The nuclear lamina protein, lamin A is produced by proteolytic cleavage of a 74 kDa precursor protein, prelamin A. The conversion of this precursor to mature lamin A is mediated by a specific endoprotease, prelamin A endoprotease. Subnuclear fractionation indicates that the prelamin A endoprotease is localized at the nuclear membrane. The enzyme appears to be an integral membrane protein, as it can only be removed from the nuclear envelope with detergent. It is effectively solubilized by the detergent n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside and can be partially-purified (approximately 1200-fold) by size exclusion and cation exchange (Mono S) chromatography. Prelamin A endoprotease from HeLa cells was eluted from Mono S with 0.3 M sodium chloride as a single peak of activity. SDS-PAGE analysis of this prelamin A endoprotease preparation shows that it contains one major polypeptide at 65 kDa and smaller amounts of a second 68 kDa polypeptide. Inhibition of the enzyme activity in this preparation by specific serine protease inhibitors is consistent with the enzyme being a serine protease.

Motivation dieser Arbeit ist die Weiterentwicklung des etablierten Prozesses der Sprühtrocknung, der Trocknung einer Flüssigkeit zu Partikeln mit definierter Form und Größe. Ist die zerstäubte Flüssigkeit eine reagierende Polymer- oder Monomerlösung wird der neuartige Prozess als Sprühpolymerisation bezeichnet. Da die Verweilzeiten in einem Sprühtrockner gering sind, wird die hochreaktive radikalische Kettenpolymerisation von Acrylsäure und Acrylaten im Lösungsmittel Wasser untersucht. Im Fokus der Arbeit ist die Methode der Rheokinetik. Diese Methode wertet die rheologische Veränderung der reagierenden Lösung aus, sodass in dieser Arbeit die Ergebnisse der Rheokinetik zur Prozessgestaltung diskutiert werden. Die Messungen zur Rheokinetik verschiedener Acrylatelösungen zeigen im Vergleich zur Acrylsäure geringere Viskositätsanstiege, die sich durch die geringe Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit in der pH-neutralen Lösung der Acrylate erklären lässt. Die Theorie zur Rheokinetik lässt sich nur auf die Acrylsäure anwenden, da diese überwiegend neutrale Polymerlösungen bildet und die Viskositätsfunktion über die Zeit mit einer Potenzfunktion beschrieben werden kann. Das Ergebnis ist ein empirisches Modell, was die Induktionszeit und den Viskositätsanstieg, der mit dem Umsatz der Reaktion korreliert, über die Zeit beschreibt. Die numerische Modellierung, die die Polymerisation und Trocknung des Einzeltropfens beschreibt, zeigt abschließend, dass eine Konditionierung des Trocknungsgases sowie eine Vorreaktion vor der Sprühpolymerisation anzustreben sind, damit der Prozess in einem konventionellen Sprühtrockner erfolgreich wird.:1 Einleitung 2 Stand der Technik 2.1 Sprühpolymerisationsverfahren 2.1.1 Trocknung am Einzeltropfen 2.2 Rheologische Eigenschaften von Flüssigkeiten im Viskosimeter und Rheometer 2.2.1 Messmethoden der Scherviskosität 2.3 Charakterisierung der Monomere 2.4 Polymerisation von Acrylsäure bzw. Acrylaten 2.4.1 Radikalische Lösungspolymerisation 2.4.2 Überblick über die Reaktionskinetik der radikalischen Polymerisation 2.4.3 Weitere Reaktionstypen bei der radikalischen Polymerisation 2.4.4 Einfluss des Lösungsmittels auf die radikalische Polymerisation 2.4.5 Einflüsse auf die Terminierung bei der radikalischen Polymerisation 2.4.6 Übersicht zur Messung der Kinetik bei Polymerisationen 2.4.7 Momentenmethode zur Berechnung der Polymerisation 2.5 Charakterisierung der Polymere 2.5.1 Polymere im Lösungsmittel 2.5.2 Skalierungstheorie nach