Thesis--Giessen. / At head of title: Institut für Agrarsoziologie der Justus Liebig-Universität Giessen, Fachbereich 20. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 268-279).

Some places which once were celebrated by many slowly become places of desolation and social problem while others built with similar intentions and forms continue to flourish. This is typically true of a number of large residential neighbourhoods of Post-World War II Europe and many cities of the global South. Large residential environments have been extensively studied since their emergence in the early 20th century, but often from disciplinary perspectives. Moreover, studies have often focused on singular aspects of these environments. Thus, knowledge of how large residential environments develop as places once created, and what the residents’ role in this process is, remains fragmented and hardly usable for effective urban design/planning interventions. Studies, particularly in the last decade, have begun to show the usefulness of the notion of place as an integrative conceptin housing research. This thesis aims to contribute to interdisciplinarydiscussions on large residential environments by drawing upon theories of space and place from vast fields of social and human sciences, and using anthropological and historical research methods. It explores the multiple ways and means that large residential environments gain their material and social identity as places. The main interest is to understand how the residents perceive, receive and appropriate living environment, and how that contributes to the becoming of the places. Based on such a notion of place, the study presents a critical review of the current transformation of Addis Ababa and its ongoing large-scale housing development. Residents’ ways of articulating their needs, desires, and values are investigated ethnographically and in relation to the socio-political, historical and spatial contexts within which they are taking place.The findings of the study are presented in four academic articles, and in an introductory essay. Each article addresses the main research question (i.e. “how residential places become”) from different angles: Article I (History, Modernity and the Making of an African Spatiality) explores place as a construction of historical and socio-political processes; ArticleII (Socio-SpatialTensions and Interactions: An Ethnography of Condominium Housing of Addis Ababa) and Article III (Home-looseness in Large Residential Environments?) explores place as an assemblage of multiple spatial practices and experiences. Article IV (Sustainable Urbanism: Moving Past Neo- Modernist &amp; Neo-Traditionalist Housing Strategies) explores place as a product of particular urban design/planning paradigm.The findings of the thesis show that the key processes that shape spaces into places are highly embedded in the dialectical relationship between larger structures (i.e. social, economic, political and physical) and the everyday practices of people within the built environment. The findings also show that this relationship is highly mediated by local experiences of modernity. Thus, for example, when modernity is sought as an end, as in the case of the condominium housing of Addis Ababa, a fragile and often paradoxical relationship develops between people and their places as could be seen by the weak senses of place or attachment among condominium residents. One implication for urban design/planning practice is the recognition that place (or the home-place) is predominantly a process, and in the context of modernity, placemaking is highly contested because the process is evaded and people’s relationships with place overridden. Based on the findings, the limits and potentials of the urban design or planning are highlighted. It is recommended that theories of place- becoming – implying understanding of a place as an open-ended process and spatial experiences of ordinary people as the fundamental aspect of place – should be the integral basis of placemaking understanding and practice. Design ethnography is suggested as a possible way to promote placemaking practices closer to the multiple experiences of ordinary people / residents. / Några platser som tidigare prisats av många blir långsamt platser som ligger övergivna och får sociala problem medan andra som byggts med liknande avsikter och med likartad bebyggelse fortsätter att blomstra. Detta gäller särskilt många stora bostadsområden i Europa efter andra världskriget och många städer i det globala Södern. Stora bostadsområden har undersökts utförligt sedan de kom till i början av 1900-talet, men ofta ur ett disciplinärt perspektiv. Dessutom har undersökningarna ofta fokuserat på enskilda aspekter av dessa omgivningar. På så sätt har kunskapen om hur stora bostadsområden utvecklas som platser när de väl skapats och vilken roll som de boende spelar i denna process förblivitfragmentiserad och knappastanvändbar för effektiva insatser inom urban design och planering. Undersökningar särskilt under det senaste årtiondet, har börjat visa användbarhetenav begreppet om plats som ett integrativt koncept ibostadsforskningen. Denna avhandling syftar till att bidra till tvärvetenskapliga diskussioner om stora bostadsområden genom att utnyttja teorier om utrymme och plats från vidsträckta fält inom social- och humanvetenskaperna och genom att använda antropologiska och historiska forskningsmetoder. Den forskar om de många sätt och medel genom vilka stora bostadsområden får sin materiella och sociala identitet som platser. Det viktigaste är att förstå hur de boende uppfattar, mottar och tillämpar dem och hur det bidrar till hur platserna utvecklas. Baserad på ett sådant begrepp om plats presenterar undersökningen en kritisk granskningav den nuvarandeombildningenav Addis Abeba och dess pågående storskaliga bostadsutveckling. De boendes sättattuttrycka sina behov, önskningar och värderingar undersöks etnografiskt och i jämförelse med de sociopolitiska, historiska och spatiala ramar inom vilka de äger rum.Undersökningens resultat presenteras i fyra akademiska artiklar som sedan sammanfattas och kopplas ihop till en inledande monografi. Varje artikel tar upp den viktigaste forskningsfrågan (t.ex. ”hur bostadsområden blir till”) från olika vinklar: Artikel I (Historia, Modernitet, och Skapandet av en afrikansk rumslighet) utforskar plats som en konstruktion av socio-historiska processer; Artikel II (socio-spatiala spänningar och interaktioner: Enetnografi om bostadsrätter i Addis Abeba) och artikel III (Hemlöshet i storabostadsområden?) utforskar plats som en samling rumsliga metoder och erfarenheter. Mer specifikt utforskar Artikel II hur politiska intentioner och folks förväntningar och deras vardagliga användningar av rymd, form och plats och Artikel III utforskar hur hem och platser formas som ett resultat av olika former av rumslig disposition, inom de ramar och de restriktioner som bestämts av hegemonisk rumslig praktik. Artikel IV (Hållbar urbanism: Att gå förbi neomodernistiska &amp; neotraditionella bostadsstrategier) utforskar plats som en produkt av särskilt paradigm av urban design/planering.Avhandlingens resultat visar att de viktigaste processerna som skapar platser av utrymmen ligger lagrade i det dialektiska förhållandet mellan större strukturer (dvs. sociala, ekonomiska, politiska och fysiska) och vardagliga rutiner för människor inom den byggda miljön. Resultaten visar också att detta förhållande har en stor förmedlande funktion i moderniteten. På så sätt ökar spänningent t.ex. inom den förstärkta moderniteten mellan det globala och det lokala, mellan makro och mikro, mellan struktur och verkan och i sista hand mellan utrymme och plats.Men viktigast av allt när modernitet söks som ett ändamål i sig, som i fallet med bostadsrätter i Addis Abeba, utvecklas ett ömtåligt (dvs. ytligt och paradoxalt) förhållande mellan stora platsers identitet och folks rutiner som man kunde se av de svaga känslor för platsen ( eller tillgivenheten) bland bostadsrättsinnehavarna. En slutsats av urban design/planeringspraxis är insikten att plats(ellerhemvist) är företrädesvis en process och inom ramen för moderniteten är urban förnyelse och platsskapande försök omstridda eftersom processen avbryts eller undviks. Baserat på resultaten, framhävs begränsningarna och möjligheterna för urban design eller planering. Det rekommenderas att teorierna om hur en plats blir till vilket innebär förståelse för plats som en öppen process och en rumslig erfarenhet för vanliga människor som den grundläggande aspekten på plats – borde vara den väsentliga grunden för insikt och rutin i platsskapandet. Ett reflexivt tänkande i praktik och teori föreslås, vilket innebär en metod som omprövar sina grundläggande premisser/teorier och erkänner kontextens betydelse. Några idéer om etnografisk design föreslås som ett sätt att främja sådana metoder. / <p>QC 20150423</p>

