Akademisk avhandling--Stockholm. / Includes bibliographical references.

Akademisk avhandling--Stockholm. / Includes bibliographical references.

Au cours de l’époque classique, la gestion des cultes et des richesses sacrées d’Athènes devient de plus en plus centralisée autour de l’Acropole. La cité en effet met en place un système de gestion plus rationnel et cohérent de ses biens sacrés en même temps qu’elle se dote de structures administratives et institutionnelles lui permettant de gérer un empire maritime en expansion. Ce système, loin d’être figé, repose sur la mobilisation des pratiques et instruments comptables qui conduisent à une connaissance plus précise des fortunes des sanctuaires et à une organisation et exploitation plus efficaces des trésors sacrés. La structure administrative semble bien s’adapter aux statuts variés des sanctuaires attiques ainsi qu’aux spécificités liées à leur positionnement géographique. La polis décline en effet de façon différente ses interventions dans la gestion économique des lieux de culte dispersés sur son territoire : elle procède souvent au maintien des spécificités régionales dans l’administration des sanctuaires mais elle adapte en même temps ces différentes réalités administratives aux nécessités d’une gestion centralisée et unitaire. A la lumière de perspectives évoquées, la recherche en cours se consacre à étudier l’articulation et l’évolution au fils du temps des formes et des méthodes de l’administration économique et financière des richesses sacrées athéniennes ainsi que le rôle et l’action de ses acteurs principaux : la polis et les autres instances civiques, les sanctuaires et le territoire. / At Athens, since de development of the maritime Empire, the management system of sacred finances became increasingly centralized on the Acropolis. The city developed a more rational and coherent method of administration of its sacred properties. This system was based on several practices and instruments of accountability that allowed the Athenian State to better control the wealth of attic sanctuaries and to better exploit it in order to finance religious life. Furthermore, attic sanctuaries bore different statuses and different economic roles inside Attic boundaries. For these reasons, Athens declined in a different way its interventions in the economic management of its sacred treasures. The Polis maintained, anyway, regional diversities in the administration and harmonized it inside a unified and coherent management system. Thus, the current study is devoted to study the articulation and evolution over time of the forms and methods of economic and financial administration of Athenian sacred wealth as well as the role and action of its main actors in this system : central and local civic authorities, sanctuaries and the territory.

Analisa e interpreta o desenvolvimento de tipologias espaciais e plásticas dentro da produção arquitetônica de residências modernas unifamiliares. Assim como, as soluções de seus ambientes e sua relação com a cidade no contexto dos seus condicionantes históricos, sociais, econômicos, tecnológicos e culturais no quadro da arquitetura brasileira. Questionando e verificando a existência da pertinência de uma tipologia espacial particular no interior do movimento moderno brasileiro que dê sustentação à formulação de uma distinção característica, a qual possui suas próprias particularidades diante do veio mais expressivo do modernismo brasileiro. Para tanto, utiliza como referência, as publicações deste gênero na revista Acrópole, considerada o periódico brasileiro especializado em arquitetura de maior período de funcionamento e publicações no Brasil (maio de 1938 a dezembro de 1971), desde sua mudança editorial, em setembro de 1952, a seu término, em dezembro de 1971. Esta revista sediada na cidade de São Paulo centra-se em expor obras residenciais unifamiliares, em sua maioria, na própria cidade, em um período em que a arquitetura moderna brasileira intensifica o debate sobre a sua produção teórica e prática, e esta cidade encontra-se em pleno processo de crescimento demográfico e desenvolvimento industrial. Diante desta intensificação das ações culturais, conjuntamente às discussões e apreensões em diversas escalas dos ideais de modernização e modernismo, a arquitetura brasileira desenvolve-se, retrabalhando suas dimensões modernas e adquirindo características consideradas particulares, vistas como conformadoras de uma identidade nacional. Por fim, este trabalho busca expor a grande diversidade arquitetônica que caracterizava a arquitetura moderna em São Paulo, verificando distinções divergentes de sua vertente maestra, a partir do momento em que adquire qualidades próprias e singulares da considerada \"escola carioca\". Esta maior pluralidade arquitetônica a qual se procura verificar explora conjuntamente as novas teorias, as novas características materiais e as possibilidades trazidas pela tecnologia dos novos materiais oferecidos na construção civil. Questões que foram incorporadas com maior pluralidade na arquitetura brasileira do que a simples aplicação de uma nova teoria poderia sugerir, principalmente, no período que antecede a definição de seu modelo reconhecido como hegemônico dentro da arquitetura moderna. / It examines and interprets the development of spatial and plastic typologies in the production of architectural modern single homes. Their environments and relationship solutions related with the city in the context of their historical, social, economic, technological and cultural features as part of a brazilian architecture. Questioning and verifying the existence of a particular typology in the brazilian\'s modernism movement supporting the formulation of a distinguished feature, which has its own particularities inside the more expressive brazilian\'s modernism vein. According to the Acrópole magazine, a brazilian periodical specialized in architecture with the longest period of publications in Brazil (May 1938 to December 1971). This magazine based in the city of Sao Paulo focused on publishing single homes works, mainly in that city. This work uses as its reference temporal scale the magazines editorial change, since September 1952 (until December 1971). This period is considered the mainly search of resource in this essay when the brazilian modern architecture intensifies its theoretical and practical production debate. When the city\'s population was growing and the industrial sector was developing. The intensification of its cultural activities and modernization discussions was incorporated in a different scale of the modernity idea. At the same time the brazilian architecture develops itself working its own dimensions and acquiring modern particular features such as a national identity former. All in all, this essay demands to expose the architectural diversity in the modern architecture in Sao Paulo, verifying distinctions in its mainly slope from the moment it acquires its single and particular features distinguishing itself from the Rio de Janeiros school. Finally, this architectural plurality which this essay verifies explores new theories, guaranteed by new materials features and possibilities brought by the new technology offered in the building system. These issues have been incorporated with more plurality in the Brazilian architecture than a new theorys simple application might suggest, mainly in the previous period of its model recognized as hegemonic in the modern architecture.