de Gennes von Polymeren in Lösungsmitteln 2.5.3 Messmethoden der molaren Masse von Polymeren in Lösungsmitteln 2.5.4 Viskosität von Polymerlösungen 2.5.5 Intrinsische Viskosität von Polymerlösungen 2.6 Rheokinetik 3 Experimentelle Methoden 3.1 Material – Monomere und Polymere 3.1.1 Neutralisation von Acrylsäure zur Herstellung der Acrylate 3.1.2 Stoffwerte von Acrylsäure und Wassermischungen 3.1.3 Versuchsvorbereitung und Versuchsplan 3.2 Messmethodik der Rheokinetik 3.2.1 Versuchsdurchführung 3.2.2 Berücksichtigung der Verdunstung aus dem Probevolumen 3.2.3 Bestimmung von Umsatz und Polymerisationsgrad 4 Ergebnisse zur Rheokinetik 4.1 Rheokinetik am wässrigen System mit Acrylsäure bzw. Acrylaten 4.1.1 Erläuterung zur Auswertungsprozedur an verschiedenen Rohdaten von Acrylsäure und Acrylaten 4.1.2 Ergebnisdiskussion zur Rheokinetik bei wässrigen Acrylsäure- bzw. Acrylatlösungen 4.2 Rheokinetik mit Modellbildung zur Polymerisation wässriger Acrylsäure Lösungen 4.2.1 Empirisches Modell zur Funktion η(t) 4.2.2 Modellierung der Rheokinetik 4.2.3 Bewertung der Rheokinetik durch Messungen von Umsatz und Viskosität im Rheometer 5 Numerische Modellierung von Reaktion und Trocknung 5.1 Numerische Modellierung der Reaktion im Rheometer 5.1.1 Ergebnisse der Momentenmethode für die Reaktion im Rheometer 5.2 Numerische Modellierung zur Reaktion im Sprühtrockner 5.2.1 Ergebnisse der Modellierung am Tropfen 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 6.1 Ergebnisse zur Rheokinetik 6.2 Numerische Modellierung 6.3 Ausblick

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Στην εργασία αυτή μελετήθηκε o ρυθμός ροής υδατικών διαλυμάτων, σε διάφορα pH περιβάλλοντος, διαμέσου ενός νανοπορώδους υλικού τροποποιημένου με πολυμερικές ψήκτρες. Ειδικότερα, ερευνήθηκε το σύστημα του σύνθετου υλικού πορώδους ανοδικής αλουμίνας με πολυμερικές ψήκτρες του γραμμικού δισυσταδικού συμπολυμερούς πολύ(Ισοπρένιου)–b–πολυ(Ακρυλικού Οξέους) (ΙΑΟ). Η προσρόφηση καθώς και η κινητική προσρόφησης του IAO στο νανοπορώδες υλικό διερευνήθηκε κυρίως μέσω τεχνικών δονητικής φασματοσκοπίας. Πιο συγκεκριμένα με τεχνικές υπερύθρου μετασχηματισμού κατά Φουριέ (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ή FT-IR), εγγύ υπερύθρου (N-IR) και Αποσβεννύμενη Ολική Ανάκλαση στο μέσο υπέρυθρο (ATR-IR). Ακόμη, με σκοπό την ποσοτικοποίηση της προσροφημένης ποσότητας του ΙΑΟ εφαρμόστηκε η τεχνική της θερμοσταθμικής ανάλυσης (TGA). Τέλος, για την απόκτηση μιας λεπτομερούς εικόνας σχετικά με τη δομή του σύνθετου νανο-πορώδους υλικού τα δείγματα χαρακτηρίστηκαν και με ηλεκτρονική μικροσκοπία (SEM/EDS). / In the present study the flow rate of aqueous solutions of different pH values through a nanoporous material functionalized with polymeric brushes was investigated using spectroscopic and thermogravimetric methods. In particular, the system under study was a composite material of porous anodic alumina with polymeric brushes of the diblock copolymer poly(Isoprene)–b–poly(Acrylic Acid) (IAO). The adsorption and adsorption kinetics of the IAO onto nanoporous alumina were explored mainly through techniques of vibrational spectroscopy. More specifically Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Near Infrared (N-IR) and Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR-IR) were employed for this purpose. Moreover, for the quantification of the adsorbed amount of IAO, thermogravimetric analysis was applied (TGA). Finally, to obtain a comprehensive picture of the structure of the nanoporous composite materials used in this study, samples were additionally characterized by electron microscopy (SEM/EDS).

