évidence expérimentale de la bande interdite a été réalisée par la fabrication et la caractérisation de structures CPRL et une parfaite concordance a été constatée entre les résultats théoriques et expérimentaux. Une étude des phénomènes de guidage a permis par ailleurs de montrer la possibilité du confinement et de la transmission d'un seul mode élastique au niveau d'un CPRL. Dans un second temps, nous avons montré que les propriétés d'un CPRL peuvent être reproduites dans le régime hypersonique. En effet, par le biais de la mise en place d'un nouveau modèle théorique et en proposant un nouveau CPRL à ondes de surface à base de films de diamant, nous avons pu montrer que ce type de cristal peut faire l'objet d'applications potentielles à des fins de guidage et de démultiplexage et ainsi initier la conception de nouveaux dispositifs miniaturisés à ondes de surface destinés aux systèmes de télécommunications (>GHz). / In this PhD work, we focused our interest on the theoretical and experimental study of locally resonant phononic crystals (LRPC) operating in sonic and hypersonic regimes. We first developed numerical models to understand the dispersion behaviour of elastic waves in those plate-type LRPC in which the silicone rubber plays a key role. We showed that with such structure, we can understand clearly how the local resonance (LR) mechanism operates to give rise to opening of low frequency BG two orders of magnitude that the one allowed by Bragg diffusion. The physics behind such structures was also figured out by means of theoretical models. An experimental study was then undertaken by manufacturing a new LRPC plate which has been characterized in terms of elastic behaviour and BG investigation. A perfect concordance was demonstrated between the theoretical an experimental results by evidencing a 2kHz BG opening using a 6mm diameter rubber stub and 1cm periodicity. In addition, waveguiding phenomena was investigated in those structures and showed the possibility of guiding of only one defect mode unlike conventional PCs in which many defects modes are generated. A second part of this study was dealt with LR mechanism in hypersonic regime. Using a new numerical and theoretical approach, we were able to show the BG opening and waveguiding for surface acoustic waves (SAW) in a LRPC composed of metallic stubs arranged on a diamond semi-infinite substrate. The added value of LR in such frequency regime remains in its ability to select only one guided mode due to the longer involved wavelengths. Such structures can then be suitable for filtering and demultiplexing applications.