No description available.

L’insuffisance rénale aiguë (IRA) est une complication clinique associée à une mortalité significative. Parmi les diverses causes d'IRA, l'ischémie-reperfusion (IRI) est une étiologie importante, en particulier dans le contexte de la transplantation rénale. Les types de mort cellulaire programmée (MCP) activées dans l'IRA induite par IRI ont été étudiées par des nombreux groupes. L’atteinte tubulaire épithéliale est classiquement considérée comme le principal contributeur à l'IRA.En effet, plusieurs morts programmées de cellules tubulaires ont été démontrées dans la littérature. Cependant, les lésions endothéliales microvasculaires rénales attirent davantage l'attention en tant qu'inducteurs cruciaux de dysfonctionnement microvasculaire et de fibrose rénale progressive. Ainsi, certaines équipes de recherche, dont la nôtre a rapporté le développement de l'apoptose endothéliale rénale en association avec l’IRI. Le but de mon travail était donc de caractériser les types de mort cellulaire microvasculaires secondaires à l’IRI et leur contribution à la dysfonction rénale. Pour évaluer l'importance de l'apoptose dans l'IRA induite par IRI, nous avons utilisé un modèle murin d’IRI chez des souris caspase-3 knock-out (KO) et sauvages, avec clampage de l'artère rénale pendant 30 minutes (modèle IRA légère) ou 60 minutes (modèle IRA sévère). Dans le modèle IRA légère, notre résultat montre que la carence en caspase-3 empêche la mort apoptotique des cellules endothéliales dans toutes les phases de l'IRA, atténuant la raréfaction microvasculaire, le dépôt de collagène et la fibrose rénale. L’absence de caspase-3 favorise aussi le maintien d’une perméabilité endothéliale microvasculaire normale à long terme. Toutefois, l’invalidation de la caspase-3 aggrave la mort cellulaire tubulaire à court terme en favorisant la nécroptose, mais améliore l’homéostasie tubulaire à long terme grâce à la préservation des capillaires péritubulaires (PTCs) permettant un maintien de la perfusion tubulaire. En outre, le déficit en caspase-3 est également associé à un effet protecteur contre la raréfaction microvasculaire rénale, la fibrose rénale progressive, ainsi qu'une perméabilité endothéliale améliorée et une préservation de la fonction rénale dans le modèle d’IRA sévère. En conclusion, nos résultats démontrent l'effet crucial de l’apoptose endothéliale microvasculaire en tant qu'inducteur de dysfonctionnement microvasculaire rénal, de raréfaction microvasculaire et de fibrose rénale progressive dans la physiopathologie de l'IRA légère et sévère induite par l'IRI. Ils établissent aussi l’importance prédominante de l’atteinte microvasculaire plutôt que tubulaire épithéliale dans la prédiction de la perte de fonction rénale à long terme suite à une IRI. / Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a crucial clinical event, with increasing incidence and mortality. Among various pathogenesis of AKI, ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is an important etiology, especially in the renal post-transplant scenario. The complex of programmed cell deaths (PCD) developed in IRI-induced AKI has been proven in a number of investigations. Renal tubular epithelial injury has been considered as the major contributor in AKI and multiple programmed tubular epithelial cell (TECs) deaths have been demonstrated in the literature. However, renal microvascular endothelial injury is attracting more attention as an important inducer of microvascular dysfunction and renal progressive fibrosis. Some investigators, including our team, have reported the development of renal endothelial apoptosis in the condition of ischemia. Apoptosis, a commonly known programmed cell death, has been elucidated in both renal TECs and microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) post-IRI and the activation of caspase-3 functions as the key effector of caspase-dependent apoptosis. To verify the importance of apoptosis in IRI- induced AKI, we applied the in vivo murine renal IRI model in wild-type and caspase-3 KO mice, with clamping the renal artery for 30 minutes (mild AKI model) or 60 minutes (severe AKI model). In regard to the mild AKI model, our result demonstrates that caspase-3 deficiency prevents ECs apoptotic death in all phases of AKI, attenuating microvascular rarefaction, collagen deposition, and renal fibrosis, while maintaining physical endothelial permeability in the long-term. Meanwhile, caspase-3 deletion aggravates tubular injury in the short-term by promoting TECs necroptosis but ameliorates long-term tubular injury through preserved peritubular capillaries (PTCs) function. Furthermore, caspase-3 deficiency also demonstrated a protective effect against renal microvascular rarefaction, progressive renal fibrosis, as well as enhanced endothelial permeability in the severe AKI model. Conclusively, our findings determine the crucial effect of microvascular endothelial apoptosis as an inducer of renal microvascular dysfunction, microvascular rarefaction, and progressive renal fibrosis in the pathophysiology of mild and severe AKI induced by IRI. Additionally, our results demonstrate the predominant importance of microvascular endothelial injury over tubular epithelial injury in predicting renal function loss at long-term post-IRI.