Ce travail porte sur la contribution à la modélisation thermodynamique d'un atelier de purification d'acide acrylique. Après l'identification des principaux produits intervenant dans l'étape de purification et la collecte de leurs propriétés thermodynamiques disponibles dans la littérature, nous avons effectué une série de mesures expérimentales pour un ensemble de mélanges contenant des acides carboxyliques (en particulier : diagrammes d'équilibres liquide-liquide et équilibres liquide-vapeur, enthalpies d'excès et volumes d'excès). L'ensemble des données (nos mesures et les valeurs de la littérature) a été exploité selon deux approches de modélisation des équilibres liquide-vapeur : une approche symétrique (φ-φ) appliquée aux équations d'état de Peng-Robinson (P-R) et de PC-SAFT et une approche dissymétrique (γ-φ) appliquée aux modèles de coefficients d'activité en phase liquide NRTL, UNIQUAC et Van Laar associés à diverses équations d'état en phase vapeur (gaz parfait, Viriel, Hayden et O'Connell et Nothnagel). Nous avons finalement retenu le modèle UNIQUAC associé à la corrélation de Hayden et O'Connell en phase vapeur. Des nouveaux paramètres d'interaction ont été déterminés et conduisent à des résultats homogènes et satisfaisants en comparaison avec nos mesures expérimentales et aux données de la littérature. Ils permettent également de décrire convenablement les diagrammes d'équilibres liquide-vapeur et les volatilités relatives des mélanges étudiés / This work focuses on the contribution in the thermodynamic modeling of an acrylic acid purification unit. After identifying the main products involved in the purification step and collecting their thermodynamic properties available in the literature, we conducted a series of experimental measurements for a range of mixtures containing carboxylic acids(mainly liquid-liquid equilibrium and vapor-liquid equilibrium diagrams, excess enthalpies and excess volumes).The data set-our measurements and literature values-was used according to two approaches for modeling vapor-liquid equilibrium: a symmetric approach(φ-φ) applied to the equations of state Peng-Robinson (P-R) and PC-SAFT and an asymmetrical approach (γ-φ) applied to the models of activity coefficients in the liquid phase NRTL, UNIQUAC and Van Laar associated with various equations of state in the vapor phase(ideal gas, Viriel, Hayden O'Connell and Nothnagel). We have finally chosen the UNIQUAC thermodynamic model associated with the correlation of Hayden O'Connell in vapor phase. New binary parameters were determined and led to consistent and satisfactory results in comparison with our experimental measurements and literature data. These parameters can also be used to adequately describe the diagrams of vapor-liquid equilibrium and the relative volatilities of the mixtures studied

The polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was investigated in this dissertation. Selected kinetic models from the literature were reviewed, and two new, generalized models of diffusion-limited effects (gel- and glass effects), derived from the current models were proposed and tested for bulk and solution polymerization of MMA in batch and semi-batch reactors, under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. The newly proposed models include the capability of modeling termination by combination, radical transfer to monomer and depropagation reaction. The new and previous models were compared with experimental data of bulk and solution polymerizations of MMA, under a selection of non-steady state processes conditions (initiator and monomer feed, step changes in temperature) and compositions (initiator and chain transfer agents, regarding both type and dosages). The particular case of a non-isothermal bulk polymerization was also investigated. A simulation program (Reactormodel) was developed in Matlab, and its algorithm is provided. / Sem resumo.

