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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

Caracterização dos efeitos da exposição à hidroquinona sobre o recrutamento leucocitário para o pulmão inflamado / Characterization of the effects of hydroquinone exposure on leukocyte recruitment to inflamed lung

André Luiz Teroso Ribeiro 02 June 2011 (has links)
A hidroquinona (HQ) é um composto fenólico encontrado em grandes quantidades no cigarro, em medicamentos e alimentos, além de ser um dos mais importantes metabólitos tóxicos do benzeno (BZ). Temos mostrado que a exposição sistêmica à HQ compromete a resposta inflamatória in vivo. Complementando estas investigações, o objetivo do presente projeto foi investigar o efeito da exposição ambiental à HQ sobre o recrutamento leucocitário para o pulmão induzido pelo lipopolisacarídeo de E.coli (LPS) e sobre os eventos celulares envolvidos neste processo, bem como sobre a formação de adutos de DNA no tecido pulmonar. Para tanto, 12,5, 25 ou 50 ppm de HQ ou veículo (solução salina 5% de etanol) foram nebulizadas em caixa de exposição (60 mL/1h; 5 dias) onde 5 camundongos Swiss machos estavam alocados. Uma hora após as últimas exposições, a inflamação pulmonar foi induzida pela inalação de LPS (0,1 mg/mL; 10 min). Os animais expostos à HQ e na vigência ou ausência de inflamação foram empregados para: 1) coleta do lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) três horas após a inalação de LPS para quantificação do número de leucócitos (câmara de Neubauer e esfregaços corados por Panótico®); 2) coleta de sangue para quantificação do número de leucócitos circulantes antes e 3 horas após a inalação de LPS (câmara de Neubauer e esfregaços corados por Panótico®); para a quantificação da expressão de moléculas de adesão em leucócitos de animais não inflamados induzida ou não pelo formil-metionil-leucil-fenilalanina (fMLP) in vitro (citometria de fluxo); para obtenção de plasma para quantificação de malonaldeído (HPLC) e de neutrófilos para quantificação de espécies reativas de oxigênio intracelular (EROs; citometria de fluxo) de animais não inflamados pelo LPS; 3) coleta de tecido pulmonar para quantificação da expressão de moléculas de adesão em células endoteliais e para quantificação da atividade da enzima mieloperoxidase (MPO) 3 horas após a inalação de LPS e para quantificação de adutos de DNA em tecido de animais não inflamados. Adicionalmente, a concentração de HQ na caixa de exposição foi quantificada por HPLC. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a exposição à HQ não afetou os números de leucócitos circulantes, mas reduziu o número de leucócitos polimorfonucleares (PMN) e mononucleares (MN) no LBA; aumentou a atividade de MPO no tecido pulmonar; reduziu a expressão de L-selectina em PMN estimulados in vitro pelo fMLP; aumentou a expressão de β2 integrinas em PMN na vigência ou ausência (basal) de estimulação pelo fMLP; aumentou a expressão de β3 integrinas e PECAM-1 em condições basais; aumentou a formação de EROs por PMN; não alterou a expressão das moléculas de adesão endoteliais PECAM-1, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, JAM-C, P e Eselectinas e VE-Caderina; não aumentou significantemente a formação de adutos 8-oxo-7,8-dihidro- 2\'-desoxiguanosina e 1,N2-propano-2\'-deoxiguanosina no tecido pulmonar; aumentou a concentração de malonaldeído plasmático. A saturação da concentração de HQ na caixa de exposição foi 10 vezes menor que as preconizadas para a exposição ocupacional pelas agências regulamentadoras, indicando que mesmo a baixas concentrações de exposição, a