Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-10-23T18:20:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Murillo Batista Ferreira - 2013.pdf: 2726162 bytes, checksum: b4ad5f67e5b5eff91f35b0296db5a36e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-10-23T18:46:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Murillo Batista Ferreira - 2013.pdf: 2726162 bytes, checksum: b4ad5f67e5b5eff91f35b0296db5a36e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-23T18:46:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Murillo Batista Ferreira - 2013.pdf: 2726162 bytes, checksum: b4ad5f67e5b5eff91f35b0296db5a36e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Among lots of pathologies that attack the concrete structures stands out the corrosion of the reinforcements, that may be triggered by the phenomenon of carbonation of the concrete, which consists in a physico-chemical process between the carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and the cement paste compounds, which has as main result the calcium carbonate precipitation (CaCO3) in a region of the concrete cover, with the formation of a layer that has less alkalinity than that not affected by this phenomenon. The carbonation moves from outside to inside the concrete through a carbonated front, that when it reaches the depth of the reinforcement causes destabilization of the protective passive layer, providing the onset of the corrosion. How many researches are conducted by accelerated carbonation tests, it is of paramount importance that the evaluation process by comparing it with data obtained from samples that have suffered natural carbonation. Facing this reality, this research is conducted based on samples that are exposed in the natural environment (external housed) for a period of ten years, with the general objective of evaluating the results (coefficients and carbonation depths) of natural carbonation process of concrete with different mineral additions, water/binder ratios and curing conditions (moist and dry) over this period. For this realization, samples of concrete produced in 2002, produced in Castro's dissertation (2003). The variables included in the experimental program are: concretes with five types of mineral additions (silica fume (10%), rice husk ash (10%), metakaolin (10%), fly ash (25%), blast furnace slag (65%), these amounts being in partial replacement of cement mass) and the reference concrete, without mineral addition; three water/binder relationships (0.40 , 0.55 and 0.70) and two curing conditions (moist and dry). Measurements were made of natural carbonation through of pH indicator based on phenolphthalein, elaborating a database along time, through measurements with periods of exposure of 0.25 years (91 days), 0.50 years (182 days), 0.82 years (301 days), 3 years, 7 years, 9 years and 10 years, allowing comparative performance evaluation of various concrete containing mineral additions, taking as a base carbonated depths and natural carbonation coefficients data. The results showed that there are significant differences of behavior between different concretes studied and that in the overall analysis of the carbonation natural coefficients, the reference concrete showed the best alone performance, showing that the alkaline reserve is still the predominant effect in terms of against carbonation, but the microstructure refinement provided by additions (physical effect) approaches such chemical aspect, as detected, for example, in concrete with metakaolin. In the correlation between the accelerated carbonation coefficients and the natural carbonation ones, was verified a relation of direct proportionality between the coefficients found for the two procedures, with the coefficient signifying accelerated approximately 7.4 times the natural ratio. The useful life predictions showed periods of time until the carbonation front reaches the cover thickness ranging from 4 years up to 241 years, for the different concretes and situations analyzed. / Dentre as diversas patologias que atacam as estruturas de concreto destaca-se a corrosão das armaduras, que pode ser desencadeada pelo fenômeno da carbonatação do concreto, que consiste em um processo físico-químico entre o gás carbônico (CO2) presente na atmosfera e os compostos da pasta de cimento, tendo como resultado principal a precipitação do carbonato de cálcio (CaCO3) em uma região do cobrimento, com a constituição de uma camada que passa a ter uma alcalinidade significativamente menor do aquela não afetada por esse fenômeno. A carbonatação avança de fora para dentro do concreto, por meio de uma frente carbonatada, que quando atinge a