Ce mémoire d'habilitation à diriger des recherches développe la proposition selon laquelle l'action publique contemporaine est soumise à l'épreuve d'une certaine fragilité normative. Plus précisément, il s'intéresse à la manière dont les agents font face à une certaine défection des cadres de leur action, en inventant, reconstruisant, fabriquant des supports cognitifs leur permettant d'appréhender la réalité et d'agir sur elle.

Ce dossier, élaboré en vue de l'obtention de l'Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches, présente mes activités de recherche et regroupe un ensemble de travaux réalisés puis diffusés entre 2001 et 2008, certains n'étant pas encore publiés. il comporte une synthèse, cinq volumes d'articles et extraits d'ouvrages, sept rapports de recherche, et études scientifiques, une pochette d'annexes multimédia, ainsi que la liste de mes travaux. L'ensemble est organisé de manière thématique, selon les orientations de mon parcours : la recherche en didactique des langues, l'enseignement/apprentissage des langues/cultures aux enfants, les usages des TIC dans l'enseignement/apprentissage des langues/cultures, l'éducation à la diversité des langues et des cultures, le plurilinguisme et la formation des enseignants

Résumé. Cette recherche a pour but d’étudier le développement de la compétence de conduite de classe chez les futurs enseignants du primaire. Cette idée touche à deux préoccupations. La première renvoie à la question de l’intérêt de la formation initiale dans le développement des compétences d’enseignement. La deuxième est liée à notre pratique de formateur d’enseignant et au constat que les contraintes contextuelles liées à l’environnement de la classe structurent la pratique des futurs enseignants en les obligeant à procéder à une mobilisation d’actions de conduite de classe. Pour répondre à la question du développement de cette compétence, le travail de thèse s’articule sur trois parties emboîtées. Les deux premières sont indispensables à la troisième dans la mesure où elles fournissent le matériau nécessaire pour mortaiser cette dernière. Sur le plan méthodologique, le travail du chercheur se fonde dans la dynamique de la recherche qualitative pour dégager des données sujettes à l’interprétation et à la réflexion. La première étude est réalisée auprès d’un public d’enseignants. Elle est destinée à explorer la compétence de conduite de classe. La seconde s’intéresse aux contraintes contextuelles qui interfèrent dans les activités d’enseignement des futurs enseignants. La troisième a pour objectif de rendre compte des actions de conduite de classe mobilisées par les futurs enseignants et de la réflexion qui pourvoit à cette mise en œuvre. Sur le plan des résultats, l’étude dégage dans un premier temps les actions de conduite de classe privilégiées par les futurs enseignants et les scénarios d’enchaînement de ces actions. Ensuite, la démarche d’analyse qualitative inductive des données empiriques permet de charpenter une structure explicative de la réflexion des futurs enseignants lors de la mise en œuvre des actions et montre les composantes qui étayent cette structure. Les éléments dégagés lors de cette troisième étude donnent à penser qu’une construction de la compétence de conduite de classe est bien entamée dans la formation initiale et que le dispositif des stages d’enseignement est un atout dans la formation. Il permet en l’occurrence d’acquérir des connaissances de la pratique du métier, c'est-à-dire un socle de savoirs qui sont utiles au futur enseignant et qui lui permettent d’ «être » dans ses activités d’enseignement.

The studies in this dissertation research were conducted to investigate the possible mode of action by which a brominated flame retardant, 2, 2-Bis (bromomethyl)-1, 3-propanediol (BMP) causes genotoxicity. Binding of BMP to DNA and BMP induced DNA strand breaks were investigated in SV-40 immortalized human uroepithelial cells (UROtsa) as an in vitro model for the bladder (a tissue that developed cancer after two year exposure to BMP in rodents). Results showed binding of [¹⁴C]-BMP equivalents to DNA increased with increased exposure time and concentration of [¹⁴C]-BMP. Comet analysis indicated BMP significantly increased the extent of DNA strand breaks at 1 and 3 h of incubation. However, strand breaks were repaired by 6 h of incubation. The DNA damaging effects of BMP at 1 h was concentration dependent. Compared with the parent compound, BMP-glucuronide (the predominant metabolite of BMP) bound less to DNA and produced less DNA strand breaks in UROtsa cells. Evidences that the BMP induced strand breaks were the result of an oxidative stress include: a concentration and time dependent increase in ROS generation; increased expression of Nrf2 and HSP70; complete attenuation of BMP induced DNA strand breaks by the antioxidant, NAC; and the presence of the oxidized base 8-OHguanine. UROtsa cells appear to be target cells for BMP because, as compared to rat hepatocytes (non-target cells), these cells lack the ability to detoxify BMP via glucuronidation and also because they are deficient in glutathione, a major intracellular antioxidant molecule. Both of these genotoxic events, DNA binding and oxidative DNA damage may, in part, contribute to BMP carcinogenicity observed in rodents. The relevance of current results to humans is remained to be established.