HQ prejudica a resposta do hospedeiro a um agente infeccioso. O mecanismo tóxico pode estar relacionado à ativação das células na circulação, dependente da produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio, e que a toxicidade pode não ser detectada na ausência de resposta do organismo ao trauma. / Hydroquinone (HQ) is a phenolic compound found in large quantities in cigarettes, medicines and food, besides it is one of the most important toxic metabolites of benzene (BZ). We have shown that systemic exposure impairs in vivo inflammatory response. Following these investigations, this work aimed to study the effects of environmental exposure to HQ on leukocyte recruitment to the inflamed lung induced by lipolissacarideo of E. coli (LPS), the cell events involved in this process, and adducts formation on DNA of pulmonary tissue cells . For that 12.5, 25, or 50 ppm of HQ or vehicle (saline solution with 5% of ethanol) we aerosolized into an exposure box (60 mL/1h; 5 days) containing 5 male Swiss mice. One hour after the last exposures, the pulmonary inflammation was induced by LPS inhalation (0.1 mg/mL; 10 min). Animals exposed to HQ in presence or absence of inflammation were used for: 1) BAL collection three hours after LPS inhalation to quantify the leukocytes in BAL (Neubauer chamber and Panótico® stained smears); 2) blood collection to quantify the circulating leukocytes before and three hours after LPS inhalation (Neubauer chamber and Panótico® stained smears); to quantify the expression of adhesion moleculas in leukocytes from non-inflamed animals induced or not for formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) in vitro (flow citometry); to obtain blood plasma and quantify the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA; HPLC) and neutrophils to quantify the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen spices (ROS; flow citometry) from non-inflamed animals; 3) pulmonary tissue collection to quantify the expression oh adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and quantify the mieloperoxydase (MPO) activity, three hours after LPS inhalation and to quantify the DNA adducts on pulmonary tissue obtained from non-inflamed animals. Additionally, the concentration of HQ in the exposure box was quantified by HPLC. The results showed that exposure to HQ did not affect the numbers of circulating leukocytes, but reduced the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and mononuclear (MN) in BAL, increased the activity of MPO in lung tissue; reduced the expression of L-selectin in PMN stimulated by fMLP in vitro, increased the expression of β2 integrins in PMN in the presence or absence (basal) stimulation by fMLP, increased the expression of β3 integrin and PECAM-1 in basal conditions; increased ROS formation by PMN, did not alter the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules PECAM-1, VCAM- 1, ICAM-1, JAM-C, P and E-selectin and VE-Cadherin; not significantly increased the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2\'-desoxyguanosine e 1,N2-propano-2\'-deoxyguanosine adducts in lung tissue; increased the concentration of plasma malondialdehyde. The concentration of HQ into the exposure box was 10 times lower than those recommended for occupational exposure from regulatory agencies, indicating that even at low exposure concentrations, HQ affect the host response to an infectious agent. The toxic mechanism may be related to activation of circulating cells, dependent on the generation of reactive oxygen species, and toxicity can not be detected in the absence of body response to trauma.
82