Analisa e interpreta o desenvolvimento de tipologias espaciais e plásticas dentro da produção arquitetônica de residências modernas unifamiliares. Assim como, as soluções de seus ambientes e sua relação com a cidade no contexto dos seus condicionantes históricos, sociais, econômicos, tecnológicos e culturais no quadro da arquitetura brasileira. Questionando e verificando a existência da pertinência de uma tipologia espacial particular no interior do movimento moderno brasileiro que dê sustentação à formulação de uma distinção característica, a qual possui suas próprias particularidades diante do veio mais expressivo do modernismo brasileiro. Para tanto, utiliza como referência, as publicações deste gênero na revista Acrópole, considerada o periódico brasileiro especializado em arquitetura de maior período de funcionamento e publicações no Brasil (maio de 1938 a dezembro de 1971), desde sua mudança editorial, em setembro de 1952, a seu término, em dezembro de 1971. Esta revista sediada na cidade de São Paulo centra-se em expor obras residenciais unifamiliares, em sua maioria, na própria cidade, em um período em que a arquitetura moderna brasileira intensifica o debate sobre a sua produção teórica e prática, e esta cidade encontra-se em pleno processo de crescimento demográfico e desenvolvimento industrial. Diante desta intensificação das ações culturais, conjuntamente às discussões e apreensões em diversas escalas dos ideais de modernização e modernismo, a arquitetura brasileira desenvolve-se, retrabalhando suas dimensões modernas e adquirindo características consideradas particulares, vistas como conformadoras de uma identidade nacional. Por fim, este trabalho busca expor a grande diversidade arquitetônica que caracterizava a arquitetura moderna em São Paulo, verificando distinções divergentes de sua vertente maestra, a partir do momento em que adquire qualidades próprias e singulares da considerada \"escola carioca\". Esta maior pluralidade arquitetônica a qual se procura verificar explora conjuntamente as novas teorias, as novas características materiais e as possibilidades trazidas pela tecnologia dos novos materiais oferecidos na construção civil. Questões que foram incorporadas com maior pluralidade na arquitetura brasileira do que a simples aplicação de uma nova teoria poderia sugerir, principalmente, no período que antecede a definição de seu modelo reconhecido como hegemônico dentro da arquitetura moderna. / It examines and interprets the development of spatial and plastic typologies in the production of architectural modern single homes. Their environments and relationship solutions related with the city in the context of their historical, social, economic, technological and cultural features as part of a brazilian architecture. Questioning and verifying the existence of a particular typology in the brazilian\'s modernism movement supporting the formulation of a distinguished feature, which has its own particularities inside the more expressive brazilian\'s modernism vein. According to the Acrópole magazine, a brazilian periodical specialized in architecture with the longest period of publications in Brazil (May 1938 to December 1971). This magazine based in the city of Sao Paulo focused on publishing single homes works, mainly in that city. This work uses as its reference temporal scale the magazines editorial change, since September 1952 (until December 1971). This period is considered the mainly search of resource in this essay when the brazilian modern architecture intensifies its theoretical and practical production debate. When the city\'s population was growing and the industrial sector was developing. The intensification of its cultural activities and modernization discussions was incorporated in a different scale of the modernity idea. At the same time the brazilian architecture develops itself working its own dimensions and acquiring modern particular features such as a national identity former. All in all, this essay demands to expose the architectural diversity in the modern architecture in Sao Paulo, verifying distinctions in its mainly slope from the moment it acquires its single and particular features distinguishing itself from the Rio de Janeiros school. Finally, this architectural plurality which this essay verifies explores new theories, guaranteed by new materials features and possibilities brought by the new technology offered in the building system. These issues have been incorporated with more plurality in the Brazilian architecture than a new theorys simple application might suggest, mainly in the previous period of its model recognized as hegemonic in the modern architecture.

