With the advent of the Municipal Management Finance Management Act, (Act 56 of 2003), working capital issues have been legislatively forced onto managers’ daily agenda. Municipal finance officials have been given a clear mandate to focus greater attention on issues such as debt and cash management and stricter policies relating to short term credit financing. The MFMA allows for the unlocking of the fiscal powers of a municipality to generate its own income. Research objectivesThisresearch is intended as a pilot study that argues greater focus on and improvement of, working capital procedures would assist a municipality to exploit this fiscal capacity. Other objectives include: - Generate greater interest in this topic amongst researchers. - Identify factors that limit the implementing good working capital policy. - Identify factors the affect the income earning ability of municipalities. - Identify possible best practices benchmarking.

LGBT people, in Uganda, have since the colonial time been in a vulnerable situation. When the President signed the “Anti-Homosexuality Act” into law 2014 all forms of same-sex relationships became criminalized. The time after the law passed have been characterized by an increased homophobia and further violence against LGBT people. These are seen as deviants since they do not live according to the social norms, that the right thing to be is heterosexual. They are considered “non-African” and by some an “infectious agent” that will destroy the traditional African family, which is one of society’s most important functions. Except from the fact that LGBT people are persecuted and mistreated they are also denied access to health care and information. The purpose of this study is to explain LGBT persons’ situation and rights in Uganda, mainly based on the “Anti-Homosexuality Act”. This law is reviewed against the ratified conventions, charters and similar laws. This is then related to the theory of heteronormativity, which seems to dominate the Ugandan society. The used methods are case study and conceptual analysis, that provided a deeper and surveying understanding of what this study intended to process.

In 1869-70 the Métis of the Red River region in Manitoba resisted the transfer of their homeland from the Hudson’s Bay Company to Canada. The Métis people responded to this transfer by blocking Canadian surveyors, government officials, and taking control of the territory through the establishment of representative institutions. Eventually, the Métis negotiated favourable terms with Ottawa which, this thesis argues, represented according to law, and to the Métis, a treaty. This thesis argues that this treaty was intended to protect the Métis homeland and provide political and social protections. The Manitoba Métis Treaty was intended to guarantee the Métis a land base in Manitoba the total size of which was to be 1.4 million acres. The reservation of this land came with protective obligations so that the entire community would receive a benefit from such lands. While Canada has developed a body of treaty law which will be used to interpret the Manitoba Métis Treaty, matters were convoluted by the enshrinement of this treaty agreement in the Manitoba Act of 1870, a document which would gain constitutional status a year later. The impact of this legislative history has led some researchers to link government obligations entirely to the Act, rather than to the negotiated agreement. Indeed, it would seem that the negotiations have been, for the most part, understood as nothing more than conversations. I reject that position and argue that both the negotiations and the Act must be taken into consideration when assessing the obligations undertaken by the Crown. The unique history of the Manitoba agreement means that Canada was under both constitutional and treaty law obligations to uphold the negotiated agreement between itself and the Métis. This thesis argues that not only is the treaty the correct legal interpretation of the events of 1869-70 but that the government of Canada failed to honour its commitments in several meaningful ways. The approach utilized in this thesis is designed to be reliant upon the basic structure and doctrines of Canadian law but to do so in a manner which gives weight to the Métis voice. It is neither a critique which is wholly internal to Canadian law nor is it completely dismissive of Canadian law. Instead, this thesis will illustrate that with only minor adjustments to the application and interpretation of colonial law, the Manitoba Métis Treaty could find a more receptive audience in Canadian legal thought. In the face of a reasonable alternative, such a project can allow other researchers to question why the courts have chosen a path which denies reception of Métis voice, community and culture in Canadian law.

From the time of the "war on poverty" of 1964, to the era of "welfare reform" in 1990s, the federal welfare system underwent a change from a model that acted to protect citizens from the vagaries of the market economy to one that mandated their participation in the paid labor force. For a shift in policy of this magnitude to occur and be unquestioningly accepted by the public, a significant change also had to occur in how poverty and welfare issues were discussed and perceived over the intervening years. Using discourse analysis, this study examines how editorials in elite newspapers framed the issues of poverty and welfare in the months prior to the passage of the Economic Opportunity Act (1964) and the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996). It also addresses how newspaper editorials influenced public perception about the nature and causes of poverty and welfare reliance.

The aim of this work is the analysis of accounting scandals that took place at beginning of the 21st century. It describes the role that played audit firm in this context. It focuses on current and future situation in the audit market.