A young man receiving high dose cytosine arabinoside (3g/m2 every 12 hours) for promyelocytic leukemia developed rapidly increasing hyperbilirubinemia and hepatorenal syndrome. The patient had been treated previously with courses of standard dose cytosine arabinoside without hepatic or renal complications. His condition rapidly deteriorated, and he required hemodialysis. The total bilirubin increased to 45.4 mg/dL, but alkaline phosphatase remained normal. Twelve days after starting chemotherapy, the patient died of hepatorenal failure. Liver necropsy revealed mild bile stasis and microvesicular steatosis. We suspect high dose cytosine arabinoside played a major role in causing impairment of bilirubin transport within the hepatocyte in this patient.

40% of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus two (SARS-CoV-2) severe cases develop acute kidney injury (AKI). Current treatment for renal complications limits financial and material resources available. To explore alternative treatments and accelerate research in case of future coronavirus outbreaks, a mouse model of coronavirus disease 2019-associated AKI (C19-AKI) would represent a critical biomedical research tool. The surrogate model of C19-AKI (SMC) developed consisted of angiotensin-converting enzyme two (ACE2) knockout (KO) mice receiving 400 ng/kg/min of angiotensin (Ang) II by osmotic minipump for eight days with a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 mg/kg) on the seventh day of Ang II and euthanasia 24 hours after LPS. Similarly, to C19-AKI, the SMC exhibited albuminuria, elevated blood urea nitrogen, electrolyte imbalance, neutrophil infiltration, and upregulation of the G-coupled protein receptor (GPR)84 and pro-inflammatory and injury markers. GPR84 was found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophils of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, suggesting a potential implication of GPR84 in the disease. We hypothesised that GPR84 deletion or antagonism with GLPG-1205 could attenuate SMC’s indices of renal injury and inflammation. GLPG-1205 and GPR84 KO had no effects in the SMC model, as suggested by unchanged albuminuria, electrolytes, and markers expression. Interestingly, neutrophil infiltration was attenuated by GLPG-1205 only. The SMC is an interesting tool for therapeutic development for infections associated with renal injury, such as SARS-CoV-2. GPR84 role in the SMC needs to be further assessed.

No description available.