profundidade das armaduras provoca desestabilização da camada passiva protetora, propiciando assim o início da corrosão. Como muitas pesquisas são conduzidas por ensaios de carbonatação acelerada, é de suma importância a avaliação desse processo confrontando-o com dados obtidos de amostras que sofreram cabonatação natural. Diante dessa realidade, esta pesquisa se conduz baseada em amostras que estão expostas no ambiente natural (abrigado externo) por um período de dez anos, com o objetivo geral de avaliar os resultados obtidos (profundidades e coeficientes de carbonatação) do processo de carbonatação natural de concretos com diferentes adições minerais, relações água/aglomerante e processos de cura (úmida e seca) ao longo desse período. Para sua realização, foram utilizados corpos de prova de concreto armado produzidos no ano de 2002, fruto da dissertação de Castro (2003). As variáveis contempladas no programa experimental são: concretos com cinco tipos de adições minerais (sílica ativa (10%), cinza de casca de arroz (10%), metacaulim (10%), cinza volante (25%) e escória alto forno (65%), sendo estes teores em substituição parcial da massa de cimento) e mais o concreto de referência, sem adição mineral; três relações água/aglomerante (0,40; 0,55 e 0,70) e dois procedimentos de cura (úmida e seca). Foram realizadas medidas de carbonatação natural por meio de indicador de pH à base de fenolftaleína, elaborando-se um banco de dados ao longo do tempo, por meio de medidas realizadas com os tempos de exposição de 0,25 anos (91 dias), 0,50 anos (182 dias), 0,82 anos (301 dias), 3 anos, 7 anos, 9 anos e 10 anos, permitindo assim uma avaliação comparativa de desempenho dos diversos concretos contendo adições minerais, tendo-se como base os valores de profundidade carbonatada e os coeficientes de carbonatação natural. Os resultados mostraram que existem diferenças significativas de comportamento entre os diversos concretos estudados e que na análise global dos coeficientes de carbonatação natural, o concreto de referência apresentou isoladamente o melhor desempenho, demonstrando que a reserva alcalina ainda é o efeito preponderante em termos de combate à carbonatação, mas que o refinamento da microestrutura proporcionado pelas adições (efeito físico) se aproxima desse aspecto químico, como se tem, por exemplo, nos concretos com metacaulim. Na correlação entre os coeficientes de carbonatação acelerado e natural, verificou-se uma relação de direta proporcionalidade entre os coeficientes encontrados para os dois procedimentos, com o coeficiente acelerado significando aproximadamente 7,4 vezes o coeficiente natural. Os prognósticos de vida útil mostraram períodos de tempo estimado até a frente de carbonatação atingir a espessura de cobrimento variando desde 4 anos até 241 anos, para os diversos concretos e situações analisadas.

Carbonation is a natural phenomenon observed in carbon structures, and it is a result of the combined presence of CO2 in the environment and moisture. Carbonation may lower the pH of the concrete to such an extent that the passivation layer of the steel is depleted and the onset of frame corrosion is observed, which is one of the major pathologies in reinforced concrete structures. This study aimed to assess accelerated carbonation in concrete samples prepared with rice husk ash (RHA) with different concentrations of graphitic carbon and different curing periods. Concrete samples were prepared with 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% of RHA as a substitution for high early strength Portland cement (Brazilian grade CPV-ARI), different water/binder ratios (0.35; 0.50; 0.65) and wet cured for 3 and 7 days. In addition, two mixes with 5% and 10% silica fume as substitutions for Portland cement were used for comparison. Accelerated carbonation was performed in 10x10cm test specimens (TS) that were preconditioned as determined by standard RILEM TC 116-PCD. These TSs were stored in a controlled temperature chamber (RH 65 ± 2%, temperature 23 ± 2°C, 3% CO2 b/v), where they were exposed to CO2 for 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks. The mercury intrusion porosimetry test was performed in 4x8cm TSs, which were tested after 91 days. Overall results show improved accelerated carbonation performance in the samples prepared with rice husk ash with lower concentrations of graphitic carbon, even though figures were similar. Higher concentrations of RHA in the concrete samples resulted in increased carbonation coefficients for all mixes investigated. For samples of the same strength values, a reduction in carbonation coefficients was observed when their compressive strength increased from 40 MPa to 50 MPa, This was seen in all mixes investigated for the curing period used, which shows that the use of longer curing periods improves the service life of structures. / O fenômeno da carbonatação acontece naturalmente em estruturas de concreto, exigindo apenas certa concentração de CO2 no ambiente e determinado teor de umidade. Este fenômeno provoca a redução do pH do concreto a níveis que podem causar a eliminação da película passivadora do aço, podendo ocorrer a instalação do mecanismo de corrosão das armaduras, uma das principais patologias em estruturas de concreto armado. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a carbonatação acelerada em concretos compostos com cinza de casca de arroz com diferentes teores de carbono grafítico e períodos de cura. Os concretos foram moldados com cinza de casca de arroz com teores de 5%, 10%, 20% e 30% em substituição ao cimento Portland de alta resistência inicial (CPV-ARI), com diferentes relações água/aglomerante (0,35; 0,50; 0,65) e com períodos de cura em câmara úmida de 3 e 7 dias. Duas misturas com 5% e 10% de sílica ativa em substituição ao cimento Portland foram empregadas como parâmetro de comparação. A carbonatação acelerada foi realizada em corpos-de-prova 10x10cm que passaram pelo pré-condicionamento, conforme preconiza a norma RILEM TC 116-PCD, após serem inseridos em uma câmara climatizada com uma umidade de (65 ± 2)%, temperatura de (23 ± 2)°C e uma concentração de CO2 de 3% em volume, por períodos de 4, 8, 12 e 16 semanas de exposição ao CO2. Já o ensaio de porosimetria por intrusão de mercúrio foi realizado em corpos-de-prova medindo 4x8cm, que foram ensaiados aos 91 dias. Os resultados mostram, de maneira geral, um melhor desempenho da cinza de casca de arroz com menor teor de carbono grafítico frente à carbonatação acelerada, apesar da proximidade dos resultados. O aumento do teor substituição, nos concretos com cinza de casca de arroz, provocou um aumento dos coeficientes de carbonatação, para todas as misturas investigadas. Em igualdade de resistência, constata-se que houve uma diminuição dos coeficientes de carbonatação quando a resistência à compressão aumenta de 40 MPa para 50 MPa para todas as misturas analisadas e para o prazo de cura adotado, evidenciando que o prolongamento no período de cura do concreto reflete diretamente no aumento da vida útil da estrutura.

When a stock is added into the S&P 500 Index, it is automatically "cross-listed" in the index derivative markets (i.e., S&P 500 Index futures and Index options). I examined the effects of such cross-listing on the trading volume and return volatility of the underlying component stocks. Traditional finance theory asserts that futures and "cash" markets are connected by arbitrage mechanism that brings both markets to equilibrium. When arbitrage opportunities arise, arbitrageurs buy (sell) the index portfolio and take short (long) positions in the corresponding index derivative contracts until prices return to theoretical levels. Such mechanical arbitrage trading tends to create large order flows that could be difficult for the market to absorb, resulting in price changes. Utilizing a list of S&P 500 index composition changes occurring over the period September 1976 to December 2005, I investigated the market-adjusted volume turnover ratios and return variances of the stocks being added to and deleted from the S&P 500, surrounding the effective day of index membership changes. My primary finding is that, after the introduction of the S&P 500 index futures and options contracts, stocks added to the S&P 500 experience significant increase in both trading volume and return volatility. However, deleted stocks experience no significant change in either trading volume or return volatility. Both daily and monthly return variances increase following index inclusion, consistent with the hypothesis that derivative transactions "fundamentally" destabilize the underlying securities. I argue that the increase in trading volume and return volatility may be attributed to index arbitrage transactions as derivative markets provide more routes for index arbitrageurs to trade. Other index trading strategies such as portfolio insurance and program trading may also contribute to the results. On the other hand, a deleted stock is not associated with changes in trading volume and volatility since it represents an extremely small fraction of the market value-weighted index portfolio, and the influence of index trading strategies becomes slight for these shares. Furthermore, evidence is provided that trading volume and return volatility are positively related.