De nombreuses études ses sont intéressées à l’influence du sommeil sur la mémoire. Une période de sommeil comparée à une période d’éveil permet de réduire l’oubli, d’améliorer les performances mais également de réorganiser les traces mnésiques, favorisant ainsi la créativité et l’extraction de règles. Ces études se basent sur les modèles classiques de la mémoire et expliquent ces observations par une interaction entre les processus implicites et explicites au cours du sommeil. Cependant, les modèles classiques de la mémoire semblent limités pour décrire la totalité des processus de réorganisation des traces mnésiques observés après une période de sommeil. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons tenté de comprendre l’influence du sommeil sur la réorganisation des traces à travers le modèle Act-In, un modèle de mémoire à traces multiples se plaçant dans la lignée de la cognition incarnée.Nous avons développé notre recherche autour de quatre axes expérimentaux. Dans un premier temps nous souhaitions vérifier si une période de sommeil permet de transformer passivement une trace implicite en trace explicite. Nous souhaitions par la suite étudier l’effet du sommeil sur les processus d’intégration multi-composants et d’activation inter-traces. Selon nous, le sommeil permettrait de renforcer l’intégration des composants au sein d’une trace et il permettrait également de favoriser la mise en relation de plusieurs traces, conduisant à l’émergence d’éléments communs. Enfin, dans le dernier axe de ce travail de recherche, nous nous sommes intéressés aux conséquences des modifications nocturnes liées à l’âge sur la consolidation mnésique au cours du sommeil. / Numerous studies have been interested in the effect of sleep on memory. For instance, a period of sleep as compared to a similar period of wakefulness protects memories from interferences, improves performances, but also reorganizes memory traces favoring creativity and rules extraction. These studies are based on classical memory models and explain these observations by an interaction between implicit and explicit processes. However, these models seem to be limited to describe all the processes involved in memory reorganization. In this thesis, we tried to understand the influence of sleep on memory reorganization within Act-In memory model, a multiple traces memory model in the line of grounded cognition. We developed our research within four experimental axes. First of all, we wanted to verify if sleep could transform an implicit trace into an explicit one. We also wanted to study the effect of sleep on multi-components integration and inter-traces activation. We assumed that sleep could transform memory traces enhancing the integration of the trace components and could favor the link between different traces leading to the emergence of common elements. Finally, we were interested in the consequences of nocturnal modifications during aging on memory consolidation.