Caracterização dos efeitos da exposição à hidroquinona sobre o recrutamento leucocitário para o pulmão inflamado / Characterization of the effects of hydroquinone exposure on leukocyte recruitment to inflamed lung

Ribeiro, André Luiz Teroso 02 June 2011 (has links)
A hidroquinona (HQ) é um composto fenólico encontrado em grandes quantidades no cigarro, em medicamentos e alimentos, além de ser um dos mais importantes metabólitos tóxicos do benzeno (BZ). Temos mostrado que a exposição sistêmica à HQ compromete a resposta inflamatória in vivo. Complementando estas investigações, o objetivo do presente projeto foi investigar o efeito da exposição ambiental à HQ sobre o recrutamento leucocitário para o pulmão induzido pelo lipopolisacarídeo de E.coli (LPS) e sobre os eventos celulares envolvidos neste processo, bem como sobre a formação de adutos de DNA no tecido pulmonar. Para tanto, 12,5, 25 ou 50 ppm de HQ ou veículo (solução salina 5% de etanol) foram nebulizadas em caixa de exposição (60 mL/1h; 5 dias) onde 5 camundongos Swiss machos estavam alocados. Uma hora após as últimas exposições, a inflamação pulmonar foi induzida pela inalação de LPS (0,1 mg/mL; 10 min). Os animais expostos à HQ e na vigência ou ausência de inflamação foram empregados para: 1) coleta do lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) três horas após a inalação de LPS para quantificação do número de leucócitos (câmara de Neubauer e esfregaços corados por Panótico®); 2) coleta de sangue para quantificação do número de leucócitos circulantes antes e 3 horas após a inalação de LPS (câmara de Neubauer e esfregaços corados por Panótico®); para a quantificação da expressão de moléculas de adesão em leucócitos de animais não inflamados induzida ou não pelo formil-metionil-leucil-fenilalanina (fMLP) in vitro (citometria de fluxo); para obtenção de plasma para quantificação de malonaldeído (HPLC) e de neutrófilos para quantificação de espécies reativas de oxigênio intracelular (EROs; citometria de fluxo) de animais não inflamados pelo LPS; 3) coleta de tecido pulmonar para quantificação da expressão de moléculas de adesão em células endoteliais e para quantificação da atividade da enzima mieloperoxidase (MPO) 3 horas após a inalação de LPS e para quantificação de adutos de DNA em tecido de animais não inflamados. Adicionalmente, a concentração de HQ na caixa de exposição foi quantificada por HPLC. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a exposição à HQ não afetou os números de leucócitos circulantes, mas reduziu o número de leucócitos polimorfonucleares (PMN) e mononucleares (MN) no LBA; aumentou a atividade de MPO no tecido pulmonar; reduziu a expressão de L-selectina em PMN estimulados in vitro pelo fMLP; aumentou a expressão de β2 integrinas em PMN na vigência ou ausência (basal) de estimulação pelo fMLP; aumentou a expressão de β3 integrinas e PECAM-1 em condições basais; aumentou a formação de EROs por PMN; não alterou a expressão das moléculas de adesão endoteliais PECAM-1, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, JAM-C, P e Eselectinas e VE-Caderina; não aumentou significantemente a formação de adutos 8-oxo-7,8-dihidro- 2\'-desoxiguanosina e 1,N2-propano-2\'-deoxiguanosina no tecido pulmonar; aumentou a concentração de malonaldeído plasmático. A saturação da concentração de HQ na caixa de exposição foi 10 vezes menor que as preconizadas para a exposição ocupacional pelas agências regulamentadoras, indicando que mesmo a baixas concentrações de exposição, a HQ prejudica a resposta do hospedeiro a um agente infeccioso. O mecanismo tóxico pode estar relacionado à ativação das células na circulação, dependente da produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio, e que a toxicidade pode não ser detectada na ausência de resposta do organismo ao trauma. / Hydroquinone (HQ) is a phenolic compound found in large quantities in cigarettes, medicines and food, besides it is one of the most important toxic metabolites of benzene (BZ). We have shown that systemic exposure impairs in vivo inflammatory response. Following these investigations, this work aimed to study the effects of environmental exposure to HQ on leukocyte recruitment to the inflamed lung induced by lipolissacarideo of E. coli (LPS), the cell events involved in this process, and adducts formation on DNA of pulmonary tissue cells . For that 12.5, 25, or 50 ppm of HQ or vehicle (saline solution with 5% of ethanol) we aerosolized into an exposure box (60 mL/1h; 5 days) containing 5 male Swiss mice. One hour after the last exposures, the pulmonary inflammation was induced by LPS inhalation (0.1 mg/mL; 10 min). Animals exposed to HQ in presence or absence of inflammation were used for: 1) BAL collection three hours after LPS inhalation to quantify the leukocytes in BAL (Neubauer chamber and Panótico® stained smears); 2) blood collection to quantify the circulating leukocytes before and three hours after LPS inhalation (Neubauer chamber and Panótico® stained smears); to quantify the expression of adhesion moleculas in leukocytes from non-inflamed animals induced or not for formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) in vitro (flow citometry); to obtain blood plasma and quantify the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA; HPLC) and neutrophils to quantify the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen spices (ROS; flow citometry) from non-inflamed animals; 3) pulmonary tissue collection to quantify the expression oh adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and quantify the mieloperoxydase (MPO) activity, three hours after LPS inhalation and to quantify the DNA adducts on pulmonary tissue obtained from non-inflamed animals. Additionally, the concentration of HQ in the exposure box was quantified by HPLC. The results showed that exposure to HQ did not affect the numbers of circulating leukocytes, but reduced the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and mononuclear (MN) in BAL, increased the activity of MPO in lung tissue; reduced the expression of L-selectin in PMN stimulated by fMLP in vitro, increased the expression of β2 integrins in PMN in the presence or absence (basal) stimulation by fMLP, increased the expression of β3 integrin and PECAM-1 in basal conditions; increased ROS formation by PMN, did not alter the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules PECAM-1, VCAM- 1, ICAM-1, JAM-C, P and E-selectin and VE-Cadherin; not significantly increased the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2\'-desoxyguanosine e 1,N2-propano-2\'-deoxyguanosine adducts in lung tissue; increased the concentration of plasma malondialdehyde. The concentration of HQ into the exposure box was 10 times lower than those recommended for occupational exposure from regulatory agencies, indicating that even at low exposure concentrations, HQ affect the host response to an infectious agent. The toxic mechanism may be related to activation of circulating cells, dependent on the generation of reactive oxygen species, and toxicity can not be detected in the absence of body response to trauma.
83