Esta tese envolveu o estudo da dinâmica molecular em copolímeros em bloco compostos de poli(metacrilato de metila) (PMMA), poli(ácido acrílico) (PAA) e Poli(acrilato de chumbo) (PAPb) por técnicas de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear e de análise térmica (DSC e DMTA). Estes copolímeros em bloco foram sintetizados visando a obtenção de compostos para serem utilizados, tanto como lentes oftálmicas com maiores índices de refração, como materiais dedicados à proteção radiológica, sendo estas duas propriedades de emprego individual ou integrado. Para o estudo destes materiais, as amostras foram confeccionadas com várias composições, incluindo aquelas nas formas puras contendo apenas um bloco, resultantes da combinação de dois blocos, e as triblocos, com diferentes quantidades relativas de PAPb, variando de 1 a 40%. Para o caso do PMMA, a dinâmica molecular é bem conhecida, sendo caracterizada por uma relaxação β, que envolve mais especificamente movimentos de seus ramos laterais e que ocorre dentro de um amplo intervalo de temperatura centrado em torno da ambiente, e pela transição vítrea, que envolve, predominantemente, movimentos da cadeia principal que ocorrem para temperaturas em torno de 100oC. Devido à extensão destes dois eventos em grandes intervalos de temperatura, eles acabam se superpondo já em temperaturas abaixo de 100oC. O fato da relaxação β ocorrer para o PMMA em torno da temperatura ambiente, confere-lhe uma de suas características mais importantes, não ser quebradiço. Porém, devido à presença do grupo hidroxila no PAA, que permite a ocorrência de ligações de hidrogênio entre os diferentes ramos laterais, a relaxação β é suprimida neste material, tornando-o quebradiço e não adequado para as aplicações desejadas. No caso do copolímero tribloco, espera-se que o PAPb também possa interferir na característica mecânica final do material, em função de sua participação na dinâmica molecular do copolímero. Para este estudo foram preparadas várias amostras com diferentes quantidades relativas de PMMA, PAA e PAPb, de modo entendermos a dinâmica molecular destes materiais, individual e coletivamente, afim de selecionar os mais indicados para as aplicações tecnológicas almejadas. Para o estudo destas amostras, utilizamos tanto técnicas de análise térmica (DSC e DMTA), que fornecem, de forma relativamente rápida, dados importantes sobre a dinâmica macroscópica, quanto métodos básicos e avançados de RMN no estado sólido, que propiciam informações mais detalhadas sobre a dinâmica molecular. Estes estudos indicaram que a presença do PAA, obrigatória na rota de síntese utilizada para a inserção do PAPb, é um elemento indesejável no produto final, pois ele sempre atua na supressão da relaxação β. Adicionalmente, os dados obtidos indicaram que o PAPb, em grandes quantidades, também age na supressão desta relaxação. Embora a proposição destes novos materiais para a área oftálmica não ser muito adequada, já que a quantidade de PAPb necessária para a obtenção de amostras com bons índices de refração deve ser grande (bem acima de 5%, quando elas tornam-se quebradiças), as amostras com pequenos conteúdos de PAPb (até 5%) permitiram uma redução de até 50% dos raios-x incidentes. Finalmente, os estudos realizados por técnicas que observam detalhes da dinâmica molecular, tanto em níveis macroscópicos (DSC e DMTA), quanto moleculares (RMN), ofereceram excelentes informações básicas tanto sobre a mobilidade dos diferentes ramos que compõem os copolímeros em bloco, quanto a interação/miscibilidade entre os diferentes blocos, que afeta também a dinâmica global do sistema. / This thesis involved the study of molecular dynamics in triblock copolymers consisting of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) and Poly (lead acrylate) (PAPb) by solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and thermal analyses (DSC and DMTA). These block copolymers were synthesized in order to obtain materials not only presenting higher refractive index but also offering good radiological protection, which are useful for individual and combined applications. For the study of these materials, the samples were prepared with various compositions, including those in pure form containing only a block, resulting from the combination of two blocks, and the triblock with different relative amounts of PAPb, ranging from 1 to 40%. In the case of PMMA, the molecular dynamics is well known, characterized by a β relaxation, which involves more specifically the ester side-group dynamics occurring within a broad temperature range centered around the room temperature, and the glass transition, predominantly involving the main chain dynamics that occur for temperatures around 100oC. Due to large extension of these two dynamical events in wide temperature ranges, they merge at temperatures below 100oC. The fact that the β relaxation occurs for the PMMA around the room temperature, confers to it one of its most important features, toughness. However, due to the presence of the hydroxyl group in PAA, which allows the occurrence of hydrogen links between different branches, the β relaxation in this material is strongly suppressed, making it brittle and not suitable for the desired applications. In the case of the triblock copolymer, it is also expected that PAPb may also interfere with the mechanical properties of the final material due to its involvement in the full molecular dynamics of the copolymer. For this study, several samples were prepared with different relative amounts of PMMA, PAA and PAPb, in order to understand the molecular dynamics of these materials, individually and collectively, and select the most suitable ones for the desired technological applications. To characterize and study these samples, we employed thermal analyses (DSC and DMTA), which give quick and important data on the macroscopic dynamics, and basic and advanced solid-state NMR methods, which provide more detailed information about he molecular dynamics. These studies indicated that PAA, necessary along the synthesis route used for the insertion of PAPb in the triblock copolymers, is an undesirable element in the final product, because it is always acting on the suppression of β relaxation. Although the proposition of these new materials for the ophthalmic area is not very appropriate, since the amount of PAPb necessary to obtain good refraction indexes would be necessarily large (over 5%, when they become brittle), the samples with small amounts of PAPb (up to 5%, when they present good mechanical properties) allowed a significant reduction of about 50% of the incident x-rays. Finally, using solid-state NMR methods, including modern Exchange experiments and thermal analyses (DSC and DMTA), it was possible to understand in detail the individual and cooperative motions of the main chain and side groups. The most import result obtained indicate that, despite being important inserting PAPB and PAA in the block copolymer for improving the desired optical and x-ray shielding properties, the presence of these blocks tend to suppress the β relaxation, reducing thesample mechanical properties.