Introduction : La mortalité associée à l’insuffisance rénale aiguë (acute kidney injury ‘’AKI’’) aux soins intensifs pédiatriques (SIP) dépasse les 50%. Des études antérieures sur la thérapie de remplacement rénal (TRR) ont fait ressortir plusieurs facteurs de risque de mortalité dont le syndrome de défaillance multiviscérale (SDMV) et la surcharge liquidienne ≥ 10 à 20% avant l’initiation de la TRR. L’objectif de cette étude était d’identifier les principaux facteurs de risque de mortalité à 28 jours après l’initiation de la TRR chez les patients atteints d’AKI aux SIP. Méthode : Il s’agit d’une étude de cohorte rétrospective aux SIP d’un centre tertiaire. Tous les enfants ayant reçus de la TRR continue ou de l’hémodialyse intermittente pour AKI, entre janvier 1998 et décembre 2014, ont été inclus. Les facteurs de risque de mortalité ont été préalablement identifiés par quatre intensivistes et deux néphrologues pédiatres et analysés à l’aide d’une régression logistique multivariée. Résultats : Quatre-vingt-dix patients ont été inclus. L’âge médian était de 9 [2-14] ans. La principale indication d’initiation de la TRR était la surcharge liquidienne (64,2%). La durée médiane d’hospitalisation aux SIP était de 18,5 [8,0-31,0] jours. Quarante patients (44,4%) sont décédés dans les 28 jours suivant l’initiation de la TRR et quarante-cinq (50,0%) avant la sortie des SIP. Le score de PELOD ≥ 20 (OR 4,66 ; 95%CI 1,68-12,92) et la surcharge liquidienne ≥ 15% (OR 9,31; 95%CI 2,16-40,11) à l’initiation de la TRR étaient associés de façon indépendante à la mortalité. Conclusion : Cette étude a permis de faire ressortir deux facteurs de risque de mortalité à 28 jours à l’initiation de la TRR : la surcharge liquidienne et la sévérité du SDMV mesurée par le score de PELOD. / Introduction: Mortality rate associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) in pediatric intensive care units (PICU) exceeds 50%. Prior studies on renal replacement therapy (RRT) have highlighted different mortality risk factors including the presence of a multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and fluid overload ≥ 10 to 20% before starting RRT. The aim of this study was to identify most important risk factors of 28-day mortality in patients with AKI at RRT initiation in PICU. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary care pediatric center. All critically ill children who underwent acute continuous RRT or intermittent hemodialysis for AKI between January 1998 and December 2014 were included. A case report form was developed and specific risk factors were identified by a panel of four pediatric intensivists and two nephrologists. Risk factors analysis was made using logistic regression in SPSS and SAS software. Results: Ninety patients were included. The median age was 9 [2-14] years. The most common indication for RRT initiation was fluid overload (FO) (64.2%). The median PICU length of stay was 18.5 [8.0-31.0] days. Forty of the 90 patients (44.4%) died within 28 days after RRT initiation and forty-five (50.0%) died before PICU discharge. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, a PELOD score ≥ 20 (OR 4.66; 95%CI 1.68-12.92) and percentage of FO ≥ 15% (OR 9.31; 95%CI 2.16-40.11) at RRT initiation were independently associated with mortality. Conclusion: This study suggests that fluid overload and severity of MODS measured by PELOD score are two risk factors of 28-day mortality in PICU patients on RRT.

Na maioria dos países, a incidência e prevalência da doença renal crônica (DRC) vem aumentando ao longo dos anos. Embora tenha havido uma melhora significativa no manejo da DRC com os inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, a doença ainda é progressiva, levando a necessidade do surgimento de novas estratégias protetoras. A fibrose renal progressiva está presente na DRC e envolve a participação de várias citocinas, com destaque para o fator Transforming growth factor- beta1 (TGF-beta1). Tem sido demonstrado que a mortalidade de pacientes com DRC está diretamente relacionada à função renal e está associada a riscos tradicionais como cardiovasculares e infecções. Entretanto, esses riscos tradicionais explicam apenas metade das causas de mortalidade nesses pacientes. Evidências crescentes mostram que o status de vitamina D pode ser um fator de risco não tradicional para a evolução da DRC. Tendo em vista o importante papel da vitamina D na manutenção das funções fisiológicas essenciais e a observação da queda dos níveis deste