This diploma thesis is focused on optimization of particle size distribution using concrete additions. To design a concrete of excellent properties, it is often necessary to achieve a higher packing density of the mixture by designing a suitable particle size distribution curve. Concrete with special properties and various types of powder additions are also described.

The modulus of elasticity is one of the basic characteristics of concrete defining elastic deformation of concrete and it plays a significant role in the static design of structures. Due to current trends in concrete technology, offering a wide variability in the proposals of the composition of concrete, there are changes not only in strength characteristics but also in the modulus of elasticity of concrete. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to study the dependence of different compositions on modulus of elasticity of concrete. Design of concrete composition is prepared with respect to the use of different types of cement, mineral admixtures, types and fractions of aggregates. The work is mainly focused on the determination of static modulus of elasticity in compression with the addition of dynamic modules. In the first phase determined modulus of elasticity are compared with tabulated values according to Eurocode 2, which are derived for the specific strength class of concrete. Part of this work is the compilation of the main technological aspects of concrete which can favorably affect the modulus of elasticity.

The theory of the lamellar eutectoid reaction by volume diffusion has been extended to account for solute segregation within the product phases and the effect of dilute third element additions. It has been demonstrated for symmetric binary systems that the segregation can account for 10% or more of the free energy stored in the product phases and can lead correspondingly to a predicted lamellar spacings appreciably greater than those obtained when segregation is neglected. This segregation is relatively high in the systems Cu-In, Cu-Be and Ag-Cd and may account for the fact that a secondary coarse-grained pearlitic reaction follows the initial fine grained one in these systems. The binary theory has been-used to analyse the available data for the eutectoid reaction in the Cu-Al and Fe-C systems and satisfactory agreement is obtained. The theory for ternary systems, while complete in principle, proves to be. intractable in all but the simplest version of the solution thermodynamics. It is concluded that the effect of the third element on the binary eutectoid reaction is mainly through its effect on the phase diagram, the ternary cross effects in the diffusion matrix tending to cancel out. Any additional element which lowers the eutectoid temperature will retard the reaction. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Concrete is one of the most used building materials in the world because of its good properties. However, cement which is one of the main components in concrete, produces a high amount of heat during the hydration process. The generated heat leads to temperature rise inside the structure. This temperature rise becomes an issue for massive concrete structures, such as hydropower plants and dams, since natural cooling is no longer sufficient. In combination with restrained boundary conditions, increasing temperatures result in tensile stresses causing thermal cracking of the structure. Reducing thermal cracking in a restrained massive concrete structure can be done by lowering or controlling the temperature rise. Several methods of cooling can be used to achieve this. These methods may be divided in pre-cooling and post-cooling methods. To pre-cool concrete the cement content can be reduced by replacing it with mineral additions such as limestone, fly ash, silica fume and ground granulated blast furnace slag. Another method is to increase the size of the aggregates or to pre-cool the aggregates. Ice can also be used to reduce the temperature at casting the concrete and reduce the amount of water that is needed in the mix. The main post-cooling method is cooling pipes, with cold water