Face aux défis environnementaux actuels, les industriels ont mis en œuvre de nouveaux matériaux recyclables et permettant une réduction significative de la masse. Le développement de la résine thermoplastique Elium par ARKEMA s’inscrit dans cette problématique. L’utilisation de cette résine pour la fabrication de pièces composites qui peuvent être sujettes à des dommages d’impact, nécessite au préalable des études, dans le but de comprendre leurs mécanismes de ruine sous ce type de sollicitation. Ainsi, la présente thèse propose une contribution à l’analyse multi-échelle de la tenue à l’impact des composites stratifiés à base de la résine Elium. Une étude expérimentale préliminaire a permis de confirmer la meilleure résistance à l’impact des composites à matrice Elium acrylique, comparativement à celles des composites thermodurcissables conventionnels. Ensuite, les performances à l’impact des composites stratifiés ont été améliorées par l’introduction de copolymères à blocs dans la matrice. Ces derniers sont capables de former des micelles de tailles nanométriques et ainsi d’améliorer la ténacité de la matrice acrylique. Les effets de l’énergie d’impact, de la température et de la composition en nanocharges sur la réponse du matériau composite ont été analysés. Afin de proposer un outil d’aide à la prédiction de la réponse à l’impact des matériaux fibres de verre/Acrylique, deux stratégies de modélisation ont été retenues. La première modélisation (macroscopique) considère le pli tissé du stratifié comme un matériau homogène tandis que la seconde (mésoscopique) utilise une description géométrique de l’ondulation et de l’entrecroisement des torons noyés dans la résine Elium. Ces deux modèles considèrent des zones cohésives à l’interface entre les plis adjacents pour simuler le délaminage interlaminaire. Des essais de délaminage (expérimentaux et numériques) ont permis d’alimenter le modèle d’endommagement de l’interface interplis. D’autre part, des essais de caractérisation du comportement mécanique et de l’endommagement du matériau couplés à l’homogénéisation multi-échelle des matériaux par la Mécanique du Génome de Structure ont permis d’identifier les paramètres du modèle macroscopique. A l’échelle mésoscopique, le modèle géométrique a été réalisé grâce au logiciel Texgen. Ce logiciel permet d’obtenir une description approchée mais réaliste de l’ondulation des torons de fibres. La même description a servi à l’homogénéisation numérique multi-échelle des stratifiés étudiés. La simulation numérique de l’impact basse vitesse a été effectuée au moyen du logiciel d’éléments finis ABAQUS/Explicit. Les modèles de comportement du matériau ont été implémentés via la routine utilisateur VUMAT. Les résultats obtenus offrent une bonne corrélation avec les données expérimentales / In the race for light materials able of meeting modern environmental challenges, an acrylic resin (Elium) has been developed. Elium is a thermoplastic resin able to replace thermosetting matrices, which are widespread nowadays in the industrial world. The present study aims to evaluate the impact resistance and to understand the failure mechanisms of composite laminates based on acrylic matrix under impact loading. We provide a contribution to the multiscale analysis of the impact resistance of laminated composite.First, the impact resistance and the damage tolerance of the acrylic resin based composites were compared with those of conventional composites. Then, the impact performance of the laminated composites has been enhanced by adding copolymer blocks to the liquid acrylic resin. These copolymers are able to form micelles of nanometer sizes, which lead to the improvement of both the acrylic matrix fracture toughness and the impact resistance. The effects of the impact energy, temperature, and composition in nano-copolymers have also been investigated.In order to provide a numerical tool for the prediction of the impact response of the glass fiber/Acrylic laminates, two strategies have been analyzed. The first one, performed at the macroscopic scale, considers the woven ply of the laminate as homogeneous material, and the second one (at the mesoscopic scale), deals with a realistic geometrical description of the yarns undulation. Both models use cohesive zones at the interface between the adjacent plies, to simulate the delamination. For this purpose, experimental and numerical delamination tests were performed to feed the inter-ply damage model. Mechanical tests for material characterization were also performed on specimens in order to identify the ply-damage model parameters. The Mechanics of Structure Genome (MSG) and a finite element based micromechanics approaches were then conducted to evaluate the effective thermomechanical properties of the yarns and the plain woven composite laminate. The realistic topological and morphological textures of the composite were accounted through Texgen software. These numerical impact simulations were performed using the finite element software ABAQUS/Explicit. Both models were implemented through a user material subroutine VUMAT. The obtained results appear in a good agreement with the experimental data and confirm the relevance of the proposed approach.

