Thesis advisor: Arthur Madigan / Thesis advisor: Jorge L. Garcia / The relationship between intention, intentional action, and moral assessment is of fundamental importance to ethical theory. In large part, moral responsibility is based on an assessment of agent responsibility, which in turn is based on the connection between an agent's intentions and the actions which they cause. In the last twenty-five years, there has been a debate in contemporary action theory about the relationship between intentions and intentional action. Objecting to what he calls the "Simple View," which he characterizes as the view that all intentional actions are intended under some description, Michael Bratman, among others, argues that not all intentional actions are intended. In this dissertation, we will defend the Simple View by appealing to Aristotle's theory of action as developed in his psychological and ethical works. In the first part of the dissertation, we argue that all intentional actions are intended under some description; however, we argue that distinctions between different types of intention are essential: specifically, the distinction between deliberate and non-deliberate intentions and the distinction between the intention of the end and the intention of the means. Our account centers on Aristotle's concept of prohairesis, which he identifies as the distinctly human principle of action. The term prohairesis in Aristotle's works seems to have at least three senses: 1) primarily, the deliberate intention with which a person acts, an `occurent' choice; 2) the habitual or `dispositional' choice or resolve of `decent' people; and 3) general purposes that men have which may encompass voluntary action as a whole. The first sense of the term is the primary one that properly signifies the concept. Prohairesis fits within the general framework of animal motion which Aristotle sets out in the De Anima and De Motu Animalium. For Aristotle, orexis or desire is the cause of all animal motion, including human motion. Prohairesis is a deliberate desire for the means to an end. It is a principle of action peculiar to mature human beings capable of deliberating, as it is the intention which is the result of deliberation. It marks off a narrow but important stretch of intentional action. Prohairesis is set off against other types of intention, like boulesis, which is an intention of the end, and epithumia (bodily appetite) and thumos (anger), which are non-deliberate intentions relating to non-rational appetites like lust and anger. Aristotle, in contrast to contemporary accounts of intentional action, is unusually specific in his designation of the different kinds of intention. Different orexeis differ not only with regard to specific objects but also with regard to time, planning, and detail. Aristotle traces both the causal and moral responsibility agents have for their actions to the action of these internal principles of desire. Moral assessment is linked to the operative internal principle of an act. This allows for an action to be voluntary and intentional, even if the agent does not fully understand or plan for the consequences of an action. Intention, for Aristotle, if we correctly understand it as orexis and what results from orexis, is not reducible to one mode but is irreducibly plural. Furthermore, each person's capacity for intentional action is shaped by his character, and each character has correspondingly different kinds of intention, both with respect to the objects of intention and in their relation to action. Finally, the scope of intention is not definite, and depending on the agent, can include those things which attend to the means of which he has cognizance, for instance, harmful side-effect consequences or other costs of his action. In the second part of the dissertation, we examine at length the objections to the Simple View, lodged by Bratman, Gilbert Harman, and Joshua Knobe. We give an overview of objections by Bratman, Harman, and Knobe which center on three cases and four objections. The cases are: 1) a hypothetical video game; 2) unexpected success; and 3) unintended consequences. The objections are: 1) with respect to the hypothetical video game, the Simple View ascribes an irrational intention to a gamer playing the game; 2) When agents are doubtful of the success of an action they undertake, the Simple View requires that they intend the act the perform rather than that they merely try to perform the act, which opponents argue that this is irrational and false; 3) The Simple View entails the rejection of the distinction between intention and foresight which itself entails that agents intend all the results of their actions, even when those results are merely foreseen and not intended; 4) The Simple View does not adequately explain ordinary language usage with respect to ascriptions of intention for side-effect consequences, and therefore does not reflect basic, commonly shared notions of intentional action. The first two objections center on cases where it seems irrational for an agent to intend the act he performs. In the case of the video game, the scenario is so set up that the player wins a prize for hitting either target but knows that he cannot hit both or the game will shut down. It seems irrational for him to intend to hit both if he cannot; however, in order to maximize his chance winning, it would be rational to aim at both. In the case of unexpected success, it seems that agents do not intend acts whose chances of success they doubt because intending seems to require the positive belief that one will succeed; rather, it is argued that agents merely try but do not intend the act they perform. Against these cases and objections, we argue that agents are capable of conditional and complex intentions, such that one may conditionally intend to hit whichever target is opportune, while aiming at both. Likewise, we argue that intending to act does not require the positive belief that one will succeed; only that it is possible for one to succeed. Furthermore, the distinction between trying and intending is specious. Finally, we respond to the third and fourth objections centering on the intentionality of side-effect consequences. It is argued by Bratman et al. that the Simple View entails the rejection of the distinction between intention and foresight, and that such a rejection further entails consequentialism. Likewise it is also argued that the Simple View fails to account for ordinary language ascriptions of intentionality for side-effect consequences. We agree that the Simple View entails rejecting the distinction between intention and foresight as it is currently applied, but deny that this entails consequentialism, i.e., the view that the consequences of an action are the primary basis for moral evaluation and not the agent's intentions. Likewise, we agree that the Simple View does not model ordinary language ascriptions of intention; however, this is not necessarily a defect since such ascriptions are inconsistent and imprecise. Furthermore, we argue that the Simple View might be used to more adequately explain such usage. We center our response to these objections on the Doctrine of Double Effect. We argue that the doctrine arises from a mistaken interpretation of St. Thomas Aquinas' treatment of defensive killing. We argue that Aquinas does not hold that the death of an attacker is a foreseen but not intended side-effect, as proponents of Double Effect and opponents of the Simple View hold; rather it is intended as a means to the end of self-defense. Therefore, the two effects are not the desired end and a side-effect but rather the intended end and the intended means. Furthermore, we argue that this does not entail doing evil for the sake of good because Aquinas' Aristotelian account of action specification incorporates circumstances as essential components of intentions which give an act its moral quality. Furthermore, the necessary references to an agent's intentions show how the rejection of the application of the distinction between intention and foresight does not entail consequentialism. Finally, we tackle the underlying assumptions about intention and desire which lead to the rejection of the Simple View. Opponents of the Simple View hold that intention is not a form of desire because then it would not have an essential role in the genesis of action or in rational deliberation. We, however, argue that the major objections to the Simple View are defeasible once one understands intention as a species of desire, i.e. a deliberate desire, whose scope includes consequences beyond acts performed and goals achieved. The paradoxes at the heart of the debate hinge on the ambiguity of the English word `intention' and its usage, as well as the inherent difficulty of examining psychological concepts. `Intention' has several senses unified by the purposiveness of the mental states to which the word is referred. These senses can often, but not always, be distinguished in English usage by the degree and kind of deliberation attendant to them. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Philosophy.

Student Number: 0316733E Master of Arts (Industrial Psychology) Faculty of Humanities / The aim of this research project was to investigate final year university students’ attitudes towards affirmative action. In particular the current research investigated the final year students’ justice perceptions and attitudes towards affirmative action as well as their perceptions of job opportunities. The study also incorporated the role of locus of control in relation to the above mentioned variables. Prior research indicated that affirmative action is perceived as controversial in nature and has been accused of promoting inherent unfairness of practices and procedures that give preferential treatment to certain groups of people based on gender, race and ethnicity (Parker, Baltes and Christiansen, 1997). In addition affirmative action has been accused of reducing job opportunities for non-beneficiaries, as well as stigmatising those it aims to assist (Kravits and Plantainia, 1992). Therefore there arises a need to examine and explore affirmative action within South Africa, as much research has been conducted in the United States and is not applicable to South Africa. The present research was conducted using a quantitative, non-experimental cross sectional research design. The sample consisted of fourth year bachelor of accounting students. Five hypotheses were tested. The results indicted that support was found for three of the hypotheses, indicating that attitudes towards affirmative action differ between beneficiaries and non – beneficiaries. There is a relationship between perceptions of job opportunities and attitudes towards affirmative action as well as a relationship between justice perceptions of affirmative action and attitudes towards affirmative action in both beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. The findings are discussed in relation to previous research. The implications of the research and the limitations of the study are outlined in the research report.

Faculty of Humanities School of Education 9711890e barbaramichel@absamail.co.za / The focus of this action research study was to facilitate a field generated process to develop guidelines towards standards of practice for peer education. Peer education has been widely used across the globe and often in health oriented fields. In South Africa, peer education practice is marked by the lack of agreed standards and guidelines together with a lack of empirical evidence of its impact on beneficiary groups. The researcher consulted with over 200 individuals who are, in some way, connected or involved in the management of peer education or programmes focussing on youth. The research confirmed the lack of an agreed definition of peer education, the need for guidelines and eventually standards of practice for peer education. There was consensus that peer education was considered a ‘valuable strategy’ despite a chronic lack of reporting, monitoring and clear goals for most programmes. An additional challenge was the lack of evaluation of the benefit of peer education to beneficiaries. Programmes lack underpinning theories, and often are implemented in an attempt to ‘help’ communities in any way possible. Lack of a systemic approach and lack of agreed performance standards, perpetuates peer education interventions that fail due to avoidable challenges that could have been averted with more attention to planning and systematic organisation. The research proposes that with agreed standards and support to implement and build capacity at national and provincial level, peer education could become a flagship for the prevention, care and support to many communities, particularly where there is a chronic lack of resources.

The Local Drug Action Committee (LDAC) is the closest body to the community which is made up of individuals from different stakeholders at a local level to coordinate the activities aimed at the prevention of substance abuse and illicit drug trafficking within the communities. Since the implementation of the committees, the sustainability of these committees has been a challenge in the Free State Province. The study endeavoured to explore factors which influence the sustainability of these committees in the Free State Province. A qualitative research approach that was explorative and descriptive in nature was employed. A case study design was used. Purposive sampling was applied to select the participants from two LDACs in Mangaung Municipality. A semi-structured interview schedule was used to collect the data during individual in-depth interviews with five participants. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data. The main findings indicated that there was a lack of knowledge among the committee members about their roles, responsibilities and mandates. Their inability to coordinate the stakeholder activities as well as the limited knowledge about the relationship between the Free State Mini Drug Master Plan (FSMDMP) and the LDACs also appeared to be challenging. The main conclusions drawn from the study are that despite the excellent structure of the LDACs to coordinate the implementation of the FSMDMP, the members of the LDACs are neither knowledgeable about nor capacitated to fulfil their roles and responsibilities to meet the intended requirements and implement the activities of the FSMDMP, factors which hamper sustainability. The lack of financial support from Government to fund the activities of the LDACs in the Province is another major impediment in terms of sustainability.

My thesis relates to the action for liability due to lack of assets in French law and further deals with this institute in the Czech Republic as it can be found in § 68 of Business Corporations Act. Along with the common legislation of liability, I present the institute of faute, which is unknown to Czech law and I describe the French national legislation of the action for liability due to lack of assets. The Czech legislation, which addressed the form of the institute when creating the Business Corporations Act yields an interesting comparison given French law has long incorporated the tradition of the institute. To finish, my thesis deals with the amendment of Business Corporations Act as proposed by the Ministry of Justice in the end of 2016 and which is only at the beginning of the legislative process. In France the institute represents a special type of liability that can be established to statutory bodies when there is lack of assets. In the Czech Republic it is a special type of guarantee that can be established for a member or a former member of the business corporation's statutory body. The differences between the French and Czech legislation are mainly based upon the manner in which the fulfillment of the obligation by the statutory body is made. In France the statutory body's fulfillment goes...

Collective (group, mass) actions and their trying Abstract With regard to both global and national developments, it is necessary to respond to the societal changes brought about by it in the field of private law. One of these changes is also the mass of legal relationships consisting of the existence of a large number of almost identical rights and obligations between one or more entities on the one hand and thousands and millions on the other. In practice, new problems arise, such as overloading the courts, enormous costs of proceedings, recurring evidence, and so on. And these problems represent challenges that intitutes of collective rights protection, generally reffered to as collective actions, has to cope with. These include group action, representative action, test-case action, public group action, and so on. The prototype of all these actions is U.S. class action with deep historical roots, which has become the most used and the most famous. Also, in many other countries of the world and Europe, collective actions have been introduced in various forms, often inspired by U.S. class action. Collective protection of rights has been unresolved topic without the prospect of a comprehensive legislative framework until recently, but now the situation is different and the civil procedural law will be...

Labaditina é um decapeptídeo cíclico, hidrofóbico, extraído da Jatropha Multifida, uma planta da família Euphorbiaceae. É mais resistente à degradação proteolítica que seus respectivos isômeros lineares; e forma pontes de hidrogênio internamente, facilitando sua inserção em membrana biológica. Estudos tem mostrado que a restrição conformacional dos peptídeos cíclicos aumenta sua afinidade e especificidade à membrana. Devido à essas características físicas e às atividades biológicas apresentadas, tais como inibição da via clássica do sistema complemento humano in vitro e atividade antibacteriana para Streptococcus mutans, este peptídeo tem ganhado interesse biológico e farmacológico. Sobretudo, ainda não é conhecido seu mecanismo de ação. Devido à isso, os peptídeos Labaditina (Lo) e o análogo linear (L1), estruturalmente diferentes, foram estudados com o objetivo de obter informações quanto ao mecanismo de ação, interação e possíveis alterações estruturais frente a membranas biológicas. O comportamento do Lo e L1 foi avaliado na presença de diferentes composições de lipídios (DPPC, DPPC:Chol (9:1), DPPC:DPPS (8:2)) e de detergentes (SDS e LPC), utilizando sistemas miméticos de membrana: monocamada, micela e lipossomo. Em monocamada, sistema planar, foi observado um aumento da pressão superficial, provavelmente causado pela presença de peptídeo. Nos sistemas compostos por DPPC:Chol e DPPC:DPPS o efeito foi maior na presença do L1, sugerindo interação eletrostática entre o peptídeo e as monocamadas. Já o peptídeo Lo, por não possuir carga, apresentou maior interação com a monocamada de DPPC, por ser zwitteriônica. Resultados similares foram obtidos através do estudo com lipossomos constituídos por DPPC, DPPC:Chol (9:1) e DPPC:DPPS (8:2). Em todos os meios, através da espectrofotometria de fluorescência, foi observado um blue-shift, ou seja, migração do triptofano para um ambiente mais apolar. Para o Lo, isso foi maior na presença de DPPC; para o L1, na presença de DPPC:Chol e DPPC:DPPS. Através do DSC foi observado um aumento da entalpia e diminuição da cooperatividade (t1/2), causado pela presença de peptídeo na bicamada. Em DPPC:Chol (9:1) e DPPC:DPPS esse efeito foi maior na presença do L1; e em DPPC, na presença do Lo, confirmando os resultados anteriores. Essas interações peptídeo-mimético de membrana foram acompanhadas por mudanças conformacionais, observadas através do CD. O peptídeo Lo, tanto em meio aquoso, quanto na presença dos diferentes lipossomos está não-ordenado, entretanto, possui diferenças conformacionais em cada meio. O peptídeo L1 em meio aquoso apresenta estrutura ao acaso com interação entre os triptofanos, porém em DPPC e em DPPC:Chol (9:1) sofre alteração conformacional, distanciando os triptofanos; em DPPC:DPPS (8:2) sofreu alteração para -folha. Isso demonstra que a composição lipídica induz diferentes conformações nos peptídeos e pode afetar seu mecanismo de ação. No estudo com micelas também foi observado interação de ambos os peptídeos com SDS, e também com LPC. Em SDS os estudos sugerem que o L1 está mais inserido no meio apolar que o Lo; já em LPC, o Lo. Esses peptídeos também apresentaram alteração conformacional na presença das micelas. O peptídeo Lo, tanto em SDS, quanto em LPC, apresentou conformação não-ordenada, porém diferentes. Já o peptídeo L1 apresentou conformação -folha na presença de SDS e LPC, porém também com diferenças. Os resultados demonstram que o peptídeo com estrutura linear (L1) possui maior liberdade conformacional. Portanto, alguns fatores dirigem o processo de interação destes peptídeos: conformação e hidrofobicidade. Devido à diferença estrutural (cíclica e linear), esses peptídeos conferem diferentes hidrofobicidades, e isso interfere na conformação da molécula, além do meio lipídico. E finalizando o estudo, foi identificado através da DM que o resíduo de triptofano da posição 2 é o aminoácido mais inserido no meio apolar das micelas, após interação. Assim, um possível mecanismo de interação do peptídeo Lo é baseado, inicialmente, na adsorção do peptídeo na superfície lipídica. Em seguida ocorre a interação hidrofóbica membrana-peptídeo, acompanhada pela inserção do triptofano da posição 2 na região mais profunda da membrana, induzindo alterações conformacionais na molécula mediante a interação, dos outros resíduos, com a membrana. / Labaditin is a cyclic decapeptide with high hydrophobic character, extracted from Jatropha Multifida, a plant from Euphorbiaceae family. It is more resistant to proteolytic degradation than its corresponding linear isomers. Studies have been showed that conformational restriction of cyclic peptide increases its affinity and specificity to the membrane. Due to these physical characteristics and to the biological activities shown, such as inhibition of the classical pathway of human complement system in vitro and antibacterial activity for Streptococcus mutans, this peptide has attracted biological and pharmacological interest. However, neither the target nor the action mechanism are known yet. For this reason, the Labaditin (Lo) and the linear analogue (L1) peptides, different structures, were studied in an attempt to get information regarding the mechanism of action, interaction and possible conformational changes due to the interaction with biological membranes. The behavior of Lo and L1 was studied in the presence of different lipid compositions (DPPC, DPPC:Chol (9:1), DPPC:DPPS (8:2)) and of detergents (SDS and LPC), using membrane mimetic systems: monolayer, micelle and liposome. In monolayer, planar system, it was observed an increase of surface pressure, probably caused by the presence of peptide. In the systems composed by DPPC:Chol and DPPC:DPPS the effect was greater in the presence of L1, implying electrostatic interaction between the peptide and the monolayers. Lo peptide, on the other hand, due to the fact that it does not have charges, presented greater interaction with the DPPC monolayer, a zwitterionic molecule. Similar results were obtained through studies with liposome composed by DPPC, DPPC:Chol (9:1) and DPPC:DPPS (8:2). In all environments, through fluorescence spectroscopy, a blue-shift was observed, which means, migration of the tryptophan to a more non-polar environment. For Lo, it was higher in the presence of DPPC; for L1, in the presence of DPPC:Chol and DPPC:DPPS. Using the DSC technique an increase of enthalpy and a decrease of cooperativity was observed (t1/2), due to the presence of peptide in the bilayers. In DPPC:Chol (9:1) and DPPC:DPPS this effect was greater in the presence of L1; while in DPPC, in the presence of Lo, confirming the previous results. These peptide-membrane mimetic interaction was followed by conformational changes, observed through the CD. The Lo peptide has a unordered conformation in aqueous environment, and in the presence of liposomes also is unordered, although with differences. L1 peptide in aqueous environment presents random coil structure with interaction between tryptophan, but in DPPC and in DPPC:Chol (9:1) it suffers conformational changes, distancing tryptophan; in DPPC:DPPS (8:2) it changes to -sheet. This demonstrates that the lipidic composition induces conformational changes in peptides and it may affect their mechanism of action. In the study with micelles it was also observed interaction between peptides-SDS, and also with peptides-LPC. In SDS, the studies suggest that L1 is more inserted in the non-polar environment than Lo; in LPC, Lo is more inserted. These peptides also presented conformational changes in the presence of micelles. Lo peptide, both in SDS, and in LPC, presented unordered conformation, but differently. L1 peptide presented -sheet conformation in the presence of SDS and LPC, but also with differences. The results show that the peptide with linear structure (L1) has greater conformational liberty. Therefore, some factors are responsible to the interaction process of these peptides: conformation and hydrophobicity. Due to the structural difference (cyclic and linear), these peptides present different hydrophobicity, and it interferes in the conformation of the molecule, as well as the lipidic environment. On the last study it was identified through DM that the tryptophan residue from position 2 is the amino acid most inserted in the micelles, after interaction. Thus, a possible Lo peptide interaction mechanism is based, initially, on the adsorption of the peptide on the lipidic surface. Next, there is a hydrophobic interaction peptide-membrane followed by the tryptophan insertion of the position 2 in the deepest region of the membrane, inducing conformational changes in the molecule, through the interaction of the other residues with the membrane.

Partindo da ideia de que, para Hannah Arendt, Origens do totalitarismo não esgota a questão do totalitarismo, a tese pretende mostrar o primeiro passo dado pela autora no aprofundamento da questão. A argumentação se inicia com a afirmação arendtiana de que os campos de concentração funcionaram como laboratórios onde até mesmo a personalidade e a espontaneidade dos seres humanos foram concebidas como coisas e, portanto, como sujeitas ao conhecimento. Esta constatação colocou o problema do humano no centro do pensamento da autora. Ao confirmar uma antiga suspeita contra a tradição de filosofia política, Arendt se engajou em sua desmontagem servindo-se de certa análise de alguns filósofos pós-hegelianos (sobretudo Marx) e da crítica ao procedimento de differentia specifica para a determinação da essência do ser humano. Em um passo seguinte, lançou-se à formulação de uma nova maneira de pensar o humano e, para evitar o recurso a essências, apoiou-se sobre as diferentes temporalidades das atividades humanas. O resultado deste movimento é A condição humana, livro em que a vita activa é apresentada em termos temporais e o conceito de ação é formulado como uma temporalidade aberta ancorada na pluralidade. Isto faz do conceito de ação um entrave teórico ao totalitarismo, uma vez que insere o indeterminado no centro do pensar político tornando impossível o conhecimento do agir. / Since for Hannah Arendt the question of totalitarianism is not completely solved with The Origins of Totalitarianism, I intend to show her first steps toward a deeper level of this question. I start with her claim that concentration camps were comparable to laboratories in which even men\'s personality and spontaneity were conceived as sheer things, thus being subject to knowledge. This observation leads the problem of human to the center of her thought. After confirming a suspicion harbored against the tradition of political philosophy, Arendt binds herself to dismantle the tradition, a task carried out through an analysis of post-hegelian thinkers (specially Marx) and the critique of differentia specifica as a proceeding to determine human beings\' essence. Her following step was the formulation of a new way to think about human and, in order to avoid the use of essences, she leans on the different temporalities of human activities. The outcome of this movement is The Human Condition, a book in which vita activa is described in temporal terms and the concept of action structured on an open temporality based on plurality. The concept of action became a theoretical blockade against totalitarianism as it places the indeterminate in the center of political thinking thus making it impossible to know a priori human action.

Este trabalho consiste em abordar o conceito de fetichismo da mercadoria, de Karl Marx, presente principalmente na obra O Capital. Ao fazer essa abordagem, a pesquisa encontrou aspectos de certa teoria da ação que estariam presentes na problemática do fetichismo. As relações entre a ação e a representação formam o eixo que permeia toda a pesquisa. Está dividida em três capítulos. No primeiro, se apresenta o fetichismo como um problema que relaciona de modo muito particular a ação e a representação. Para refletir sobre estes aspectos buscamos, nos capítulos seguintes, alguns pontos da teoria da ação de Aristóteles como a responsabilidade moral, a diferença entre práxis e poiêsis, a divisão entre o intelecto prático e o teórico e a figura do acrático. Tais conceitos são articulados de modo que o fetichismo pode ser visto como um problema de uma teoria da ação / This work addresses the concept of commodity fetishism, from Karl Marx\'s book The Capital. By doing this approach, this research has found certain aspects of the theory of action that would be present in the problematic of fetishism. The relationship between action and representation form the axis that permeates all research. It is divided into three chapters. At the first, it presents fetishism as a problem that relates most particularly the action and representation. To think about these aspects we look for, in the following chapters, some points of the action theory of Aristotle as a moral responsibility, the difference between praxis and poiesis, the division between the theoretical and the practical intellect and the figure of akratic. Such concepts are so articulated that fetishism can be seen as a problem of a theory of action

Martin Heidegger foi um dos grandes pensadores do século XX, influenciando grande parte dos filósofos contemporâneos. Uma de suas grandes influências é a teórica política Hannah Arendt. A analítica existencial heideggeriana tem sido exaustivamente estudada. No entanto, existe quase uma lacuna na investigação teórica das implicações políticas de Ser e Tempo. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é evidenciar em que medida a teoria política arendtiana é tributária da reflexão de Heidegger e em que pontos ela o confronta. / Martin Heidegger is one of the greatest thinkers in the 20th century. He has been a major influence since the publishing of his master piece, Being and Time. The Political theorist Hannah Arendt is one of his most gifted disciples. The heideggerian existencial analytic has already been debated by many thinkers and philosophers. Nevertheless, there is almost a blank in the theoretical study of the political implications of Being and Time. The purpose of this research is to point out in what way the arendtian political theory was influenced by Heidegger\'s thought and, more than that, the confrontation between these two thinkers.