hormônio na DRC, torna-se relevante o estudo da deficiência de vitamina D nos eventos envolvidos na evolução crônica da lesão renal aguda em modelo experimental de isquemia/reperfusão renal. Ratos Wistar foram divididos em quatro grupos: controle, animais que receberam dieta padrão; dVD, animais que receberam dieta depletada em vitamina D; Isq, animais que receberam dieta padrão e foram submetidos ao insulto de isquemia/reperfusão renal bilateral no 28º dia; Isq+dVD, animais que receberam dieta depletada em vitamina D e foram submetidos ao insulto de isquemia/reperfusão bilateral no 28º dia. Ao final dos 90 dias do protocolo, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia, amostras de sangue, urina e o tecido renal foram coletados para a análise dos mecanismos de lesão renal. Os animais submetidos ao insulto de isquemia/reperfusão renal apresentaram hipertrofia renal, aumento dos níveis de pressão arterial média, colesterol e de PTH plasmático. Além disso, foi observada expansão da área intersticial, aumento do infiltrado de macrófagos/monócitos, da expressão de colágeno IV, fibronectina, vimentina e alfa-actina e redução da expressão da proteína Klotho. A deficiência de vitamina D contribuiu para a elevação dos níveis plasmáticos de PTH e aumento da proteinúria assim como para as alterações túbulo-intersticiais crônicas importantes (fibrose e infiltrado inflamatório do interstício, dilatação e atrofia tubular), aumento da expressão da citocina TGF-beta1 expressão do receptor de vitamina D (VDR) e da proteína Klotho, observados nos animais deficientes em vitamina D submetidos ao insulto de isquemia/reperfusão renal. Portanto, através de vias inflamatórias e com participação do fator de crescimento TGF-beta1 ê um fator agravante para o dano túbulo-intersticial e formação de fibrose intersticial nesse modelo experimental de isquemia/reperfusão renal / In most countries, the incidence and prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been increasing over the years. Although there was a significant improvement in the management of CKD with renin-angiotensin-system inhibitors, the disease is still progressive, leading to the need of emergence of new protective strategies. The progressive renal fibrosis is present in CKD and involves the participation of several cytokines, especially the Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1). It has been shown that the mortality of patients with CKD is directly related to renal function, which is associated to traditional risk factors such as cardiovascular diseases and infections. However, these traditional risk factors explain only half of the causes of mortality in these patients. Growing evidence shows that vitamin D status may be a non-traditional risk factor for the progression of CKD. Considering the important role of vitamin D in the maintenance of essential physiological functions and the observation of low levels of this hormone in CKD, the study of vitamin D deficiency in the events involved in chronic evolution of acute kidney injury in an experimental model of ischemia/reperfusion becomes relevant. Wistar rats were divided into four groups : control, animals received a standard diet ; dVD, animals received a vitamin D-depleted diet ; Isq, animals received a standard diet and were subjected to bilateral renal ischemia/reperfusion injury on day 28; Isq +dVD, animals received a vitamin D-depleted diet and were subjected to bilateral renal ischemia/reperfusion injury on day 28 . At the end of the 90 days of the protocol, the animals were euthanized and samples of blood, urine and kidney tissue were collected for analysis of the mechanisms of renal injury. The animals subjected to the insult of ischemia/ reperfusion showed renal hypertrophy, increased levels of mean blood pressure, cholesterol and plasma PTH. Furthermore, expansion of the interstitial area, increased infiltration of macrophages/monocytes, increased expression of collagen IV, fibronectin, vimentin and alpha-actin, and reduced expression of Klotho protein were observed. The vitamin D deficiency contributed to the elevation of plasma PTH levels and increased proteinuria as well as for important chronic tubulo-interstitial changes (fibrosis and inflammatory infiltration of the interstitium, tubular dilation and atrophy), increased expression of cytokine TGF-beta1 vitamin D receptor (VDR) and Klotho protein observed in vitamin D-deficient animals subjected to the insult of renal ischemia/reperfusion. Therefore, through inflammatory pathways and involvement of TGF-beta1 w y aggravating factor in tubulointerstitial damage and formation of interstitial fibrosis in this experimental model of renal ischemia/reperfusion