<p style="text-align: justify;">U ovom radu sintetisani su hidrogelovi na osnovu akrilamida i akrilne kiseline, radikalnom polimerizacijom, primenom konvencionalne i mikrotalasne metode sinteze. Varirani su početni odnosi monomera i udeo umreživača, u cilju ispitivanja uticaja sastava reakcione sme&scaron;e na svojstva dobijenih hidrogelova. Optimizovani su uslovi sinteze u mikrotalasnom polju kao brže, jednostavnije i ekonomičnije metode. U cilju uspostavljanja korelacije između mehanizma sinteze, strukture i svojstava dobijenih hidrogelova, primenom relevantnih metoda karakterizacije, upoređena su apsorpciona, reolo&scaron;ka, toplotna i strukturna svojstva hidrogelova dobijenih dvema metodama.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ustanovljeno je da se mikrotalasnom metodom sinteze na brži i jednostavniji način uz smanjen utro&scaron;ak vremena i energije dobijaju hidrogelovi konkurentni onima koji se dobijaju konvencionalnim zagrevanjem u vodenom rastvoru. Drugi deo doktorata obuhvata sintezu hidrofilnih polimernih mreža na osnovu natrijum karboksimetilceluloze (NaCMC) i karboksilnih kiselina, od kojih je jedna serija sintetisana prožimanjem linearnim kopolimerima akrilamida i akrilne kiseline u cilju povećanja potencijala primene u floku-lacione svrhe. Rezultati ispitivanja svojstava bubrenja, strukturnih toplotnih i flokulacionih svojstava pokazali su međusobno slaganje. Dobijeni rezultati pokazali su da od primenjenih karboksilnih kiselina, linunska kiselina u udelu od 15% u odnosu na masu NaCMC daje hidrogelove najboljih svojstava. Kombinacijom ove mreže sa kopolimerom akrilamida i akrilne kiseline u masenom odnosu 10/90, stvara se teorijska platforma za dobijanja flokulanta koji bi mogao da pokaže visoku efikasnost u preči&scaron;ćavanju vode u kojoj dominiraju pozitivno naelektrisane čestice, pravilnim izborom parametara flokulacije.</p> / <p>In this paper, hydrogels based on acrylamide and acrylic acid were synthesized using conventional and microwave synthetic methods via free-radical polymerization. The initial monomers ratio and amount of crosslinking agent were varied in order to investigate the effect of the composition of the reaction mixture on the properties of the obtained hydrogels. The conditions of synthesis in the microwave field as faster simpler and more economical method have been optimized. In order to establish a correlation between the mechanism of synthesis, structure and properties of the obtained hydrogels using the relevant methods of characterization, the absorption, rheological, thermal and structural properties of the hydrogels obtained by the two methods were compared. It has been found that the microwave synthesis is a faster and simpler method, which enables reduced consumption of time and energy and produces hydrogels competitive to those ones obtained by conventional heating in aqueous solution. The second part of the thesis includes the synthesis of hydrophilic polymer networks based on sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) and carboxylic acids, whereby one series is synthesized by interpenetration of the network using the linear acrylamide and acrylic acid copolymers in order to increase the potential application of hydrogels for flocculation purposes. The results of measurements of swelling, structural, thermal and flocculation properites have shown mutual agreement. The obtained results have shown that among applied carboxylic acids, citric acid in the amount of 15% per mass of NaCMC, has given the hydrogels with the best properties. The Combination of this network with a copolymer of acrylamide and acrylic acid in a mass ratio of 10/90 has created a theoretical platform for the production of flocculant which could show high efficacy in purifying of water dominated by positively charged particles.</p>

No description available.