ContexteSi l’efficacité de la stratégie de prise en charge du paludisme au niveau communautaire n’est pas remise en cause à Madagascar, la mise en place de la nouvelle politique nationale incluant le remplacement de la chloroquine par la combinaison artésunate plus amodiaquine et l’introduction des tests de diagnostic rapide (TDR) dans la prise en charge des fièvres chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans suscite plusieurs inquiétudes. ObjectifsLe principal objectif de notre travail a été d’évaluer la stratégie de prise en charge des fièvres chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans au niveau communautaire. Pour évaluer la stratégie de prise en charge,trois objectifs spécifiques ont été abordés, à savoir, (i) l’étude de l’efficacité thérapeutique de la combinaison fixe « artesunate-amodiaquine » dans la prise en charge des fièvres chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans au niveau communautaire, (ii) l’évaluation des performances des tests de diagnostic rapide utilisés au niveau communautaire et (iii) la description de la situation épidémiologie du paludisme au niveau communautaire et l’évaluation de l’impact des stratégies de lutte actuellement mises en œuvre.MéthodologiesDeux études longitudinales ont été mises en place. La première étude (objectifs 1 & 2) a été conduite de février 2008 à février 2010 (24 mois) chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans en zone de transmission stable (district de Manakara) et en zone de transmission instable (district de Moramanga). La deuxième (objectif 3) s’est déroulée entre février 2009 et mars 2011 en zone de transmission stable (district de Manakara). Résultats & ConclusionObjectif 1 : les données obtenues lors de notre étude, nous permettent d’affirmer l’excellente efficacité thérapeutique de la combinaison fixe « artesunate-amodiaquine ». Nous avons observé que le taux de guérison clinique global était de 98,4% au bout de 28 jours et 97,9% au bout de 42 jours. La compliance au traitement a été estimée à 83,4%. Aucun effet indésirable grave n'a été observé. : Objectif 2 : Cette étude a permis de confirmer que les performances diagnostiques des agents de santé communautaire utilisant les TDR en termes de sensibilité, spécificité, VPP et VPN étaient supérieures à 85%, que la concordance entre les résultats de la microscopie et des TDRs, estimée par la valeur Kappa était excellente (83%) et que les TDR étaient stable même conservés au niveau communautaire. L’introduction des TDR au niveau communautaire semble être une stratégie efficace pour améliorer la prise en charge des malades fébriles, pour réduire la surconsommation d’antipaludiques (et donc le coût des traitements inutilement utilisés) et pour réduire la pression de sélection exercée par cette surconsommation. Objectif 3 : Nous avons pu démontrer que les mesures de prévention et de traitement prises au niveau communautaire étaient efficaces avec la mesure objective de la réduction de la prévalence du paludisme. Nous avons également mis en évidence une variation importante de la prévalence du paludisme inter-villages dans une même commune de quelques kilomètres carrés, suggérant des interventions ciblées en fonction des risques liés à la situation géographique, agricole, et climatique. Ce travail a permis de proposer une première approche méthodologique qu’il serait souhaitable d’étendre pour collecter les données de prévalence et d’incidence dans les autres communes, et préciser ainsi les besoins ciblés en TDR et ACTs à Madagascar. / Context:One should think back of the effectiveness of malaria case management strategy at the community level Otherwise, questions will remain unanswered on the setting up of the new national Policy including the replacement of the chloroquine with combination artesunate and amodiaque and the introduction of rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for fever case management among children under five.Objective:The principal goal of our essay is to assess fever case management strategy among children under five years old at the community level. To proceed to the assessment, three specific objectives were tackled: (i) Therapeutic effectiveness of the fixed combination (artesunate-amodiaque) in fever case management among children under five at the community level. ii)the assessment of RDT performances used at the community level and iii) description of malaria epidemiological situation at the community level and the assessment of the impact of the fight against malaria strategies implementedMethodology: Two long depth studies were applied. The first study (Objective 1 and 2) was conducted in February 2008 to February 2010 (24 months) among children under five years old in stable transmission area (Manakara district) and in changeable transmission area (Moramanga district). The second study (objective 3) was held in February 2009 and March 2011 in stable transmission area (Manakara).Outputs and Conclusion:Objective 1: Data collected during our study enabled us to confirm the excellent therapeutically effectiveness of the fixed combination “artesunate-amodiaque”. We have noticed that the global clinical recovery rate is 98.4% after 28 days and 97.9% after 42 days of treatment. Compliance with the treatment was estimated at 83.4%. Not any adverse effect was noticed.Objective 2: This study enabled us to confirm the diagnostic performances of community health workers using RDT in terms of sensitiveness, specification. VPP and VPN were more 85% than the reliability between microscopic results and the RDTs estimated by the kappa value was excellent (83%) and RDTs were stable even kept at the community level. The introduction of RDT at the community level seems to be an effective strategy to improve sick people case management, to reduce overconsumption of products anti-malaria (and so reduce the cost of treatments used uselessly) and to reduce the selection pressure from this overconsumption.Objective 3: We could prove that prevention and treatment measures at the community level were effective with the objective measure of reducing malaria rate. We could bring to evidence an important variation of malaria rate between villages of one same commune from few kilometers of distance, suggesting targeted interventions depending on the risks linked to the geographic, agricultural and climate situations. This work enabled us to suggest a first methodological approach that is better to extend to collect prevalence data and in adverse circumstances in other communes and to mention the RDT targeted needs and ACTs in Madagascar.

Este estudo teve por objetivo compreender, a partir da análise das atividades de trabalho, os aspectos que estão presentes nas origens dos acidentes de trabalho com material biológico que ocorrem com os profissionais de saúde em hospital universitário. Foi realizado no Instituto Central de um grande complexo hospitalar, que conta com um efetivo de enfermagem de pouco mais 2.000 profissionais. Foram utilizados dois métodos. Um, a Análise Coletiva do Trabalho ACT, método pelo qual os trabalhadores são levados a falar como realizam seu trabalho em reuniões de grupos. O outro, o Modelo de Análise e Prevenção de Acidentes de Trabalho M.A.P.A., que consiste na análise em profundidade de acidentes de trabalho, no qual se faz entrevistas e observação buscando compreender os antecedentes causais e distais situados na origem das ocorrências de acidentes. As constatações da ACT revelaram a característica dinâmica do trabalho e suas variabilidades. Evidenciando que para dar conta de todas as tarefas e atividades há uma alta exigência de tempo, que o trabalho exige uma constante vigilância/atenção dos AE/TE para com os detalhes, que mobiliários e equipamentos são antigos e carecedores de manutenção, a pouca valorização do pessoal de enfermagem, que o trabalho sofre interrupções constantes, efetivo trabalhando no limite mínimo. Com o MAPA foram revelados aspectos de sobrecarga de trabalho, realização de procedimentos em ritmo acelerado, falta de desenho ou planejamento da gestão de segurança que considere as peculiaridades e variabilidades das situações de trabalho, bem como falha no cumprimento de Normas Regulamentadoras do MTe / This study aimed to understand, from the analysis of work activities, the aspects that are present in the origins of accidents with biological material that occur with health professionals in a university hospital. It was held at the Central Institute of a large hospital complex, which has a staff of little more than 2,000 nursing professionals. Two methods were used. One of them , Analysis Collective Labor ACT method by which workers are brought to say the way they perform their work in a group meeting. The other one, the Model Analysis and Prevention of Accidents M.A.P.A, which consists of in depth analysis of accidents in which one does interviews and observation in order to understand the causal antecedents and distal located at the origin of the occurrences of accidents. The findings of the ACT revealed the dynamic nature of work and its variability. Showing that to meet all the tasks and activities there is a high requirement of time, the job requires constant vigilance and attention of the nursing technicians for the details, the furniture and equipment are old and they need maintenance, the devaluation of nursing staff, the duty suffers constant interruptions, professionals working in the limit. The M.A.P.A revealed aspects of overload labor, perform procedures at a fast pace, lack of design or planning of security management that considers the peculiarities and variability of work situations, as well as failure to comply with the Regulatory Standards of MTE