Improving the implementation of family planning through integration with HIV services is vital to reduce maternal and child morbidity and mortality that has been a concern especially in developing countries like Ethiopia (UNFPA 2016). The aim of this study was to develop a strategic plan that could facilitate the implementation of an integrated family planning and HIV services at the public health centre level. The researcher utilized an explanatory sequential mixed method design with quantitative data collected in the first phase and qualitative data collected in the second phase. Data were collected from 403 clients in face-to-face structured interviews and from 305 service providers by means of a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was applied to describe the findings of the study. Significance testing between variables was computed by odds ratio, p-value and 95% confidence interval. Bivariate and multi-variate logistic regressions were used for the analysis. In Phase 1, awareness of family planning methods, male involvement, marital status, client satisfaction, family income, waiting time, training, awareness of policies/guideline and transport availability were statistically significant challenges identified by clients and service providers. The client and service provider respondents identified previous use of family planning, men’s involvement, client satisfaction, availability of behavioural change communication materials, accessibility, budget, infrastructure and medical resources as opportunities. In phase 2, the researcher utilized the nominal group technique (NGT) to collect qualitative data from programme officers. Twenty-four programme officers from 10 sub city health offices, city and national level participated in two nominal groups, consisting of 12 participants each. Multiple group analysis was used to analyse the data from the nominal groups. The five strategies ranked as the most important were leadership and management; capacity building; implementation of policies and guidelines; advocacy/awareness, and infrastructure. The findings in phase 1 and phase 2 formed the basis for the development of a strategic plan using the process planning model. The strategic plan was developed and validated with the active participation and involvement of programme officers. The plan is intended to be implemented by service providers and programme officers to facilitate the implementation of integrated family planning and HIV services at the public health centre level. / Health Studies / D. Litt et. Phil. (Health Studies)