Introdução: segundo a literatura, sais de lítio podem produzir redução da função renal. A magnitude dessa informação é debatível, uma vez que não há estudo clínico randomizado e controlado entre usuários de lítio, em sua maioria pacientes com depressão ou transtorno bipolar. A possibilidade do uso do lítio para o tratamento da demência de Alzheimer prodrômica reforça a necessidade de maior investigação de efeitos adversos atribuídos ao lítio, especialmente com relação à função renal. Objetivos: avaliar a segurança da utilização do lítio em baixa dosagem com relação à função renal de pacientes idosos. Como objetivos secundários serão avaliadas: a segurança clínica através de exame e questionário específico, as funções tireoidiana, imunológica e o metabolismo glicêmico. Métodos: estudo randomizado e placebo controlado de 2 anos, seguido de fase aberta por mais 2 anos. Foram avaliados 59 idosos com comprometimento cognitivo leve com seguimento mínimo de dois anos (fase controlada). A função renal foi estimada através das fórmulas aMDRD e CKD- EPI, a partir de exames laboratoriais e dados clínicos coletados durante o estudo. As funções tireoidiana, imunológica e glicêmica foram avaliadas respectivamente através de TSH, T4 livre, leucócitos total, neutrófilos, linfócitos, glicemia e insulinemia de jejum, e HOMA-IR. A segurança clínica foi avaliada através de entrevista sistemática realizada a cada 3 meses, utilizando exame físico e a escala UKU para efeitos adversos. Resultados: não houve piora da função renal com o uso do lítio (litemia entre 0,25-0,5 mmol/l) tanto pela aMDRD (p=0,453) como pela CKD-EPI (p=0,181). Houve aumento significativo de neutrófilos (p=0,038) e do TSH (p=0,034). O grupo lítio apresentou incidência significativamente maior de diabetes mellitus (p=0,037) e arritmias (p=0,028), maior ganho de peso (p=0,015), mais sintomas na escala UKU (p=0,045), e maior interferência dos efeitos adversos do lítio em atividades diárias (p<0,001). Houve correlação entre a opinião de médico e do paciente nas interferências das atividades diárias atribuídas aos sintomas adversos (p<0,001). Conclusões: o uso de lítio em baixa dose não alterou a função renal, produziu alterações no sistema imunológico e tireoidiano sem impacto clínico, e foi seguro clinicamente. As razões do aumento de incidência de diabetes e arritmias merecem investigação posterior / Introduction: according to the literature, lithium salts may produce a reduction in kidney function. The magnitude of this information is debatable because there is no randomized and controlled clinical trial among lithium users, being mostly patients with depression or bipolar disorder. The possibility of using lithium for the treatment of prodromal Alzheimer\'s disease dementia increases the need for further investigation of adverse effects attributed to lithium, especially regarding to renal function. Objectives: To evaluate the safety of using low-dose lithium with respect to renal function in elderly patients. Secondary objectives were the evaluation of the clinical safety through specific questionnaire and clinical assessment, and to assess thyroid, immunological and glycemic function. Methods: a randomized and placebo controlled study for 2 years, followed by an open label follow-up of 2 years. We evaluated 59 elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment with accomplishment of at least two years of the controlled phase. Renal function was estimated by the aMDRD and CKD-EPI equation, and by laboratory and clinical data collected during the trial. The thyroid, immunological and glycemic functions were respectively evaluated by TSH, free T4, leukocyte count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, fasting plasma glucose and insulin, and the HOMA-IR. The clinical safety was evaluated through systematic examination performed every 3 months, with physical examination, clinical interview and UKU scale for adverse effects. Results: There was no decline of renal function with the use of lithium (litemia between 0.25-0.5 mmol/l) both in the aMDRD (p=0.453) and CKD-EPI (p=0.181) equations. A significant increase of neutrophils (p=0.038) and TSH (p=0.034) were observed. The lithium group showed significantly higher incidence of diabetes mellitus (p=0.037), arrhythmias (p=0.028), weight gain (p=0.015), more symptoms of UKU scale (p=0.045), and greater interference from the adverse effects of lithium during daily activities (p<0.001). There was an observed correlation between the opinion of the attending physician and the patient in respect to the interference in daily activities secondary to the adverse symptoms (p<0.001). Conclusions: The use of lithium in low doses did not result in renal function impairment, produced subtle changes in the immunological system and thyroid function, and was clinically safe for adverse effects. The reasons for the increased incidence of arrhythmias and diabetes mellitus deserve further investigation