Rašto darbas yra skirtas grupės ieškinio instituto teisinei analizei, siekiant įvertinti grupės ieškinio reglamentavimo galimybes Lietuvos Respublikoje. Pagrindinis Rašto darbo tikslas yra suformuluoti konkrečius pasiūlymus Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymų leidėjui dėl grupės ieškinio reglamentavimo Lietuvos Respublikos civilinio proceso teisėje. Rašto darbo pirmojoje dalyje išanalizuojami skirtingi grupės ieškinio modeliai, įtvirtinti įvairiose jurisdikcijose: JAV (įtvirtintas klasikinis grupės ieškinio modelis), Švedijoje, Suomijoje ir Norvegijoje (tai Lietuvos Respublikai artimos jurisdikcijos, kuriose įtvirtinti grupės ieškinio modeliai, pasižymintys tiek Kontinentinės, tiek Bendrosios teisės sistemos bruožais). Taip pat tiriamos ir vertinamos Europos Sąjungos institucijų iniciatyvos reglamentuoti kolektyvinius teisių gynimo būdus. Šioje Rašto darbo dalyje padaroma išvada, kad, nors grupės ieškinio samprata įvairiose valstybėse yra skirtinga, ieškinio sąvoka turėtų būti formuluojama atsižvelgiant į grupės ieškinio tikslą (ginti tam tikros grupės teises ir interesus), naudos gavėjų ratą (grupės narius), individualių asmenų teisę reikšti ieškinį, teismo priimto sprendimo res judicata galią grupės nariams ir teismo proceso efektyvumą bei grupės ieškinio tikslingumą, įvertinant individualaus ieškinio pareiškimo galimybes. Antrojoje Rašto darbo dalyje išanalizuojamos ir įvertinamos grupės ieškinio reglamentavimo iniciatyvos Lietuvos Respublikoje. Šioje Rašto darbo dalyje padaroma... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Master‘s final paper is devoted to research an institute of class action, aiming to explore the possibilities of class action regulation in Lithuania. The main goal of this Final paper is to present the options of class action regulation in the civil procedure to a legislator of Republic of Lithuania. The author of the Final paper analyses different models of class action in the first part of Final paper. The research is based on different jurisdictions, such as the USA (traditional class action), Sweden, Finland and Norway (law systems close to the Republic of Lithuania and these systems have class action regulation). Also, the research contains initiatives of the regulation of collective actions in the institutions of the European Union. The author leads to the findings that class action regulation in different countries differs a lot. Anyway, it is possible to formulate a class action definition according to goal of class action (defend the rights of the members of a group), individual right to claim, res judicata of a judgment, and efficiency, expediency and eligibility of a group claim. The author of the Final paper analyses and qualifies the initiatives of class action regulation in the Republic of Lithuania. The authors leads to the findings that the legislator’s initiative of the year 2006 is not adaptive to Lithuanian civil procedure. That is why because The law draft of 2006 retains an overwhelming connection between group action and public interest. Also, to the... [to full text]

No abstract available. / Thesis (MPA)-University of Durban-Westville, 1995.

Article 21 of the Insolvency Act states that the estate of the solvent spouse transfers to the curator of the insolvent spouse's sequestrated estate. The solvent spouse then has the burden to request the release of property vested in the curator of the insolvent estate. In accordance with Article 21(2), the spouse is required to prove a lawful title on the property. Should the spouse be able to prove a lawful title on the property, the curator is obligated to release the property. Although the constitutionality of this temporarily "deprivation" of the solvent spouse of her rights has already been confirmed by the Constitutional Court; it imposes drastic limitations to his/ her rights. The Insolvency Act does not incorporate procedural measures by means of which the curator has to establish whether the solvent spouse has exempted his/ her from the proof burden. In the same breath, the Constitution and the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act warrant that "everyone has the right to administrative action that is lawful. reasonable and procedurally fair." If the curator's actions, in accordance with Article 21. conform to the administrative procedures as set out in the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act, the spouse shall be entitled to administrative actions which are procedurally fair as concluded within the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act. The conclusion is proof that the actions of the curator, in accordance with Article 21 of the Insolvency Act, is indeed administrative by nature and that the solvent spouse has the right to administrative actions which is procedurally fair as prescribed in the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act, as well as the right to reasons for not being granted the release of property. / Thesis (LL.M. (Estate Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore the following research question: How does action research serve as a research method in the discipline of Communications? Specifically, this study will approach the question by analyzing existing literature on action research and also performing an action research trial of a new marketing approach using digital telephony. The study finds that action research has a combination of four characteristics that make it a discrete method of research. Action research involves collaboration, invokes change, requires a researcher's vested interest, and allows a kind of knowing that can only come from direct involvement in a change. / Department of Telecommunications

