Abstract The present study investigated the activity patterns of Formosan macaques at Mt. Longevity and an emphasis was given to feeding and foraging behavior. The diet composition of Formosan macaque showed significant changes among different age and sex classes of macaques as well as among different seasons. The field research was carried out from August 2003 to July 2004 for a total of 311 hrs covering 77 days. Feeding behavior dominated the activity patterns of the macaques at Mt. Longevity (28.11%), followed by other behaviors such as affiliate (24.71%), resting (17.10%) and moving (16.04%). In contrast, foraging (8.22%) and agonistic behaviors (5.50%) were the least among the activity patterns recorded during this study. Interestingly, adult males spent more time in resting (30.60%) while adult females spent more time in feeding (29.84%), which indicated that the activity patterns were influenced by sex and age groups. Plant food items accounted for 94.87% of their diet while the seminal fluid and breast milk accounted for 5.08%. The plant food items consumed by the monkeys came from 46 species in 31 families and the fruits alone amounted 42.18%. Other food items included leaf (26.20%), stem (11.84%), flower (10.33%), bud (9.14%) and root (0.03%). The relative frequency of fruit consumption by the macaques was higher than 40 % between May and September (40.53% - 63.79%) and December to January (54.66% - 55.28%). The Formosan macaque diet composition changed according to the sex and age class groups. The Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index and Levine¡¦s niche breadth index changed according to sex, age and months respectively. The plant food diversity indexes were highest for the juvenile males and lowest for the adult females. The Levine¡¦s niche breadth index was broader for the juvenile females but narrowest for the adult females. Adult females consumed 35 species of plants which is higher than the number of species that the adult males and juveniles consumed. However, the plant food diversity index and the niche breadth index were low for adult females, which indicate that they choose certain types of food. On the other hand, all these three indexes were highest in May and changed from month to month. The diet overlap of the Formosan macaque (Renkonen percentage) was highest between adult males and adult females (85.2%) than between other sex/age groups. Among the five categories of age and sex groups, the diet overlap was 66.68% and 22 species of plants was consumed by all age and sex groups of Formosan macaques.

Social behavior of some species of African mole-rats makes them interesting object of study. Members of multigenerational families were only one pair breeds collectively work on building of their burrow system and obtaining food. Distribution of activity during the day in individual family members may give us a clue of how they manage their work. However, studies monitoring mole-rats in their natural environment are scarce and usually carried out on low number of individuals. Present study deals with outside-nest activity of 16 free-living Ansell´s mole-rats using data obtained by automatic radio-telemetry - method which was used in radio-tracking of mole-rats for the first time. It reveals differences in activity pattern of individual mole-rats and examines how they relate to body mass, sex, reproductive status and affiliation to a family and test whether individuals of the same family tend to be synchronized in their outside nest activity.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第23305号 / 地博第286号 / 新制||地||110(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科アフリカ地域研究専攻 / (主査)准教授 佐藤 宏樹, 教授 山越 言, 准教授 安岡 宏和 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

Sensor-based human activity recognition has become an important research field within pervasive and ubiquitous computing. Techniques for recognizing atomic activities such as gestures or actions are mature for now, but complex activity recognition still remains a challenging issue. I was a candidate in an activity classification thesis. It collected 4 activities, which included walking on the sidewalk for a set distance, walking up and down a set of stairs, walking on the treadmill at 2.5 mph for 2 minutes, and jogging on the treadmill at 5.5 mph for 1 minute. It took 30 minutes to collect one candidate data. If complex activity data can be made up with atomic activities data, the data collecting process will be simplified. In this thesis, I used methods to mimic a complex activity shapelet by combing atomic activity shapelets. I first collect two candidates walk, jump and skip time series data, in which walk and jump are considered the atomic activities of skip. Time series patterns, shapelets, are extracted using tsshapelet package. Shapelets are small sub-series, or parts of the time-series, that are informative or discriminative for a certain class. They can be used to transform the time-series to features by calculating the distance for each of the time-series you want to classify to a shapelet. In order to create skip representative shapelet, Barycenter Dynamic Time Warping and Weighted Dynamic Time Warping are used to average walk and jump shapelet, and then compare the euclidean distance between skip shapelet with walk shapelet, jump shapelet and, combined-shapelet. Experimental result show that the combined-shapelet is closer to skip shapelet than single walk or jump shapelet. Then I use three evaluation methods to mathematically and statistically show that combined-shapelet and real skip shapelet are similar. Evaluation methods include sliding window, cycle comparison and random comparison. To verify whether combined-shapelet can substitute real skip shapelet, a new labeled time series data is introduced, the result shows that both shapelets have the label accuracy around 70%, accuracy difference is less than 1%.