A lesão renal aguda (LRA) é uma séria complicação dos pacientes hospitalizados, causada principalmente pela isquemia/reperfusão (I/R). Ela é definida como um abrupto declínio da função renal baseada em alterações agudas da creatinina sérica e débito urinário. Porém, alterações na creatinina sérica são tardias e variam com o gênero, idade, massa muscular, metabolismo e hidratação do indivíduo. Novos biomarcadores para um diagnóstico mais preciso e precoce da doença são necessários. No entanto, devido em humanos a LRA ser uma doença, em sua maioria, secundária a outras doenças, o desenvolvimento de modelos animais com resposta similar aos humanos é de extrema importância. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento e caracterização de um modelo suíno de I/R renal, seguido da identificação de alterações nos perfis metabólicos séricos durante à I/R renal aguda. Além de colaborar com o melhor entendimento da fisiopatologia da doença, pode prover novos biomarcadores com potencial uso no diagnóstico e prognóstico através do monitoramento dos pacientes hospitalizados. Primeiramente, foi desenvolvido um modelo controlado e percutâneo, com único insulto de I/R renal, sem nefrectomia contralateral usando suínos como modelo. A isquemia foi induzida por um cateter-balão inflado por 120min na artéria renal direita seguida de 24 horas de reperfusão. Amostras seriadas de soro e urina foram coletadas. A caracterização do modelo foi feita por análises histológicas e bioquímicas, e a identificação de novos biomarcadores, através da ressonância magnética nuclear (600MHz) seguida da análise por PLS-DA e biologia de sistemas. A necrose tubular aguda foi identificada em todos os animais, porém apenas dois deles apresentaram níveis de creatinina sérica acima de 150% dos seus valores basais. Como esperado, a I/R elevou os níveis de uréia e creatinina e ainda modulou a excreção de Na+, K+, Cl-, bicarbonato e glicose. A NGAL e as proteínas nitradas séricas apresentaram dois perfis: diminuíram com a isquemia e aumentaram com a reperfusão. Este declínio foi associado com o aumento da excreção de proteínas durante a isquemia e início da reperfusão. A partir deste modelo de I/R renal desenvolvido, selecionamos 8 marcadores metabólicos: L-glutamato, L-serina, N-isovaleroilglicina, L-metionina, L-prolina, 2-aminobutirato, colina e creatinina. Estes metabólitos foram capazes de distinguir indivíduos saudáveis e isquêmicos, restaurando seus valores após 11 horas da reperfusão. Através da análise de biologia de sistemas, estes metabólitos se mostraram altamente representativos da via dos aminoácidos, se relacionaram com alterações no transporte iônico e foram associados às vias do fator nuclear kappa B (NF?B), huntingtina (HTT) e pró-insulina. Assim, foi possível desenvolver um modelo de I/R renal percutâneo em modelo suíno, capaz de permitir o desenvolvimento de estudos para explorar respostas fisiopatológicas e novos biomarcadores isquêmicos renais. A partir dele, com ferramentas metabolômicas, foi possível elaborar um painel metabólico que contribui para o estudo da fisiopatologia da isquemia e pode tornar-se uma ferramenta promissora para a identificação precoce de pacientes com LRA geradas pela I/R renal / Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious complication in hospitalized patients mainly caused by ischemia/reperfusion. AKI is defined as the abrupt decrease in kidney function based on acute alterations in serum creatinine or urine output. Nevertheless, changes in serum creatinine are late and vary with muscular mass, age, gender, metabolism and hydration of individuals. In this sense, new biomarkers for the accurate and early diagnosis are needed. In humans LRA is a secondary disease, related to the progress of other diseases. Thus, the development of animal models with similar response to humans is extremely