With the advent of the Municipal Management Finance Management Act, (Act 56 of 2003), working capital issues have been legislatively forced onto managers’ daily agenda. Municipal finance officials have been given a clear mandate to focus greater attention on issues such as debt and cash management and stricter policies relating to short term credit financing. The MFMA allows for the unlocking of the fiscal powers of a municipality to generate its own income. Research objectivesThisresearch is intended as a pilot study that argues greater focus on and improvement of, working capital procedures would assist a municipality to exploit this fiscal capacity. Other objectives include: - Generate greater interest in this topic amongst researchers. - Identify factors that limit the implementing good working capital policy. - Identify factors the affect the income earning ability of municipalities. - Identify possible best practices benchmarking.

Nous sommes, dans notre vie quotidienne entourés d'associations audio-visuelles : nous les percevons et les mémorisons tout au long de notre vie. Pourtant, les mécanismes impliqués dans leur apprentissage restent abscons. En particulier, les facteurs comme la motricité permettant de favoriser de tels apprentissages, sont rarement étudiés d'un point de vue mnésique.Ainsi, les objectifs généraux de cette thèse visent à : i) étudier les mécanismes cognitifs à la base de l'apprentissage d'associations audio-visuelles, ii) mieux comprendre l'impact de la motricité dans l'efficacité de ses mécanismes, et iii) proposer des méthodologies originales susceptibles d'augmenter l'efficacité de ces mécanismes et/ou de compenser d'éventuels déficits.Plus précisément, ce travail de thèse s'intéresse au bénéfice de la motricité dans l'apprentissage des correspondances grapho-phonémiques (CGP). En plus de l'intérêt purement théorique que suscite l'étude de cet apprentissage, l'importance de cette acquisition chez les jeunes enfants pré-lecteurs ajoute une portée pratique et pédagogique à ce travail. L’originalité de ce travail de thèse est de vouloir rapprocher deux grands domaines d'études, celui de l’apprentissage de la lecture/écriture et celui de la mémoire. Bien que les deux domaines traitent d'apprentissage et donc de mémoire, il n'y a jamais eu de véritable tentative d'application des modèles de la mémoire pour aider à la compréhension des mécanismes d'apprentissage de la lecture-écriture de mots, et inversement, les travaux sur la mémoire ont rarement regardé du côté des recherches sur l'apprentissage de la lecture-écriture pour valider leurs hypothèses. Or, l’un des intérêts du modèle Act-In servant de support à cette thèse est justement de proposer une approche intégrée du fonctionnement cognitif et pas seulement de la mémoire. / In our daily lives, we are surrounded by audiovisual associations: we perceive and memorize them throughout our lives. However, the mechanisms involved in their learning are not fully understood. In particular, factors such as motor skills that promote such learning are rarely studied from a memory point of view.Thus, the general objectives of this thesis are to: i) study the cognitive mechanisms underlying the learning of audio-visual associations, ii) better understand the impact of motor skills on the effectiveness of its mechanisms, and iii) propose original methodologies likely to increase the effectiveness of these mechanisms and/or compensate for possible deficits.More precisely, this thesis work focuses on the benefit of motor exploration in learning grapho-phonemic correspondences (GPC). In addition to the purely theoretical interest in studying this learning, the importance of this acquisition for young pre-readers adds a practical and pedagogical dimension to this work. What stands out from this thesis is that two areas of study, the one of learning to read and the one of memory are combined. Though both of them deal with learning hence memory, there has never been a real attempt to apply memory models to help understand the mechanisms of learning word reading and writing, and conversely, memory research has rarely looked to research on learning to read and write to validate their assumptions. However, one of the interests of the Act-In model used to support this thesis is precisely to propose an integrated approach to cognitive functioning and not only to memory.