This study focused on how changes in food availability during the dry season, influenced various aspects of sable (Hippotragus niger niger) foraging and social ecology. The main purpose of this was to determine whether differences in their foraging ecology explained the reduction in population size compared to other more abundant herbivores (e.g. zebra, buffalos, hartebeest). Contrary to expectation, sable did not limit their foraging to woodlands, but also fed in open grasslands, provided these retained green grass during the dry season. Wetlands were key resource areas during the dry season, but sable did not limit their feeding to these bottomland areas. They also fed on hill slopes and upper plateaus that had been burnt. During the study, sable were attracted to burnt areas despite the reduced grass availability. My study highlights how these burnt areas were important in alleviating nutritional deficiencies during the dry season. At lower spatial levels, I looked at the factors that influenced the selection of feeding areas and plant species. Like other grazers, sable were attracted to green leaves but did not avoid brown leaves or stems. Grass species eaten were the same as those preferred by most domestic and wild grazers. Surprisingly, adult males stayed with the breeding herds despite their different activity budgets. Unlike most other African grazers, sub adult sable males did not form bachelor groups. Instead, they stayed within the breeding herds the whole time and had a similar activity budget to females. As adult males moved with the breeding herds, I was able to examine the costs and benefits involved with such a social structure. From this, I was able to relate my results to the bigger picture of factors influencing sexual segregation in ungulates. In conclusion, sable utilised a wide variety of habitat types and adjusted their foraging behaviour to accommodate different seasonal situations. I was unable to find anything in their feeding ecology that could explain the continued decline in population size. Therefore, I suggest that future research needs to focus on other potential causes such as a higher susceptibility to predation and disease as compared to more abundant herbivore species.

Att vara förälder till ett barn med ADHD kan vara utmanande och innebära att hantera attityder från omgivningen. De upplever ofta en brist på stöd och svårigheter som påverkar hälsa och vardag negativt. Syftet med examensarbetet var att beskriva upplevd aktivitetsbalans hos föräldrar till barn med ADHD. Metoden var kvalitativ med semistrukturerade intervjuer och bekvämlighetsurval. Dataanalys gjordes med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet visade att vardagen hos föräldrar till barn med ADHD innebar mycket tid för stöttning av barnen. Bemötande och stöd från barnens skola påverkade föräldrarnas välmående och vardag. Det krävdes ett flexibelt arbetsschema samt förstående arbetsgivare och kollegor för att kunna finnas tillgänglig för barnen under arbetstid. Det fanns behov av struktur och prioriteringar i vardagen då varken tid eller ork räckte till. Brist på tid medförde avsaknad av återhämtning och tid för sig själva, vilket påverkade tillfredsställelsen i vardagen. Slutsats var att föräldrar till barn med ADHD har en vardag som är fokuserad på barnens behov. De brister som deltagarna uppger gällande aktiviteterna i deras vardag kan tolkas ha en negativ effekt på deras upplevda aktivitetsbalans. Examensarbetet ses som en möjlig start till diskussion och ökad uppmärksamhet av målgruppens behov. Dock behövs fler och mer omfattande studier i ämnet. / Parenting children with ADHD can be challenging and involve coping with surrounding attitudes. They often experience a lack of support and difficulties that have negative impact on health and daily life. The purpose of this study was to describe experienced occupational balance in parents of children with ADHD. A qualitative method with semi-structured interviews and convenience sampling was used. Data was analyzed with qualitative content analysis. The result showed that everyday life of parents to children with ADHD involves a lot of time supporting their children. Treatment and support from the children’s school influenced the parents’ well-being and daily life. A flexible work schedule and understanding employers and co-workers were necessary for being accessible to their children. Structure and prioritizing were needed in everyday life since neither amount of time nor energy was sufficient. Lack of time resulted in absence of rest and time for themselves, which affected their life satisfaction. The conclusion was that parents of children with ADHD have everyday lives that focus on the children’s needs. The deficits that are described regarding everyday activities could be interpreted as a lack of occupational balance. This study is an opportunity to start discussion and increase attention to the needs of the target group. However, more research is required.

Introduction: The major symptoms of fibromyalgia have been shown to severely impact everyday activities. As a consequence, many women have problems remaining in a work role. Not being able to fulfil valued roles influences quality of life. Moreover, consequences in terms of high costs in compensation for reduced work ability are also of importance for society. Today, the number of young women diagnosed with fibromyalgia is increasing. Objectives: The general aim of this thesis was to increase and deepen knowledge of the life situation of women with fibromyalgia; to examine how to manage a work role when in constant pain, and especially the situation for newly-diagnosed women. Subjects and Methods: 278 women with longstanding pain were included. The thesis includes five different studies, two of them with a focus on the work situation, two with focus on young, newly-diagnosed women’s life situation, and one investigating time-use and activity patterns in working and non-working women with fibromyalgia. Methods used are a postal questionnaire, instruments commonly used in fibromyalgia, a diary, and interviews. Results: Despite limitations in physical capacity, 48% of the women are working, full-time or part-time. However, most job loss is associated with the fibromyalgia symptoms, and the women report that the symptoms influence their daily activities during most of their waking time. There is a rapid increase in sickness absence in the newly-diagnosed women, and the young women in particular do not return to the labour market during the first year after receiving their diagnosis. The non-working women have a more demanding family situation, and are also less satisfied with their present situation than working women. Conclusion: When individual adjustments of the work situation are made and the women participate to a level that matches their ability, they are able to continue in a work role. In evaluating the women’s work capacity, the total life situation of the women should be considered. / On the day of the public defence of the doctoral thesis, the status of article III and IV was Submitted.