circulating in the pipes to cool the structure. This master thesis project focuses on comparing the possible methods to reduce the temperature in massive concrete structures. Simulations with the computer program HACON were performed to analyse the effect of these methods. The results from this study showed that cooling pipes gave the best reduction of the maximum temperature and the maximum temperature gradient by 42 % and 76 %, respectively. However, if cooling pipes were to be avoided, the best result of the studied mineral additions was with a replacement of 30 % fly ash resulting in almost the same reduction in maximum temperature but less than one third of the reduction in the gradient. The reduction obtained with fly ash was not as efficient as cooling pipes; therefore appropriate combinations of different pre-cooling methods were also studied. The results of the combination of fly ash, ice, and larger aggregates showed even better reduction of the maximum temperature reduction compared to cooling pipes. The results also showed that the obtained temperature reductions were almost independent from the thickness of the structure. This conclusion is however only valid for massive structures, where cases with 1.5 and 3.0 m were analysed. Further study may be on finding suitable combination of pre-cooling methods to avoid the use of cooling pipes, as well as analysing the cost for the different pre-cooling methods. / Betong är ett av de mest använda byggmaterialen i världen, tack vare dess goda egenskaper. Cement, som är en av huvudkomponenterna i betong, genererar en stor värmeutveckling under hydratationen. Värmeutveckling som genereras leder till temperaturhöjningar i strukturen. Denna temperaturhöjning blir således ett problem för massiva betong- konstruktioner, såsom vattenkraftverk och dammar, på grund av att den naturliga avkylningen inte längre är tillräcklig för att avlägsna värmen. I kombination med yttre och inre tvång resulterar högre temperaturer i dragspänningar som orsakar sprickor i strukturen. Minskningen av sprickbildning i en fastgjuten massiv betongstruktur kan ske genom att minska eller reglera temperaturhöjningen. För att göra det kan flera kylmetoder användas. Dessa metoder kan delas in i förberedande kylning och efterkylning. Med förberedande kylning kan cementhalten i betong reduceras genom ersättning med mineraltillsatser såsom kalksten, flygaska, silikastoft eller markgranulerad masugnsslagg. En annan metod är att öka ballastens storlek eller att kyla ballasten. Is kan användas både för att minska temperaturen vid gjutning av betong och reducera mängden vatten som behövs i blandningen. Den vanligaste efterkylningsmetoden är användning av kylrör med cirkulerande kallt vatten för att kyla strukturen, dvs. utan att ändra mängden värme som produceras av cementhydratationen. Denna uppsats ämnar jämföra olika metoder för att reducera temperaturen i massiva betongkonstruktioner. Simuleringar har genomförts med datorprogrammet HACON i syfte att analysera inverkan av olika metoder. Resultaten från studien visade att kylrör gav den bästa minskningen av den maximala temperaturen och den maximala reduktionen av temperaturgradienten med 42 % respektive 76 %. Om kylrör ska undvikas erhålls det bästa resultatet vid användning av 30 % flygaska, vilket resulterade i en snarlik minskning i maximal temperatur med mindre än en tredjedel av reduktionen av gradienten. Då reduceringen med flygaska inte var lika effektiv som med kylrör har lämpliga kombinationer av olika förberedande kylmetoder studerats. Resultatet av kombinationen med flygaska, is och större ballast visade en ännu effektivare minskning av den maximala temperaturreduceringen jämfört med kylrör. Vidare visade resultaten även att de erhållna temperaturreduceringarna nästan var oberoende av konstruktionens tjocklek. Denna slutsats kan endast tillämpas för massiva konstruktioner, där fall med en 1.5 och 3.0 m tjock vägg analyserades. Fortsatta studier kan vara att hitta fler lämpliga kombinationer av förberedande kylmetoder för att undvika användning av kylrör, liksom att analysera kostnaden för de olika förberedande kylmetoderna.