This qualitative research investigated the implementation problems of apprenticeship training program in the Addis Ababa TVET colleges and enterprises. The research looked into the training program conducted by TVET Colleges and enterprises. Relevant literature on the nature of apprenticeship training and the factors that could affect its implementation were also reviewed. The research applied the theoretical statement of Bandura’s (1977) theory of observation /imitation/, Vygotsky’s theory of ZPD, contextual or the situated learning (Lave and Wenger, 1991), the constructivist view of learning and career theory as the main theoretical frameworks to describe the apprenticeship training process. The theories, however, do not mention the factors that can hamper the implementation of apprenticeship training in a specific social context. The theory of observation was preferred since it can describe the apprentice’s effort to master the skill of an occupation by observing the craftsman at the enterprises. The situated learning was preferred as it gives value to practice as a condition for the effectiveness of learning. Similarly, the research considered Vygotsky’s theory of the ZPD. The application of ZPD indicates the difference between what the apprentice can accomplish independently and what he/she can do with the close assistance of supervisor on a given task. Holland’s career theory (as cited in De lary, Duncan & Swarth, 2006) is also considered to describe the apprenticeship training in relation with an occupation. The current research has enabled to consider context specific conditions by focusing on the investigation of the causes of the implementation challenges of the apprenticeship training. The researcher collected data from Addis Ababa TVET Agency experts, deans of one private and another public TVET Colleges, college apprenticeship training coordinators, trainers, trainees, supervisors and enterprises by employing unstructured and structured interviews, observation and Focus Group Discussion tools. The analysis was made by making the data pass through three successive steps: data reduction, data display and interpretation, and conclusion. The findings showed that the implementation of the apprenticeship training program had challenges that could be shared among its actors; Trade Unions had no involvement in the implementation of the apprenticeship training program; the selected colleges and enterprises addressed their challenges by using limited strategies and without regular and systematic way; the presence of some less motivating factors for the participation of the apprentices in the apprenticeship training was reported; the presence of conditions that could adversely affect the apprentices’ acquisition of occupational skills was reported; the provision of apprenticeship training at the enterprises lack, either facilities or training services, in order to arrange the apprenticeship training program for TVET college trainees; and there were some indications for the presence of some weak professional qualities of supervisors that have implications for the apprentices’ training. Eventually, it was concluded that the implementation of apprenticeship training program in the Addis Ababa TVET Colleges and enterprises had challenges that require the consideration of both institutional and human conditions. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

Healthcare waste management is very important due to its hazardous nature that can cause risk to human health and the environment. The study wished to determine the amount of healthcare waste generated in 15 public health centres and 3 hospitals and evaluate the healthcare waste management practices in Addis Ababa City Administration. The aim of the study was to develop a manual for healthcare facilities based on the findings on healthcare waste management practice, quantification and intervention. Data was obtained from questionnaires distributed to 636 randomly selected healthcare professionals, ancillary staff and managers and by means of surveying the facilities. The mean HCW generation rate was 10.64 + 5.79 kg/day, of which 37.26% (3.96 + 2.017kg/day) was general waste and 62.74% (6.68 + 4.293 kg/day) was hazardous waste from the surveyed health centres. HCW generation and quantification was not measured and documented in any of the HCFs. Quantifying HCW would help determine the type of waste as well as the HCFs that generate the highest and lowest HCW, which could have implications for resource allocation in managing HCW. Segregation of different types of wastes was not regularly done. Some HCFs had separate storage areas for HCW and separate containers for hazardous and nonhazardous waste. In some instances, however, the containers were not clearly marked. Regarding storage, some of the HCFs had interim storage sites and HCW disposal sites. Several interim storage facilities lacked security and surveillance and were not cleaned after collection. In addition, HCW remained at the interim storage facilities for more than 48 hours before final disposal. The main forms of on-site treatment of HCW before disposal were burning, crushing sharps, sterilisation and chemical disinfection. The most common treatment method used for HCW was incineration. Most HCW handlers had not received adequate training; did not wear PPE, and did not take precautionary measures, such as washing their hands and heavy duty gloves after handling HCW. The researcher developed a manual for effective HCW management and training of HCW handlers. Based on the findings, the study makes recommendations for policy, education, HCW management, including generation, segregation, storage, transportation and disposal, and further research. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第24022号 / 地博第301号 / 新制||地||117(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科アフリカ地域研究専攻 / (主査)教授 重田 眞義, 教授 平野(野元) 美佐, 准教授 金子 守恵, 教授 高橋 基樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