This PhD thesis looks at the meaning of website effectiveness and their influence on design decision-making. The research is focused within the context of designing by 16+ students and concerning sustainability. Design practice is explored within Advanced level General Certificate of Education (commonly referred to as AS/A2) Design and Technology, in order to define its particular characteristics. The study uses a theoretical position developed from the Assessment of Performance Unit s (APU) discussion document from 1982 as a framework to explore information retrieval within designing. The position of the study within designing and its place within research related to the use of knowledge, skills and values in designing is clarified. A literature review conducted conceived information retrieval as a characteristic of skill in the APU model. This study has established a consensus position on what is good practice in website development and design, and illustrates the structure of selected sustainable design websites, as well as assessing their navigation. The study indicates which types of information AS/A2 level student designers are seeking and how they use websites within their design work. The drivers behind sustainable design decision-making are identified. The understood consensus of sustainable development and sustainable design as an emerging area in designing is defined. The research is situated within the Sustainable Design Award (SDA) scheme that aimed to implement sustainable development into Design and Technology education and also outlines the content embodied in selected sustainable design websites. AS/A2 level Design and Technology education is used as the context for the main study. Action research was used to help develop the SDA website which was created as a primary assessment tool for the research study, concentrating on students aged 16 to 18. The usability of the selected websites was assessed by undergraduate designers from Loughborough University. A framework was developed and the effectiveness of the SDA website was measured before use, during use and after use . Quantitative and qualitative research methods were used to gather data from the students such as questionnaires, folio assessments and interviews. The results indicate a prominence of website use and sustainable design within AS/A2 level design work, however sustainable design is taught as a separate entity and is not fully integrated into design practice. Sustainable design websites were accessed by half of the 72 students questioned, but only 28% had used the SDA website. The information that the student designers sought fell into two categories: specific information and inspiration, supporting Lofthouse (2001a). The use of these decreased dramatically as projects progressed in AS/A2 level and undergraduate level design education, this pattern was consistent in website use, sustainable design and sustainable design website use. Cluster analysis was carried out on the sustainable design websites with the informative cluster identified as representing the appropriate strategy for effective higher level website design. This cluster included characteristics such as comprehensive content information on sustainability, inspirational images and product examples. Appropriate approaches to the detailed design and development of the SDA website are reported. Future recommended work includes a focus on before use, to investigate the affects of increasing awareness of the website. Relating wider sustainability issues to AS/A2 Design and Technology education is discussed, investigating further the use of eco-design tools as the discussion highlights conflicting opinions. An expansion to the cluster analysis to help define further the four website cluster groups. The development of a website that correlates the emerging patterns of website, sustainable design and sustainable design website use, with work on value judgements completed by Trimingham (2007).

As a pedestrian at the roadside, the two most informative cues as to the distance and rate of closure of a vehicle are its optical size and the rate of expansion of the optical image. In addition, the time to arrival of an approaching vehicle can be perceptually estimated by the ratio of these two variables, referred to as tau (Lee, 1976). Sensitivity to optic expansion is critical for collision avoidance and was measured in populations of adults, typically developing children, and in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), an idiopathic condition characterised by marked impairments in motor coordination that negatively impact on activities of daily living. A central tendency was found in adults (n = 193) between 18 to 59 years of age to make significant errors in judging the approach rates of two vehicles. Inflated errors were observed in children (n = 136) between 6 to 17 years of age, with decreased sensitivity in the youngest age group (6 to 11 years). Furthermore, a significant decrement was found in children (n = 9) with DCD between 6 to 11 years of age. Across all groups, a systematic vehicle size bias was found, whereby faster small vehicles were perceived as travelling slower than larger vehicles. This pattern of results suggest that in general, observers are not utilising tau in judgments of relative approach rates for speeds typically encountered at the roadside, but instead rely on optical expansion that does not compensate for image size. Errors due to a reliance on optic size were inflated in children with DCD, potentially placing them at significantly greater risk at the roadside. To examine the decreased sensitivity observed in DCD, thresholds for detecting visual looming were measured in children (n = 11) with DCD between 6 to 11 years of age. A significant deficit was found when vehicles were presented in perifoveal vision, whereby children with DCD may perceive vehicles that are 5 seconds away as stationary if they are travelling any faster than ~14 mph. This demonstration of a low-level visual processing deficit could suggest an immaturity in the dorsal stream network and explain some of the difficulties that characterise DCD. Critically, perceptual judgments at the roadside are inextricably linked to the motoric capability of the observer. If a pedestrians crossing time is greater than the time available, collision will occur. Crossing gap thresholds were measured and compared to walking times for a single vehicle approaching at varying speeds. Children (n = 9) with DCD between 6 to 11 years of age left considerably longer temporal crossing gaps than their action capabilities necessitated. However, when children with DCD were presented with multiple vehicles in a virtual reality environment, they accepted crossing gaps at all approach speeds that were shorter than the time it would take them to cross. This suggests that children with DCD may not have the perceptual accuracy to predict their required action gaps in a road crossing situation. One explanation for these findings could be a difference in DCD in how vision is dynamically allocated to facilitate the preparation of goal-directed actions. Dynamic allocation of visual attention was assessed in a series of experiments that measured eye movement latencies and hand movement accuracy in children (n = 5) with DCD between 6 to 11 years of age. Both measures were found to be comparable in DCD with their typically developing peers regardless of task complexity, indicating that the allocation of visual attention is not deficient in children with DCD. The prospective control of movement in our everyday lives is critically depended on estimating the immediacy of approaching objects. Combined, these results indicate that children with DCD may be particularly vulnerable at the roadside due to a visual motion processing deficit, consistent with atypical function across broad neural structures such as the dorsal stream.