important. This study aimed to develop and characterize a swine model of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), followed by the identification of changes in serum metabolic profiles during acute renal I/R. In addition to collaborating with a better understanding of the physiopathology of the disease, these findings may provide new biomarkers with potential use in diagnosis and prognosis through the monitoring hospitalized patients. Here we report the development of a controlled, single-insult model of unilateral renal I/R without contralateral nephrectomy, using a suitable model, the pig. Animals underwent renal ischemia by balloon catheter placed and inflated into the right renal artery for 120 minutes and reperfusion over 24 hours. Serial serum and urine were sampled. The characterization of the renal I/R model was made by histological and biochemical analyzes. Identification of new biomarkers was performed by nuclear magnetic resonance (600MHz) followed by PLS-DA analysis and systems biology. Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) was identified in every animal, but only two animals showed levels of serum creatinine above 150% of baseline values. As expected, I/R increased serum creatinine and BUN. Fractional sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate and glucose excretion were modulated during ischemia. Serum nitrated proteins and NGAL presented two profiles: decreased with ischemia and increased after reperfusion. This decline was associated with increased protein excretion during ischemia and early reperfusion. From this renal I/R model developed, eight metabolites were selected: L-glutamate, L-serine, N-isovaleroylglicine, L-methionine, L-proline, 2-aminobutyrated, choline and creatinine. PLS-DA analysis for these metabolites resulted in an accurate separation between pre ischemia and ischemia groups. All selected metabolites recovered to baseline conditions after 11 hours of reperfusion. Through network analysis we found changes in H+, Na+ and Cl- ion transport pathways and association with Nuclear Factor-KappaB (NF?B), Huntingtin (HTT) and proinsulin (insulin) pathways. Thus, it was possible to develop a percutaneous model of renal I/R in swine model, allowing the development of studies to explore physiopathology responses and new renal ischemic biomarkers. With this model and metabolomic tools, it was possible to develop a metabolic panel that contributes to the study of ischemia physiopathology and may become a promising tool for the early identification of patients with AKI generated by renal I/R

A lesão renal aguda (LRA) é uma séria complicação dos pacientes hospitalizados, causada principalmente pela isquemia/reperfusão (I/R). Ela é definida como um abrupto declínio da função renal baseada em alterações agudas da creatinina sérica e débito urinário. Porém, alterações na creatinina sérica são tardias e variam com o gênero, idade, massa muscular, metabolismo e hidratação do indivíduo. Novos biomarcadores para um diagnóstico mais preciso e precoce da doença são necessários. No entanto, devido em humanos a LRA ser uma doença, em sua maioria, secundária a outras doenças, o desenvolvimento de modelos animais com resposta similar aos humanos é de extrema importância. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento e caracterização de um modelo suíno de I/R renal, seguido da identificação de alterações nos perfis metabólicos séricos durante à I/R renal aguda. Além de colaborar com o melhor entendimento da fisiopatologia da doença, pode prover novos biomarcadores com potencial uso no diagnóstico e prognóstico através do monitoramento dos pacientes hospitalizados. Primeiramente, foi desenvolvido um modelo controlado e percutâneo, com único insulto de I/R renal, sem nefrectomia contralateral usando suínos como modelo. A isquemia foi induzida por um cateter-balão inflado por 120min na artéria renal direita seguida de 24 horas de reperfusão. Amostras seriadas de soro e urina foram coletadas. A caracterização do modelo foi feita por análises histológicas e bioquímicas, e a identificação de novos biomarcadores, através da ressonância magnética nuclear (600MHz) seguida da análise por PLS-DA e biologia de sistemas. A necrose tubular aguda foi identificada em todos os animais, porém apenas dois deles apresentaram níveis de creatinina sérica acima de 150% dos seus valores basais. Como esperado, a I/R elevou os níveis de uréia e creatinina e ainda modulou a excreção de Na+, K+, Cl-, bicarbonato e glicose. A