The morphologies and behaviors of animals evolve and diversify, filling ecological niches in their environments. In this study I examine how a morphological trait, body mass, and three ecological traits, namely diel activity patterns, diving/non-diving locomotion, and diet, evolve in the Anseriformes (waterfowl). Through ancestral state reconstructions using a maximum likelihood approach the evolution of these traits was compared to see if any patterns of trait coevolution emerged. Body mass was compared to each ecological trait using a phylogenetic ANOVA to test if there were body size differences between ecological groups. The pattern of male and female body mass evolution across the clade was found to be remarkably similar, indicating that selection effected body mass in similar ways between the sexes. Diving locomotion appears to be the ancestral state for Anseriformes with non-diving independently evolving probably five times. The ancestral state of diet appears to be either herbivory or omnivory, with carnivory secondarily evolving twice independently. For diel activity patterns, the ancestral state reconstruction showed little resolution at the internal nodes, indicating the high degree of plasticity in this trait among the species studied. Body mass in both males and females was not significantly correlated with any particular diet, diving locomotion, or diel activity pattern.

Att åldras innebär flera förändringar i en persons liv. Nedsatt fysisk förmåga och pension kan påverka vilka aktiviteter en person utför och kapaciteten att utföra dem. Syftet med examensarbetet var att beskriva hur ensamboende i åldersgruppen 75 - 84 år uppfattar sin aktivitetsbalans. Metoden som valdes var en kvalitativ induktiv ansats. Nio deltagare rekryterades genom ett snöbollsurval i södra Sverige och data samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuerna analyserades enligt kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet kom fram till tre huvudkategorier: Uppfattning om olika aktivitetskategorier,förändringar som påverkar aktivitetsutförandet och faktorer som påverkar aktivitetsmönstret. Dessa huvudkategorier omfattades av tio underkategorier. Resultatet visade att de flesta informanter var nöjda med sin aktivitetsbalans men hade fått anpassa vissa aktiviteter på grund av nedsatt fysisk förmåga. Det framkom även att sociala aktiviteter var de som värderades högst och samt att informanterna valde att acceptera att åldrandet innebar förändringar i aktivitetsutförandet. Slutsatsen författarna kom fram till var att sociala aktiviteter var de viktigaste aktiviteterna för att upprätthålla en tillfredställande aktivitetsbalans. / The process of aging means several changes in a person's life. Decreased physical capacity and retirement can affect what kind of activities that are performed and the capacity to perform them. The purpose of this paper was to describe how people in the age-category of 75-84 experiences their occupational balance. The method chosen was a qualitative inductive approach. Nine participants were recruited through a snowball selection in southern Sweden. The data was collected through structured interviews. The interviews were analyzed through qualitative content analysis. The result found three main categories: views of different categories of activity, changes that affect performance of activity and factors that affect the activity pattern. These main categories were comprised of nine sub-categories. The result showed that most of the participants were satisfied with their occupational balance but had to adapt certain activities because of decreased physical capacity. It also emerged that social activities were the most valued and that the participants to a large degree accepted that ageing meant changes in performance of activity. The conclusion the authors came to was that social activities was the most important activity for maintaining a satisfying occupational balance.

Knowledge of Wels Catfish (Silurus glanis) at its northernmost distribution area is limited on even basic behavioral characteristics, such as habitat preferences and activity patterns. It has thus proven difficult to aid the species in any predictable way. In a telemetry study on Wels Catfish, I examined habitat preferences, activity patters and site fidelity of ten adult individualsat their most northern range. Fish were surgically equipped with acoustic transmitters, frequently recording the position of each individual in a small Swedish lake. Wels Catfishpreferred deeper areas than randomly expected during the entire year, except for late spring and early summer. This indicates that spawning took place at shallow, vegetated areas in May-June 2019. Fish were highly active during summer, utilizing the entire lake. Behavior shifted during winter as fish became bottom dwelling with minimal activity, small home ranges and likelyminimal feeding. Wels Catfish had a nocturnal activity pattern during the entire year, but especially during summer. Fish preferred shallower areas during night than during day, indicating that deeper areas were used for resting and shallower areas for foraging. Lastly, home ranges were much larger than expected during summer, implying that S. glanis might be less territorial in small lakes than previously believed. In summary, conservation efforts should focus on protecting and restoring shallow areas with lots of vegetation and food items, adjacent to deep areas with underwater structures. These areas are important for the survival of S. glanisas they fulfill requirements for feeding, reproduction, resting, and hibernation.