Spectroscopy and Kinetics of Weakly Bound Gas-Phase Adducts of Atmospheric Interest

Dookwah-Roberts, Venus Maria Christina 21 May 2008 (has links)
A number of weakly bound adducts play important roles in atmospheric chemistry, such as DMS OH and CS2 OH. The work comprising this dissertation involves kinetic and spectroscopic studies of adducts formed between halogen atoms and the important atmospheric trace gases CS2, CH3SCH3 (DMS), CH3I, and C2H5I. The results reported in these studies are useful for developing an understanding of the reactivity of these species and for testing the ability of electronic structure theory and reaction rate theory to predict or rationalize any observed trends. Oxidative pathways of both alkyl halides and sulfur compounds, especially DMS, are of atmospheric interest based on the roles of these species in affecting the oxidizing capacity of the troposphere and in the formation of new particles which impact the Earth s radiation budget and climate variability. The experimental approach employed laser flash photolysis (LFP) coupled with time resolved UV-visible absorption spectroscopy (TRUVVAS) to investigate the spectroscopy and kinetics of the gas phase adducts: SCS Cl, CH3I Cl, C2H5I Cl, (CH3)2S Br, and (CH3)2S I.
84

Síntese de novos adutos de Morita-Baylis-Hillman: bioisosterismo clássico na otimização de leishmanicidas / Synthesis of new adducts of Morita-Baylis-Hillman: bioisosterism classic optimize leishmanicids.

Silva, Fábio Pedrosa Lins 27 November 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2922562 bytes, checksum: 9db6c2993f51e11e2568c6fc42b4d668 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work was designed using the concept of classical bioisosterism where isoelectronic OH groups were replaced by the CH3 group, aimed at finding a relationship between the lipossolubility of the adducts Morita-Baylis-Hillman (AMBH) and its biological activity. Was developed in this work, synthetic methodologies for the preparation of 16 AMBH unprecedented (47-62), getting good and high yields. Initially was synthesized AMBH 8 using the 2-hydroxyethyl Acrylate 45 as Michael acceptor, giving the adducts 47 (2-hydroxyethyl [2-(hydroxy( 2-nitrophenyl)methyl)] acrylate, 71%), 48 (2-hydroxyethyl [2-(hydroxy( 3-nitrophenyl)methyl)] acrylate, 50%), 49 (2-hydroxyethyl [2-(hydroxy(4- nitrophenyl)methyl)] acrylate, 62%), 50 (2-hydroxyethyl [2-(hydroxy(pyridin-2- yl)methyl)] acrylate, 94%), 51 (2-hydroxyethyl [2-(hydroxy(pyridin-3-yl) methyl)] acrylate, 83%), 52 (2-hydroxyethyl [2-(hydroxy(pyridin-4-yl)methyl)] acrylate, 80%), 53 (2-hydroxyethyl [2-((4-bromophenyl)(hydroxy)methyl)] acrylate, 67%), 54 (2-hydroxyethyl [2-(hydroxy(naphthalen-2-yl)methyl)] acrylate, 71%). The second step of the synthesis was the preparation of Propyl Acrylate (46), from acrylic acid and propanol (yield 98%), which was later used as Michael acceptors in the synthesis of AMBH 55 (Propyl [2-(hydroxy(2-nitrophenyl) methyl)] acrylate, 68%), 56 (Propyl [2-(hydroxy(3-nitrophenyl)methyl)] acrylate, 73%), 57 (Propyl [2-(hydroxy(4-nitrophenyl)methyl)] acrylate, 97%), 58 (Propyl [2-(hydroxy(pyridin-2-yl)methyl)]acrylate, 70%), 59 (Propyl [2- (hydroxy(pyridin-3-yl)methyl)acrylate], 80%), 60 (Propyl [2-(hydroxy(pyridin-4- yl)methyl)] acrylate, 66%), 61 (Propyl [2-((4-bromophenyl)(hydroxy)methyl)] acrylate, 64%), 62 (Propyl [2-(hydroxy(naphthalen-2-yl)methyl)] acrylate, 60%). All of these adducts were bioavailiated in vitro against the parasite Leishmania amazonensis, their cytotoxicity in macrophages were studied and their therapeutic indices calculated. Unlike expected, the bioisosteric modification not presented a direct relationship between the lipossolubility (Log P) of these compounds and their biological activity. All adducts showed strong activity antipromastigote, being the compounds 47, 55, 49, 57, 53, 54 and 62 the most actives in L. amazonensis, all with IC50 less than 60μM. Among them the AMBH 47 was the most active and that presented the higher therapeutic index, which is the prototype substance of this work. / Este trabalho foi idealizado utilizando o conceito de bioisosterismo clássico, onde grupos isoeletrônicos OH foram substituídos pelo grupo CH3, visando encontrar uma relação entre a lipossolubilidade dos Adutos de Morita-Baylis- Hillman (AMBH) e sua atividade biológica. Foram desenvolvidos neste trabalho, metodologias sintéticas para a preparação de 16 AMBH inéditos (47-62), em bons a altos rendimentos. Inicialmente foi sintetizado 8 AMBH utilizando o Acrilato de 2-hidroxietila (45) como aceptor de Michael, obtendo os adutos 47(Acrilato de [2-(hidroxi(2-nitrofenil)metil)] de 2-hidroxietila, 71%), 48 (Acrilato de [2-(hidroxi(3-nitrofenil)metil)] de 2-hidroxietila, 50%), 49 (Acrilato de [2-(hidroxi(4-nitrofenil)metil)] de 2-hidroxietila, 62%), 50 (Acrilato de [2-(hidroxi( piridin-2-il)metil)] de 2-hidroxietila, 94%), 51(Acrilato de [2-(hidroxi(piridin- 3-il)metil)] de 2-hidroxietila, 83%), 52 (Acrilato de [2-(hidroxi(piridin-4-il)metil)] de 2-hidroxietila, 80%), 53 (Acrilato de [2-((4-bromofenil)(hidroxi)metil)] de 2- hidroxietila, 67%), 54 (Acrilato de [2-(hidroxi(naftalen-2-il)metil) de 2-hidroxietila, 71%). A segunda etapa de síntese foi a preparação do Acrilato de propila (46), a partir do ácido acrílico e do propanol (rendimento de 98%), que posteriormente foi utilizado como aceptor de Micheal na síntese dos AMBH 55(Acrilato de [2-(hidroxi-(2-nitrofenil)metil)] de propila, 68%), 56 (Acrilato de [2-(hidroxi-(3-nitrofenil)metil)] de propila 73%), 57 (Acrilato de [2-(hidroxi-(4- nitrofenil)metil)] de propila, 97%), 58 (Acrilato de [2-(hidroxi-(piridin-2- il)metil)] de propila, 70%), 59 (Acrilato de [2-(hidroxi-(piridin-3-il)metil)] de propila, 80%), 60 (Acrilato de [2-(hidroxi-(piridin-4-il)metil)] de propila, 66%), 61(Acrilato de [2-((4-bromofenil)(hidroxi)metil)] de propila, 64%), 62 (Acrilato de [2-(hidroxi(nafthalen-2-il)metil)] de propila, 60%). Todos estes adutos foram bioavaliados in vitro contra o parasita Leishmania amazonensis, suas citotoxicidades em macrófagos foram estudadas e seus índices terapêuticos calculados. Diferentemente do esperado, a modificação bioisostérica não apresentou uma relação direta entre a lipossolubilidade (Log P) destes compostos e a sua atividade biológica. Todos os adutos apresentaram forte atividade antipromastigota, sendo os compostos 47, 55, 49, 57, 53, 54 e 62 os mais ativos em L. amazonensis, todos com IC50 menores que 60QM. Entre eles o AMBH 47 foi o mais ativo e o que apresentou o maior índice terapêutico, sendo este a substância protótipo deste trabalho.
85

Evaluation du potentiel de sensibilisation de produits chimiques en fonction de leur réactivité / Evaluation of the sensitization of chemicals according to their reactivity

Guldemann, Joan 17 July 2013 (has links)
L’allergie est une pathologie touchant un très grand nombre de personnes à travers le monde en particulier dans les pays industrialisés. Actuellement seule l’éviction totale de l’allergène évite toute nouvelle réaction allergique. Jusqu’à présent différents types de tests ont été développés afin de déterminer le pouvoir allergisant d’un grand nombre de composés. Parmi ces tests certains font appel à l’utilisation de la voie animale. Cependant, dans le cadre de la législation sur les cosmétiques ces tests sont amenés à disparaître. Dans ce contexte il est nécessaire de développer des stratégies intégrées combinant à la fois des tests in silico, in chemico et in vitro. Ce travail de thèse propose d’analyser des données de réactivité issues de tests « in chemico » réalisés au laboratoire, et de les comparer avec des données biologiques issues de tests « in vitro » sur l’activation de la voie Keap1/Nrf2/ARE chez les lignées de cellules dendritiques de type THP-1 et MoDCs (INSERM UMR-996). Ainsi, la réactivité de 10 composés connus pour leur implication dans des réactions allergiques a été étudiée au cours de ce travail permettant d’apporter des éléments de réponse sur l’existence d’une corrélation entre la capacité d’une molécule à réagir avec une protéine, et donc à être sensibilisante, et le stress oxydant induisant la maturation des cellules dendritiques. / Contact dermatitis is one of the most common health problems and is highly prevalent in industrialized countries. Currently, only the total eviction of the allergen can prevent further allergic reactions. Since several years, different tests have been developed to determine the sensitization potential of a large number of compounds. Some of them are based on animal models. However, the cosmetic legislation now bans this kind of tests. In this context, the development of integrated strategies based on in silico, in chemico and on in vitro assays seems to be necessary. The aim of this PhD work is to compare reactivity data from in chemico tests realized at the laboratory, with biological data obtained from in vitro tests concerning the activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway in THP-1 and MoDCs dendritic cells (INSERM UMR-996). The reactivity of 10 compounds known for their implication in allergic contact dermatitis has been studied to show if a correlation exists between the potential of sensitization of allergens and the oxidative stress inducing dendritic cells maturation.
86

EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A HAND-WASHING INTERVENTION ON DERMAL ABSORPTION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS, DNA ADDUCTS, AND 1-HYDROXYPYRENE LEVELS IN AUTOMOTIVE MECHANIC TRAINEES

BOOTH-JONES, ANGELA DAMITA 22 May 2002 (has links)
No description available.
87

Molecular biology of cytotoxic stress-induced protein modification in mammalian cells

Salama, Samir Abdalla Hamed 17 December 2010 (has links)
No description available.
88

Modèle expérimental de fibrose rénale interstitielle induite par les acides aristolochiques («plantes chinoises»)

Debelle, Frédéric 01 February 2005 (has links)
La néphropathie aux plantes chinoises (CHN) est une maladie rénale grave qui a été décrite pour la première fois en 1993 chez des patientes ayant suivi un régime amaigrissant à base d’extraits de plantes chinoises (Aristolochia fangchi) contenant des acides aristolochiques (AA). Cette néphropathie se caractérise par une atrophie tubulaire et une fibrose interstitielle aboutissant à l’urémie terminale et se complique fréquemment de cancers des voies urinaires. Au moment d’initier ce travail, il subsistait toujours un large débat quant au rôle étiologique réel des acides aristolochiques dans la genèse de cette maladie. En effet, les gélules à visée amaigrissante contenaient d’autres substances potentiellement néphrotoxiques. Mais surtout, il n’existait aucune preuve expérimentale que les AA pouvaient induire une fibrose rénale interstitielle. Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous démontrons que l’injection par voie sous-cutanée d’AA à la dose de 10 mg/Kg/jour à des rats Wistar mâles en déplétion sodée entraîne l’apparition au 35ème jour d’une atrophie tubulaire, d’une fibrose interstitielle et d’une insuffisance rénale, reproduisant ainsi les anomalies caractéristiques de la CHN. Nous avons ensuite montré que la dexfenfluramine, substance anorexigène à action de type sérotoninergique prise concomitamment par les patientes atteintes de CHN, ne potentialise pas la toxicité rénale des AA. Enfin, la stimulation du système rénine angiotensine (SRA) par la déplétion sodée ou l’inhibition de celui-ci par un traitement pharmacologique ne modifie pas la fibrose interstitielle ni l’insuffisance rénale induite par les AA. En conclusion, nous avons réussi à développer un modèle in vivo de fibrose rénale interstitielle induite par les AA. Dès lors nous avons apporté la preuve expérimentale de l’implication des AA dans le développement de la CHN. Ce modèle a permis de démontrer que les autres éléments potentiellement néphrotoxiques contenues dans la cure d’amaigrissement (dexfenfluramine, diurétique, laxatif) n’influençaient pas l’évolution de la fibrose interstitielle, ce qui confirme que la prise isolée d’AA suffit à expliquer le développement de la CHN. Cette confirmation à d’importantes implications en santé publique dans la mesure où des plantes contenant des acides aristolochiques font toujours partie des phytothérapies traditionnelles. De plus, il est apparu que, dans ce modèle, les mécanismes de la fibrose rénale interstitielle pouvaient être largement indépendants du SRA. Enfin, de par sa durée limitée et sa grande reproductibilité, ce modèle constitue un outil expérimental d’avenir pour l’étude des mécanismes physiopathologiques de la fibrose rénale interstitielle en général.
89

Molekulární mechanismus karcinogenity aristolochové kyseliny / Molecular mechanism of carcinogenicity of aristolochic acid

Levová, Kateřina January 2013 (has links)
Aristolochic acids (AA) are carcinogenic and nephrotoxic alkaloids from Aristolochia species. Aristolochic acid I (AAI), the major component of AA, causes the development of Aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) and Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN). These two diseases cause total renal failure and urothelial malignancies. The fact that these diseases have not been developed in all persons, who have been exposed to their action, might be causd by different activities and protein levels of the enzymes metabolizing AAI. Thus, the identification of enzymes involved in the metabolism, and detailed knowledge of their expression and catalytic specifities is a major importance. Aristolochic acid I (AAI) can be metabolized by several types of reactions. Like most nitroaromatics, the main activation pathway of AAI is reduction of its nitro group to form a cyclic acylnitrenium ion, which can bind to the purine bases, thereby forming AAI-DNA adducts. The detoxication pathway of AAI is its oxidative demethylation by cytochromes P450 forming detoxication metabolite 8-hydroxyaristolochic acid Ia (AAIa). In the present thesis, using rat and human enzymes and as well as several mice models, the metabolism of AAI in vitro and in vivo was investigated. The first model has deleted gene for NADPH:cytochrome P450...
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Úloha systému oxidas se smíšenou funkcí s cytochromem P450 v metabolismu léčiv a karcinogenů / The role of mixed function oxidases system with cytochrome P450 in metabolism of drugs and carcinogens

Mrízová, Iveta January 2016 (has links)
6 Abstract Ellipticine (5,11-dimethyl-6H-pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole), an alkaloid isolated from Apocynaceae plants, exhibits significant antitumor and HIV activity. This antitumor agent binds to DNA and forms covalent DNA adducts. Enzymes, which are involved in its enzymatic activation, are cytochromes P450 (CYP) and peroxidases. To elucidate the effect of ellipticine on the expression and enzymatic activity of the individual components of the microsomal mixed function oxidase system in different tissues, we used rat model. Simultaneously, the effect of ellipticine and its cytotoxicity on different tumor cell lines was also investigated. Another part of the presented work was targeted on preparation of anti-peptide antibody against orphan cytochrome P450 2S1, which is highly expressed in many human tumours of the epithelial origin, for its detection in these tissues. For better understanding how CYP2S1 can contribute to the metabolism of xenobiotics, the protein was prepared by heterologous expression in E. coli. Furher, its role in metabolism of an antitumor drug ellipticine, a carcinogenic environmental pollutant benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and its derivate BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol was examined. Utilizing a mouse model, the impact of pulmonary inflammation on the metabolism of an environmental carcinogen was...

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