NGAL e as proteínas nitradas séricas apresentaram dois perfis: diminuíram com a isquemia e aumentaram com a reperfusão. Este declínio foi associado com o aumento da excreção de proteínas durante a isquemia e início da reperfusão. A partir deste modelo de I/R renal desenvolvido, selecionamos 8 marcadores metabólicos: L-glutamato, L-serina, N-isovaleroilglicina, L-metionina, L-prolina, 2-aminobutirato, colina e creatinina. Estes metabólitos foram capazes de distinguir indivíduos saudáveis e isquêmicos, restaurando seus valores após 11 horas da reperfusão. Através da análise de biologia de sistemas, estes metabólitos se mostraram altamente representativos da via dos aminoácidos, se relacionaram com alterações no transporte iônico e foram associados às vias do fator nuclear kappa B (NF?B), huntingtina (HTT) e pró-insulina. Assim, foi possível desenvolver um modelo de I/R renal percutâneo em modelo suíno, capaz de permitir o desenvolvimento de estudos para explorar respostas fisiopatológicas e novos biomarcadores isquêmicos renais. A partir dele, com ferramentas metabolômicas, foi possível elaborar um painel metabólico que contribui para o estudo da fisiopatologia da isquemia e pode tornar-se uma ferramenta promissora para a identificação precoce de pacientes com LRA geradas pela I/R renal / Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious complication in hospitalized patients mainly caused by ischemia/reperfusion. AKI is defined as the abrupt decrease in kidney function based on acute alterations in serum creatinine or urine output. Nevertheless, changes in serum creatinine are late and vary with muscular mass, age, gender, metabolism and hydration of individuals. In this sense, new biomarkers for the accurate and early diagnosis are needed. In humans LRA is a secondary disease, related to the progress of other diseases. Thus, the development of animal models with similar response to humans is extremely important. This study aimed to develop and characterize a swine model of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), followed by the identification of changes in serum metabolic profiles during acute renal I/R. In addition to collaborating with a better understanding of the physiopathology of the disease, these findings may provide new biomarkers with potential use in diagnosis and prognosis through the monitoring hospitalized patients. Here we report the development of a controlled, single-insult model of unilateral renal I/R without contralateral nephrectomy, using a suitable model, the pig. Animals underwent renal ischemia by balloon catheter placed and inflated into the right renal artery for 120 minutes and reperfusion over 24 hours. Serial serum and urine were sampled. The characterization of the renal I/R model was made by histological and biochemical analyzes. Identification of new biomarkers was performed by nuclear magnetic resonance (600MHz) followed by PLS-DA analysis and systems biology. Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) was identified in every animal, but only two animals showed levels of serum creatinine above 150% of baseline values. As expected, I/R increased serum creatinine and BUN. Fractional sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate and glucose excretion were modulated during ischemia. Serum nitrated proteins and NGAL presented two profiles: decreased with ischemia and increased after reperfusion. This decline was associated with increased protein excretion during ischemia and early reperfusion. From this renal I/R model developed, eight metabolites were selected: L-glutamate, L-serine, N-isovaleroylglicine, L-methionine, L-proline, 2-aminobutyrated, choline and creatinine. PLS-DA analysis for these metabolites resulted in an accurate separation between pre ischemia and ischemia groups. All selected metabolites recovered to baseline conditions after 11 hours of reperfusion. Through network analysis we found changes in H+, Na+ and Cl- ion transport pathways and association with Nuclear Factor-KappaB (NF?B), Huntingtin (HTT) and proinsulin (insulin) pathways. Thus, it was possible to develop a percutaneous model of renal I/R in swine model, allowing the development of studies to explore physiopathology responses and new renal ischemic biomarkers. With this model and metabolomic tools, it was possible to develop a metabolic panel that contributes to the study of ischemia physiopathology and may become a promising tool for the early identification of patients with AKI generated by renal I/R