The study on "Evaluation of personnel management capabilities of the Federal Police of Ethiopia in Addis Ababa” had the following research questions: How is the Federal Police in Ethiopia Structured? What are the international standards for personnel management capabilities? What is the current personnel management capability in the Federal Police? How should shortcomings in personnel management capabilities of the Federal Police be addressed? In the study, an empirical research design and qualitative research approach were adopted. The data collection methods were: literature, documents and interviews. The data was analyzed by four-step Data Analysis Spiral TechniquesThe primary Findings are: International standards for personnel management capabilities should be set and certified by authorized bodies. The personnel management capability of the Federal Police of Ethiopia was characterized by incompetence. The Main Recommendations are: Further research should be conducted on the personnel management capability of the Federal police of Ethiopia. An authorized body should set standards and certify personnel managers' capabilities of the Federal Police of Ethiopia. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Human Resource Management of Policing)

This study examined healthcare providers’ adherence to the national Tuberculosis guidelines (NTG) during the diagnosis and treatment of TB in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia using a descriptive, cross-sectional study design. Data were collected from 233 medical records using checklists. Adherence of healthcare providers to the NTG during the diagnosis of TB was 60.9% (n=67) for female and 56.1% (n=69) for male TB patients. However, 91.8% (n=101) female and 90.2% (n=111) male TB patients had been prescribed the correct numbers of anti-TB pills, complying with the NTG recommendations. There was an over-diagnosis of smear negative pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) as only 2.6% (n=2) of the 76 smear negative PTB patients were diagnosed correctly. Healthcare providers’ compliance with the NTG could be enhanced by providing appropriate in-service education, maintaining accurate records of all TB patients and providing supportive supervision to identify and address shortcomings.

A quantitative, descriptive, explorative survey was conducted to explore and describe nurses’ perceptions of disclosure to children of their HIV positive status in Addis Ababa. 100 nurses working in six conveniently sampled health centres participated by completing a self-administered questionnaire. The findings revealed that the majority of participants were of the opinion that children have the right to know their HIV status, participate in their own treatment, and that disclosure contributes towards improved adherence. Forty-one of the participants said that it is nurses’ role to support caregivers in the disclosure process. But 56.3% felt they lacked the training to disclose to children that they are infected with HIV. Accordingly, it is recommended that relevant and applied training is required to equip nurses with the knowledge and skills to disclose to children their status. The importance of nurses’ proactive role in disclosure to children of their HIV status needs to be emphasised. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / Clarifying the nexus between leadership and organisational effectiveness across the world remains a significant challenge that has raised robust scholarly debate. A wide range of conceptual models have been provided on effective leadership. But, at the global level few empirical studies have been done to examine transformational leadership in the context of Non-Government Organisations (NGOs). In line with the leadership theory and conceptual framework, this study sought to analyse members' perception of their leaders, using a case study NGO in Addis Ababa. The researcher employed both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative methodology used questionnaire surveys based on the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire to assess the dominant leadership style within ANOPA+. Qualitative methodology was applied through semi-structured interviews, in order to deepen the understanding of the existing leadership style based on the members' perception of the organisation. The results of the study indicated that transformational leadership motivated followers to attain more than they thought possible, by appealing to followers self-esteem and inspiring them to go beyond self-centered interests. In addition, the research process identified five important gaps that impede the successful implementation of ANOPA+'s programme. First, this study revealed that ANOPA+ leaders failed to use, or lacked a proper understanding of, transformational leadership skills. Second, this empirical research, discovered that the dominant leadership style within ANOPA+ was transactional leadership. Third, this research confirmed that there was no statistically significant difference between the perception of staff and volunteers regarding the leadership style within ANOPA+. Fourth, the field data assessment showed that HIV/AIDS status is the crucial criterion for appointment as a leader in ANOPA+. However, ANOPA+ members believed that effective leaders should have a combination of the knowledge, skills and competencies that followers can use to perform their day-to-day work. Fifth, the study identified that the appointment of women in leadership positions within ANOPA+ is very low. Within the context of the above mentioned analysis, the study finally brings into focus general observations gained from the investigation and provides recommendations to policy makers and other stakeholders.