Ce travail vise à étudier les techniques de fixation des statues sur leurs bases dans le monde grec, depuis la fin du VIIe s. jusqu’à la fin de l’époque hellénistique, à partir des bases inscrites. Il se fonde sur l’étude d’un corpus de 387 monuments ayant conservé des traces de fixation, à Delphes, Délos et Athènes, décrits et analysés dans un catalogue dédié. La première partie est consacrée à l’établissement d’une chrono-typologie des techniques de fixation visant à les caractériser en fonction du matériau, de la taille et du type de figure, et à les dater. La seconde partie s’attache à l’interprétation des traces de fixation en comme empreintes de la statue disparue. On a d’abord déterminé le type d’informations qu’elles pouvaient apporter sur elle, comme son matériau et sa taille, mais aussi son type et surtout sa position. On s’est ensuite intéressé aux bases signées, afin de dégager des traditions artisanales propres à des régions ou des ateliers, en croisant la fixation utilisée et les positions révélées par les traces. Enfin, on s’est interrogé sur les évolutions de l’utilisation des matériaux ; on a pu dégager le rôle des contextes d’exposition à partir de l’époque classique, et contribuer à élucider le retour du marbre à partir du IIe s. Cette étude entend par là contribuer aux recherches sur les techniques de fabrication autant qu’à celles sur la sculpture dans son contexte. / The study examines the techniques used to attach statues to their bases in the Greek world from the end of the 7th c. BC to the end of the Hellenistic period. Starting from bases bearing inscriptions, it builds on a corpus of 387 monuments from Delphi, Delos and Athens, showing traces of attachment. Their description and analysis can be found in a separated catalogue. In the first part of the study, a chrono‐typology was elaborated, identifying and dating each technique according to the material, the size and the type of the figures. In the second part, the traces of attachment were interpreted as signs of the missing statue. First, we showed that these traces brought information on its material and its size but also its type and its position. Then we focused on signed bases and proceeded to a cross‐examination of the kind of technique used and the position revealed by the traces in order to identify artisanal traditions specific to regions or workshops. Finally, we considered the reasons for using marble or bronze for statues; we thus showed the importance of the setting context from the classical period onward, as exemplified by the come-back of marble sculpture in the 2nd c. BC. The study is thus intended as a contribution to research both on attachment techniques and sculpture in its context.

Constamment habité au cours des siècles, le territoire de l’Attique comporte des couches denses et pleines de trouvailles qui furent conservées ou réintégrées dans les nouvelles réalités naissantes d’une époque à l’autre. On risque toutefois de ne pas pouvoir discerner les étapes en raison de la procédure complexe et longue par laquelle l’espace se structure, une ville se construit et une cité prend sa forme. L’espace athénien s’articule à l’époque où la ville se transforme en centre civique pour le territoire de l’Attique. Nous nous appuyons sur l’examen des dispositifs rituels des VIIe et VIe s. non seulement les temples et les sanctuaires, mais aussi tout aménagement voué aux cultes et aux rites. L’histoire de la topographie cultuelle d’Athènes et de l’Attique nous permet d’étudier l’urbanisation de la ville. Nous proposons ainsi de répondre à de nombreuses questions ayant trait à la localisation, la datation et l’identification des sites comme le Pelargikon, l’Agora archaïque, le Brauronion de l’Acropole, etc. Les indices archéologiques nous amènent à formuler l’hypothèse que l’ensemble du territoire consiste en des unités géographiques secondaires, qui se développent d’une manière indépendante – comme Éleusis et Sounion – et qui se rattachent progressivement à l’espace athénien selon une volonté politique de centralisation, mise en œuvre seulement à partir de l’époque de Clisthène. Enfin, l’étude des sources littéraires permet de déconstruire les représentations spatiales et les revendications ethniques, comme on le constate à propos d’Éleuthère et des confins nord de l’Attique./<p>Attica offers a variety of significant archaeological findings in dense layers that were preserved or reused from one generation to the next, which contributed to form new social realities. However, we may not be able to discern these successive stages because they have been obscured by the complex and lengthy process, both in the physical and political senses, through which the territory and its city center have been built. The Athenian control over Attica took form at a time when the city was becoming a civic urban center for the whole region; this evolution is the result of a long process. This study examines the religious patterns of the archaic period, temples, shrines and any place dedicated to cults and rituals. The history of the cult topography of Athens and Attica in the seventh and sixth century gives us the key to an interpretation of the urban structure. We propose to review several topographical questions of localization and the identification of sites, such as the Pelargikon, the archaic agora, the Brauronion on the Acropolis, and so on. The archaeological evidence leads us to argue that the territory as a whole consisted in secondary geographical units, like Eleusis and Sounion, and was gradually connected to Athens, following the politically motivated centralization, that took place at the time of Cleisthenes. The study of literary sources, mythology and iconography finally leads us to carry out a deconstruction of the spatial and ethnic representations, as we show, concerning Eleutherai and the Northern frontiers of Attica. / Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished