The biological treatment of wastewater has evolved significantly from simple single sludge systems practicing organic carbon removal to ones which now include either nitrification/denitrification (N/DN) and / or phosphorus (P) removal. The inclusion of more biological processes have increased the complexity of current wastewater systems which has subsequently led to the development of more complex mathematical models. The operation of plants can be assessed and improved by the use of mathematical modelling tools which require accurate input data. Thus, knowledge of the wastewater characteristics is an important step towards the optimum modelling, design and operation of present and future plants. However, for these tools to be effective, the input data needs to be accurate which is dependent on the current methods used to determine them. Wastewater is a complex substrate consisting of compounds of differing biodegradability. Biokinetically, these compounds have been divided into readily biodegradable (RBCOD), slowly biodegradable (SBCOD) and unbiodegradable substrate groups. Compounds with intermediate biodegradability i.e. compounds which fall between the RBCOD and SBCOD groups, have been termed readily hydrolyzable organic substrates (RHCOD). The organic matter is discussed in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD). The readily biodegradable and readily hydrolyzable COD fractions of wastewater can be determined by respirometric tests such as the oxygen utilization rate (OUR) and nitrate-N utilization rate (NUR) tests. The principal aim of this project was to investigate the NUR test as a tool for wastewater characterization and to study denitrification kinetics in batch reactors. In addition, an experimental readily biodegradable substrate, acetate, was used to determine the reliability of the NUR tests. Acetate was also used to ascertain utilization profiles and rates of a typical readily biodegradable substrate during denitrification. Biodegradable COD characterizations with enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) sludges were also investigated to determine the impact of anoxic phosphorus removal on NUR tests. The results obtained from the numerous NUR tests added to the undestanding of the NUR test. Samples from 22 wastewater treatment plants were tested, most of which were located in France. Four South African plants were also tested. Data obtained from the NUR tests were used to calculate the RBCOD and RHCOD fractions. The SBCOD, however, could not be determined directly from the 6 h NUR batch tests. The readily biodegradable COD (RBCOD) fractions ranged between 7 and 25 % of the total COD concentration of raw wastewater, with majority of those results falling within the 10-20 % (of the total COD) range. The results also showed that the initial rapid rate associated with readily biodegradable COD utilization was sometimes followed by a short intermediate phase (i.e. short duration, 2 to 3 h). The intermediate fraction was found to range between 5 and 29 % of the total COD concentration and was classed as a readily hydrolyzable COD component of raw wastewater since the magnitude of the RHCOD fraction was too small to be classed as slowly biodegradable COD which comprises approximately 30 to 60 % of the total COD found in raw wastewaters. The variability of the RHCOD fractions suggests that this fraction is either very variable or that the NUR test does adequately or accurately characterize it. Another possibility is that the RHCOD (or second biodegradable fraction) calculated from the NUR test is a component of the RBCOD of the influent wastewater. In this case, the bacteria may have used some of the RBCOD directly for energy and accumulated or stored the rest as part of a survival mechanism which allows them to be more competitive under dynamic operating conditions. Once the readily biodegradable COD becomes limiting, the bacteria will use the accumulated or stored compounds. This hypothesis is substantiated by tests done with acetate as substrate. An intermediate phase was also observed when acetate was the sole substrate. Thus, it was possible with the 3-phase profiles to calculate a second biodegradable fraction. Results suggest that a significant part of the added acetate (as COD) was stored and the second phase is in fact an 'apparent or residual' phase brought about by the consumption of the stored or accumulated acetate products. This is suggested in two ways: (1) the calculation of the yield coefficient is lower and closer to the 0.5 mg/l values, cited in the literature, when the COD calculated from phases 1 and 2 are considered, and (2) the acetate mass balances were found to be approximately 100 % when phases 1 and 2 were used to calculate the amount of acetate utilized under anoxic conditions. The results obtained with sodium acetate as a readily biodegradable substrate were used to formulate several conclusions on acetate utilization during denitrification. Firstly, from acetate mass balances it was found that acetate may be used exclusively for denitrification (100 % acetate was accounted for). In this case, the sludge contains a significant proportion of denitrifiers and little or no polyphosphate accumulating organisms. This observation was made only when non-EBPR (enhanced biological phosphorus removal) sludges were used. Secondly, acetate mass balances which were found to be < 100 % suggest that acetate could be used for denitrification and the production of storage products like polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA's). These sludges probably contained a higher proportion of polyphosphate accumulating organisms which competed for the available acetate in the bulk liquid. This observation was made for both EBPR and non-EBPR sludges. Thirdly, acetate could be used for denitrification by denitrifiers and for polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis by denitrifying polyphosphate accumulating organisms. The stored PHA's in the denitrifying polyphosphate accumulating organisms are subsequently utilized during denitrification. This secondary utilization is manifested in the second denitrification phase and is supported by the observation of phosphorus uptake. These results showed that wastewaters high in volatile fatty acids (VFA's) were also subject to denitrifying polyphosphate accumulating organism activity even though the sludge was sampled from non enhanced biological phosphorus removal systems (non EBPR). Several of the NOx profiles revealed either 2 or 3 rates due to the control of the substrate to biomass ratio (S/X: :<_0.1 mgO2 / mgO2). Majority of the samples (i.e. 85%) tested produced initial maximum specific denitrification rates (k1) between 3 and 6 mgN/gVSS.h. The intermediate denitrification rate (k2) was found to vary between 2 and 3 mgN/gVSS.h. Denitrification rates (k3) obtained from utilization of influent and. endogenous slowly biodegradable COD (SBCOD) varied between 1.0 and 1.5 mgN/gVSS.h. This latter rate is significantly higher than the endogenous denitrification rates cited in the literature. One of the reasons for these higher rates could be be linked to the the reuse of stored or accumulated products by the microorganisms. In addition, a comparative study on RBCOD determination of wastewaters with enhanced biological phosphorus removal and non-EBPR sludges. It was found that the RBCOD values derived by NUR tests with EBPR sludge were consistently lower (4 to 5 %) than those with non-EBPR sludge. Thus, the NUR tests with EBPR sludge resulted in a 4 to 5 % underestimation of the RBCOD fraction of raw wastewaters. This loss in RBCOD to polyphosphate accumulating organisms appears to be linked to the influent raw wastewater acetate concentration. These tests showed that the RBCOD fraction could be adequately characterized using the NUR method. The accuracy of the tests appears to be compromised when enhanced biological phosphorus removal sludges are used in the NUR tests. Moreover, it was found that non-EBPR sludges can also consume some of the acetate that is present in the system for the production and replenishment of storage compounds. Fortunately, for the wastewaters tested, the acetate component of the RBCOD fraction was small and therefore, did not significantly affect the results. Mechanisms such as substrate accumulation and storage may also impact on substrate removal and hence, the determination of the readily biodegradable COD concentration of municipal wastewaters. Thus, while the results showed that the NUR is a useful characterization tool for wastewaters, it will continue to be a more tedious characterization tool than the oxygen utilization rate test, until a suitable nitrate/nitrite electrode is developed to automate the test. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1999.

Os sistemas de lodos ativados se destacam pelo fato de oferecerem a possibilidade de remoção satisfatória de nutrientes como nitrogênio e fósforo, com poucos requisitos de área. Para aperfeiçoar esse processo de remoção, o sistema pode ser otimizado a fim de alcançar satisfatórias condições de pH, temperatura, aeração, entre outros. As bactérias presentes no lodo ativado são capazes de transformar e remover o nitrogênio através dos processos de nitrificação e desnitrificação. As reações de nitrificação são catalisadas por diferentes gêneros de bactérias autotróficas, entres os quais Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, Nitrospira, Nitrococcus. Existem evidências mais recentes de que estas reações de nitrificação podem, em certa medida, também ser catalisadas por organismos heterotróficos. Assim, a identificação das bactérias presentes em lodos ativados de Estações de Tratamento de Efluentes (ETE), bem como o estudo dos fatores que podem ou não influenciar na eficiência do processo de remoção de nutrientes, é muito importante para a otimização do sistema. As análises físico-químicas e, posterior, análises da composição bacteriana foram realizadas em amostras de afluente, efluente e de lodo de quatro diferentes estações de tratamento. As coletas foram realizadas em ETE de dois abatedouros de aves, de uma indústria de embalagens de papel e de um hospital particular. As amostras analisadas mostraram resultados pouco similares entre si, evidenciando diferenças nos processos de nitrificação e desnitrificação conforme a ETE de origem. Os resultados encontrados para as análises físico-químicas nas amostras estudadas estiveram de acordo com os parâmetros normalmente encontrados para efluentes industriais e de acordo com os exigidos pela legislação (CONAMA, 2011), com exceção de apenas uma amostra (hospital), que teve um valor de nitrogênio amoniacal (21,23 mg/L) na saída do sistema acima do valor máximo permitido pela legislação vigente (20 mg/L). A eficiência de remoção de DQO em todas as estações de tratamento esteve na faixa entre 67,5% e 97,8%. A amostra da ETE da Indústria de Embalagens de Papel foi a que demonstrou maior eficiência de remoção de DQO (97,8%), enquanto que uma das amostras da ETE do Hospital Particular, que apresentou a maior DQO na entrada do sistema, foi a que obteve menor eficiência de remoção (67,5%). A remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal foi observada, com exceção de uma amostra, em todas as demais, e sua eficiência de remoção foi bastante variável nas amostras, com valores considerados satisfatórios para o parâmetro estudado (99,7%) e abaixo do esperado para sistemas de lodos ativados (24,6%). A menor eficiência de remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal (24,6%) foi encontrada para uma amostra da ETE Hospital, enquanto a maior eficiência se observou para a amostra da ETE Embalagens de Papel (99,7%). As amostras de lodo foram analisadas molecularmente através de nested PCR e DGGE, com posterior sequenciamento genético. Os primers utilizados na técnica de nested PCR foram: 11f e 1492r (primers universais), NIT3r (Nitrobacter), Nos1225r (Bactérias oxidadoras de amônio), Ntspa685r (Nitrospira), sendo o primer Eub338f utilizado em conjunto com os primers específicos. Já o PCR realizado para o DGGE foi realizado utilizando-se os primers 968F GC e 1392r. As análises moleculares demonstraram que as bactérias mais comuns nos processos de tratamento por lodos ativados (Bactérias oxidadoras de amônio, nitrobacter e nitrospira) estiveram presentes (pelo menos um dos gêneros) em quase todas as amostras testadas por PCR. A amostra que mostrou maior eficiência de remoção de DQO e nitrogênio amoniacal teve, também, resultado positivo para todos os primers utilizados (Bactérias oxidadoras de amônio, nitrobacter e nitrospira) na técnica de PCR, sugerindo que o processo de nitrificação foi satisfatório. Das amostras que tiveram resultado positivo para as amplificações com primers específicos para nitrificantes, apenas uma teve correspondência de resultado positivo no sequenciamento genético (Bactérias oxidadoras de amônio). / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2016-11-23T17:48:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Carla Maria Pauletti.pdf: 2032023 bytes, checksum: 05c1e6ec8f9dadc338303f4fd9581a5d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-23T17:48:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Carla Maria Pauletti.pdf: 2032023 bytes, checksum: 05c1e6ec8f9dadc338303f4fd9581a5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-23 / PETROBRAS, Brasil.

Os sistemas de lodos ativados se destacam pelo fato de oferecerem a possibilidade de remoção satisfatória de nutrientes como nitrogênio e fósforo, com poucos requisitos de área. Para aperfeiçoar esse processo de remoção, o sistema pode ser otimizado a fim de alcançar satisfatórias condições de pH, temperatura, aeração, entre outros. As bactérias presentes no lodo ativado são capazes de transformar e remover o nitrogênio através dos processos de nitrificação e desnitrificação. As reações de nitrificação são catalisadas por diferentes gêneros de bactérias autotróficas, entres os quais Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, Nitrospira, Nitrococcus. Existem evidências mais recentes de que estas reações de nitrificação podem, em certa medida, também ser catalisadas por organismos heterotróficos. Assim, a identificação das bactérias presentes em lodos ativados de Estações de Tratamento de Efluentes (ETE), bem como o estudo dos fatores que podem ou não influenciar na eficiência do processo de remoção de nutrientes, é muito importante para a otimização do sistema. As análises físico-químicas e, posterior, análises da composição bacteriana foram realizadas em amostras de afluente, efluente e de lodo de quatro diferentes estações de tratamento. As coletas foram realizadas em ETE de dois abatedouros de aves, de uma indústria de embalagens de papel e de um hospital particular. As amostras analisadas mostraram resultados pouco similares entre si, evidenciando diferenças nos processos de nitrificação e desnitrificação conforme a ETE de origem. Os resultados encontrados para as análises físico-químicas nas amostras estudadas estiveram de acordo com os parâmetros normalmente encontrados para efluentes industriais e de acordo com os exigidos pela legislação (CONAMA, 2011), com exceção de apenas uma amostra (hospital), que teve um valor de nitrogênio amoniacal (21,23 mg/L) na saída do sistema acima do valor máximo permitido pela legislação vigente (20 mg/L). A eficiência de remoção de DQO em todas as estações de tratamento esteve na faixa entre 67,5% e 97,8%. A amostra da ETE da Indústria de Embalagens de Papel foi a que demonstrou maior eficiência de remoção de DQO (97,8%), enquanto que uma das amostras da ETE do Hospital Particular, que apresentou a maior DQO na entrada do sistema, foi a que obteve menor eficiência de remoção (67,5%). A remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal foi observada, com exceção de uma amostra, em todas as demais, e sua eficiência de remoção foi bastante variável nas amostras, com valores considerados satisfatórios para o parâmetro estudado (99,7%) e abaixo do esperado para sistemas de lodos ativados (24,6%). A menor eficiência de remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal (24,6%) foi encontrada para uma amostra da ETE Hospital, enquanto a maior eficiência se observou para a amostra da ETE Embalagens de Papel (99,7%). As amostras de lodo foram analisadas molecularmente através de nested PCR e DGGE, com posterior sequenciamento genético. Os primers utilizados na técnica de nested PCR foram: 11f e 1492r (primers universais), NIT3r (Nitrobacter), Nos1225r (Bactérias oxidadoras de amônio), Ntspa685r (Nitrospira), sendo o primer Eub338f utilizado em conjunto com os primers específicos. Já o PCR realizado para o DGGE foi realizado utilizando-se os primers 968F GC e 1392r. As análises moleculares demonstraram que as bactérias mais comuns nos processos de tratamento por lodos ativados (Bactérias oxidadoras de amônio, nitrobacter e nitrospira) estiveram presentes (pelo menos um dos gêneros) em quase todas as amostras testadas por PCR. A amostra que mostrou maior eficiência de remoção de DQO e nitrogênio amoniacal teve, também, resultado positivo para todos os primers utilizados (Bactérias oxidadoras de amônio, nitrobacter e nitrospira) na técnica de PCR, sugerindo que o processo de nitrificação foi satisfatório. Das amostras que tiveram resultado positivo para as amplificações com primers específicos para nitrificantes, apenas uma teve correspondência de resultado positivo no sequenciamento genético (Bactérias oxidadoras de amônio). / PETROBRAS, Brasil.

Orientadores: Theo Guenter Kieckbusch, Koichi Fujie / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T03:36:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Haraguchi_LilianHiromi_M.pdf: 2787215 bytes, checksum: b71f02a7f8c97e582d66c8c4ca3c8bf8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O controle do lodo em excesso, proveniente dos processos de tratamento de águas residuais industrial e doméstica é, cada vez mais, um assunto de considerável preocupação, pois o descarte destes resíduos pode causar sérios danos ao meio ambiente. Em vista disto, o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias que permitam uma diminuição na quantidade de lodo produzido torna-se indispensável. Um outro problema encontrado no tratamento de águas residuais é o descarte de alguns nutrientes provenientes do processo, como o fosfato, em cursos d¿água, o que tem aumentado a eutrofização em rios. Um processo chamado Remoção Biológica Aprimorada de Fosfato ¿ EBPR (Enhanced Biological Phosphate Removal), é, atualmente, considerado um dos meios mais econômicos para remoção de fosfato. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a viabilidade técnica de tratar o lodo em excesso em condições sub e supercríticas da água e reutiliza-lo como fonte de carbono biodegradável no processo EBPR. Lodo em excesso de uma indústria de processamento de peixes (Toyohasshi ¿ Japão) foi submetido às reações hidrotérmicas em um reator em batelada, a uma faixa de temperatura de 200 '400 GRAUS¿C, pressões variando de 1,8 a 30 Mpa e tempo de reação de 10 min. Ensaios de liberação de fosfato foram conduzidos com o objetivo de analisar a capacidade dos microorganismos em liberar fosfato intracelular em meio anaeróbio, utilizando o lodo tratado como fonte de carbono... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: the control of excess sludge produced in the industrial and domestic wastewater treatment plants has been a matter of considerable concern. Discharge of excess sludge poses significant risks to the environment and the development of new technologies that are able to suppress the pollution have challenged many researches. On the other hand, the release of some nutrients like phosphorus in wastewater streams increases the eutrophication problem in many rivers throughout the world with the consequent growth of algae induced by high levels of phosphate. Enhanced Biological Phosphate Removal (EBPR) process has been currently considered one of the most economical ways to remove phosphate from the wastewaters. The objective of this work is to investigate the feasibility of reusing excess sludge from a fish processing industry located in Japan was treated by hydrothermal reactions, at reaction temperature ranging from 200 to '400 DEGREES¿, pressure of 1,8 to 30 MPa and fixed reaction time of 10 min. Experiments on phosphorus release under anaerobic conditions were also carried out using the treated excess sludge as carbon source. For the hydrothermal conditions tested, the results showed that the solubilization and the biodegradability were improved as evidenced by its content change after hydrothermal reactions... Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations / Mestrado / Engenharia de Processos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

No description available.

This research was prompted by a field study performed at the Celanese Corporation Wastewater Treatment Plant, Narrows, VA., in which calcium chloride addition had improved sludge characteristics that were believed to have deteriorated because of sodium hydroxide additions for pH control. Research objectives were to determine whether the observed improvements during the full-scale plant study were caused by the addition of divalent cations and whether the deterioration of the sludge was due to sodium ion additions. Bench-scale, activated sludge reactors were fed wastewater from the Celanese plant to model plant conditions. Sodium was added in an attempt to cause deterioration of the sludge characteristics. Magnesium and calcium were used as divalent cations to try to improve the sludge characteristics. Results of the study indicated that the magnitude of the effects seen in the full-scale plant study could not be reproduced in the laboratory. Magnesium produced little or no effect on the system and calcium improved the sludge characteristics slightly. Sodium caused deterioration of the sludge but not as dramatically as the full-scale study. This suggested that sodium alone did not adversely affect the sludge but rather, sodium hydroxide might have been combined with organics in the waste which then affected the system. / Master of Science

Thesis (M.Tech.: Biotechnology)-Dept. of Biotechnolgy, Durban University of Technology, 2007 xviii, 143 leaves / Activated sludge flocs are responsible for flocculation, settling and dewaterability. It is important to maintain the growth off loc-forming bacteria for efficient sludge settleability and compaction for good quality effluent. Filamentous bacteria on the other hand are believed to provide rigid support network or backbone upon which floc-forming bacteria adhere to form stable activated sludge flocs (Wilderer et al., 2002; Ramothokang et al., 2003). Filamentous bacteria can also be detrimental to the process when they outgrow floc-forming bacteria. Morphologically filamentous bacteria are at an advantage as they have higher outward growth velocity and can extend freely to bulk liquid substrate. Proliferation of filamentous bacteria causes foaming and bulking (Martins et al., 2004). Although chemical alleviation measures to circumvent bulking are present, they are symptomatic (Chang et al., 2004). Eikelboom (1975) developed the first identification keys for the classification of filamentous bacteria that is primarily based on morphological characteristics and microscopic examination. Although very useful, this type of identification has its limitations. For instance some filamentous bacteria can change morphology in response to changes in the environment and although some of them can be morphologically similar they may vary considerably in their physiology and taxonomy (Martins et al., 2004). A vast number of filamentous bacteria are still very poorly understood which could be due to the problems of cultivation due to their slow growing nature and maintenance of cultures (Rossetti et al., 2006). This limitation necessitates a molecular approach to resolve the taxonomy of filamentous bacteria as it is a culture-independent technique which is highly accurate. This project was undertaken to verify the identity of pure cultures of filamentous bacteria isolated previously through the application of molecular techniques. The 16S rDNA are conserved regions in bacterial cells and they can be extracted and specific nucleic acid fragments amplified. Denaturation gradient gel electrophoresis enabled the separation of fragments of identical length but different size and served as an indication of purity (Muyzer et al., 1993).

Dissertation submitted in fulfilment with the requirements for the Masters Degree: Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, 2011. / Untreated vegetable oil effluents (VOEs) are known for creating shock-loading problems for the receiving wastewater treatment installations, resulting in poor quality final effluents being produced which do not satisfy municipal discharge standards. Onsite activated sludge treatment as an alternative has not been fully investigated. Hence, in this investigation biological treatment using the activated sludge process was chosen as the method for the treatment of VOE. The effect of VOE on measured process parameters was also determined. Novel molecular techniques such as fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and dot-blot hybridization have become powerful tools for the analysis of complex microbial communities that exist within activated sludge. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate biological treatment, optimize and apply FISH and dot-blot hybridization in order to analyze the microbial community implicated the biological treatment of VOE using probes EUBmix, ALF1b, BET42a, GAM42a and HGC69a. A laboratory-scale modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE) process setup and fed VOE with a COD (chemical oxygen demand) of ± 1000 mg/L. Daily monitoring of the process involved COD and TKN (total kjeldahl nitrogen) analysis of the influent and effluent as well as direct OUR (oxygen utilization rate) measurement and monitoring of the MLVSS (mixed liquor volatile suspended solids) concentration of the aerobic mixed liquor. The process exhibited overall COD and TKN removal capacities of 84% and 90% respectively. The aerobic mixed liquor had an OUR of 19 mgO/L.h and an average MLVSS concentration of 3000 mg/L. FISH results revealed that 72% of cells stained with 4‟, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) within the aerobic mixed liquor bound to probe EUBmix, indicating a substantial Bacterial population within the laboratory-scale biological process. The alpha-Proteobacteria was identified as the dominant bacterial community comprising 31% of Bacterial cells, followed by the beta-Proteobacteria (17% of EUBmix), gamma-Proteobacteria (8% of EUBmix) and Actinobacteria (4% of EUBmix). Results of dot-blot hybridization were in agreement with FISH Adrian Phillip Degenaar| CHAPTER 1: General Introduction - v - results reiterating dominance of the alpha-Proteobacteria. This indicated that the class alpha-Proteobacteria could play a primary role in the biological degradation of VOE. This research will therefore aid in process design and retrofitting of biological processes treating VOE.

<p>This master thesis in energy optimization was made during the autumn of 2006 at Käppala wastewater treatment plant in Lidingö, Stockholm. A preceding thesis, where all electricity consumption was mapped, showed that the aeration in the biological treatment is the single largest consumer in the plant, and it is therefore of interest to reduce this cost. The oxygen control strategy used at Käppala WWTP is working well from a nutrient removal point of view, but not from an economic one. The last aerobic zones have a very low oxygen consumption during low loading periods which give rise to enhanced dissolved oxygen concentrations with excessive costs and reduced denitrification as a result. But also during periods of normal loading unnecessary high oxygen concentration are sometimes given.</p><p>By modifying the aeration control strategy three full-scale experiments have been made, with the intention to reduce the air consumption. The experiments were carried out during week 37-50 in the autumn of 2006 and showed that savings could be made.</p><p>The regular oxygen control at Käppala WWTP controls the oxygen level in the aerobic compartment with two DO-setpoints; one in the first aerobic zone and one in the last. The zones in between are controlled by an airflow fractionation depending on the oxygen level in the first and last zone. In the first strategy to be evaluated, all four zones in the aerated part were individually controlled with its own setpoint. Two different setpoint combinations were tested. By using the fact that the efficiency in the oxygen transfer rate was higher at low airflows, savings of approximately 16 % were achieved. In the second strategy tested, an ammonia-feedback control combined with a DO-feedback controlled the DO-set point in the first aerobic zone. This strategy adjusted the DO- set points to the loading variations, and this gave a decreased airflow of approximately 9 %. Finally the two strategies were combined. All zones were then controlled individually with DO-set points set by an ammonium-feedback and a DO-feedback. The strategy gave savings in the airflow of approximately 18 %. In all three trials the aerated zones were more efficiently used, and the estimated savings are 550 000 SEK/year, and with a preserved nutrient removal efficiency.</p> / <p>Under hösten 2006 har ett examensarbete om energieffektivisering på Käppalaverket på Lidingö utförts. Ett föregående examensarbete där all elenergiförbrukning kartlades visade att blåsmaskinerna i biosteget står för den enskilt största förbrukningen i verket och det är därför av intresse att minska denna kostnad. Syrestyrningsstrategin som används på Käppalaverket fungerar mycket bra ur reningssynpunkt, men är inte optimal ur energisynpunkt. Dels luftas de första aeroba zonerna för mycket vid låg belastning vilket ger upphov till kraftigt förhöjda syrekoncentrationer i de sista aeroba zonerna med höga luftningskostnader och risk för försämrad denitrifikation, men även under normal belastning har det visat sig att onödigt höga syrekoncentrationer ibland ges.</p><p>Tre fullskaliga optimeringsförsök har utförts, med syfte att minska luftförbrukningen med bibehållen reningsgrad. Försöken pågick från vecka 37 till 50 hösten 2006, och visade att det finns möjlighet att spara energi genom att modifiera syrestyrningsstrategin.</p><p>Den reguljära syreregleringen i Käppalaverket styr syrehalten i den aeroba bassängen mot två syrebörvärden; ett i den första luftade zonen och ett i den sista. Luftflödet till de mellanliggande zonerna styrs av luftflödesandelar beroende på syrehalten i dessa två zoner. Den första strategin som utvärderades styrde istället samtliga zoner individuellt med egna börvärden, där två olika strukturer på de satta börvärdena användes. Genom att utnyttja en högre effektivitet i syreöverföringshastigheten vid låga luftflöden uppnåddes luftflödesbesparingar på ca 16 % i första försöket.</p><p>I den andra strategin styrdes syrebörvärdet i den första luftade zonen med hjälp av två återkopplingar, en från utgående ammoniumhalt och en från syrehalten i den sista luftade zonen.</p><p>Tack vare att strategin anpassade syrebörvärdena efter belastningen av syretärande ämnen erhölls luftflödesbesparingar på ca 9 %. Slutligen kombinerades de två strategierna; samtliga zoner styrdes individuellt med börvärden satta av en ammonium-återkoppling och en syre-återkoppling. Strategin medförde luftflödesbesparingar på ca 18 %. I samtliga försök utnyttjades de luftade zonerna bättre, och besparingspotentialen uträknad från 2005 års elpriser blev som mest 550 000 SEK/år, detta med en bibehållen reningsgrad.</p>

O Fenol e compostos fenolicos foram classificados como poluentes primarios pela Environmental Protection Agency (EPA USA). Eles sao geralmente encontrados em efluentes industriais como: poupa e papel; madeireiras; plasticos e polimeros sinteticos; farmaceuticos, pesticidas, oleo e petroquimicas. Os tratamentos de agua convencionais tem mostrado ineficiencia em altas concentracoes de fenol. Este trabalho visa o tratamento de solucao aquosa de fenol via Processos Oxidativos Avancados (POAs) com o objetivo de aumentar a biodegradabilidade possibilitando a aplicacao de um processo convencional (lodos ativados) como pos-tratamento. O pre-tratamento e usado para modificar a estrutura do fenol levando-o a seus subprodutos como substancias aromaticas e acidos carboxilicos. Os experimentos mostraram a eficiencia do pre-tratamento atraves do parametro de biodegradabilidade (DBO5/DQO) apresentando 0,19 em 30 min de reacao foto- Fenton, com concentracao inicial de fenol de 1000 mg.L-1 de Carbono Organico Total (TOC), 1 mmol.L-1 de FeSO4 e 100 mmol.L-1 de H2O2, dosado durante 2 horas de reacao. Apos pre-tratada fotoquimicamente, esta mesma solucao foi utilizada como fonte de carbono em um sistema continuo de lodos ativados para remocao da materia organica residual, apresentando reducao de 92% do TOC inicial. Estes resultados evidenciam a eficiencia da integracao entre os processos foto-Fenton e lodo ativado no tratamento de efluentes contendo compostos recalcitrantes. / Phenol and phenolic compounds have been listed as priority-pollutants by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA USA). They are often found in industrial effluents such as from pulp and paper, timber, plastics and synthetic polymer, pharmaceutical, pesticide, oil and petrochemical industries. Most of the traditional wastewater treatments have shown inefficiency against high phenol concentrations. This work aims to treat phenol solution via Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP´s) to enhance medium biodegradability and using it as an effluent in a continuous activated sludge process. The purpose of the pre treatment is to modify the phenol structure leading it to its byproducts such as aromatics compounds and carboxylic acids. The experiments have shown the effectiveness of the pre-treatment by the biodegradability parameter BOD5/COD which was achieved 0,19 at 30 min of photo- Fenton reaction with a initial phenol concentration of 1000 mg.L-1 of TOC, 1 mmol.L-1 of FeSO4 and 100 mmol.L-1 of H2O2, added with a peristaltic pump along 2 hours of reaction. After the photochemical pre treatment, the same solution was used as a carbon source in a continuous activated sludge system for removing residual organic matter, with a reduction of 92% of the TOC initial. Those results have shown the efficiency when integrating photo-Fenton and activated sludge processes on the treatment of effluents containing recalcitrant organic compounds.