No / Alpha phase sintering, sinter hardening, and mechanical properties of prealloyed Fe-1.5Mo base powder with and without additions of elemental Si, ferrosilicon, and carbon under various process conditions have been investigated. Liquid paraffin, as a new lubricating agent, was found to be useful in reducing segregation, interparticle and die wall frictions, as well as reducing ejection forces and die and tool wear. It was found that addition of Si to the base powder enhanced the sintering process by stabilisation of the ¿-phase and formation of two kinds of liquid phase at ~1045 and ~1180°C, corresponding to the solidus and liquidus temperatures, respectively. This addition increased the tensile strength of the as sintered Fe-1.5Mo from 174 to 445 MPa owing to massive solid solution strengthening effect of Si. An optimum sinter hardenable alloy, of composition Fe-1.5Mo + 3Si + 1.2C, provided a high sintered density of 7.55 g cm-3, tensile and bend strengths of 764 and 1405 MPa, respectively, with 2.5% elongation, after sintering at 1250°C for 1 h under hydrogen or vacuum using moderate cooling rates of ¿ 20 K min-1. Faster cooling rates caused brittleness and very low UTS for the high carbon steel. Full heat treatment improved the UTS by 200 MPa which was useful only for the high carbon steel with high cooling rates ¿ 30 K min-1. Depending on the cooling rate, the as sintered microstructures consisted of mainly fine or coarse pearlite, bainite, martensite, and some retained austenite with hardness in the range 250-720 HV10. Some proeutectoid grain boundary cementites were also present in the as sintered high carbon steel. This work, therefore, has shown that high densities with acceptable microstructures and good mechanical properties are achievable with single stage compaction and single sintering operations by using the optimum process conditions and alloying composition without the need for a post-sintering heat treatment.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Après sa naissance en 1909, La ville de Tel Aviv continue son essor jusque dans les années 1930-1948 marquées par l'architecture modernes, sous l’influence de l’urbaniste Patrick Geddes. Celui-ci écrit son rapport à 1925, qui s’inspirent du modèle de la Cité Jardin. Le site comprend 3 000 bâtiments inspirés par des architectes modernistes européens : Mendelsohn, Le Corbusier, Gropius et autres. La déclaration d’indépendance d’Israël en 1948 entraîne l’établissement d’institutions nationales et la construction rapide de bâtiments publics et de logements. La prise de conscience de l’importance de la conservation de La Ville Blanche et sa patrimonialisation engendrent à leur tour un changement du tissu urbain et de son architecture (1977-2003). Nous tentons d’identifier ici les facteurs susceptibles de déclencher les mutations nombreuses qui ont pris place durant les années 1948 - 2003 et qui ont amené la ville de Tel Aviv jusqu'à son inscription au patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO. Nous avons analysé l’apparition de certains modes d’adaptation de la ville aux changements, à la lumière des principes de planification de Geddes, issus de la biologie organique. Les mécanismes d’adaptation sont analysés en fonction de 3 facteurs : Les processus de planification, les décisions d'ordre politique et la réception du public. Afin de comprendre les différentes représentations de chacun des trois facteurs, nous avons consulté les archives historiques des plans de la ville, les protocoles, les débats et publications officielles de la municipalité, ainsi que les représentations de la ville telle qu’elle apparait dans la littérature pour enfants, le cinéma, et la presse. Pour chacune de ces époques, nous avons identifié un modèle de comportement récurrent des changements. Ainsi sont discernés les modes d’influence des trois coefficients de planification - architectes, décideurs, et le grand public - et leur influence réciproque sur la ville est démontrée. / After its creation in 1909, the city of Tel Aviv continued to develop until the years 1930 – 1948 during which the Modern style was predominant. That took place under the remarkable influence of the urban planner sir Patrick Geddes whose vision on the extension of the city was published in 1925 inspired by the ideas of Garden-City. The site of the White City includes 3,000 buildings designed by Jewish immigrants under the influence of Modern European architects such as Mendelssohn, Le Corbusier and Gropius. The Declaration of Independence of the state of Israel in 1948 brought about the establishment of national institutions and the need for the quick solutions of construction of public buildings and social housing, meant for thousands of refugees. The awareness and importance of the conservation of the White City brought about significant changes in the local approach towards the existing urban tissue, and its architecture (1977-2003). This research aims at identifying the factors susceptible to trigger the architectural mutations that took place during the years 1948 – 2003 up until the final inscription of the White City as world heritage site by UNESCO. We have analyzed the emergence of a number of types of adjustment to changes within the City, from the field of organic biology. The various mechanisms of adjustment are analyzed according to three different factors: Planning process, the political decision making, and the reception of the values and myths of the city by the Public. In order to understand the different representations of each of those 3 factors, we have checked the historical archives of the City Planning Department, including protocols, debates and official publications. We have then gone through the representation of the city as it materializes in children literature, movies and the media. For each time period, a recurrent pattern of behavior of changes was identified. This method allows pinpointing the various types of influence of each of the three coefficients of planning: architects, Decision Makers, and the Public. The reciprocal influence of those factors on each other can then at last conclusively be established.